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1.
OBJECTIVE: To develop proxies calculated from basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations that predict insulin sensitivity (SI; L.min(-1) x mU(-1)) and beta-cell responsiveness (ie, acute insulin response to glucose [AIRg]; mU/L x min(-1)) and to determine reference quintiles for these and minimal model variables. ANIMALS: 1 laminitic pony and 46 healthy horses. PROCEDURE: Basal plasma glucose (mg/dL) and insulin (mU/L) concentrations were determined from blood samples obtained between 8:00 AM and 9:00 AM. Minimal model results for 46 horses were compared by equivalence testing with proxies for screening SI and pancreatic beta-cell responsiveness in humans and with 2 new proxies for screening in horses (ie, reciprocal of the square root of insulin [RISQI] and modified insulin-to-glucose ratio [MIRG]). RESULTS: Best predictors of SI and AIRg were RISQI (r = 0.77) and MIRG (r = 0.75) as follows: SI = 7.93(RISQI) - 1.03 and AIRg = 70.1(MIRG) - 13.8, where RISQI equals plasma insulin concentration(-0.5) and MIRG equals [800 - 0.30(plasma insulin concentration 50)(2)]/(plasma glucose concentration - 30). Total predictive powers were 78% and 80% for RISQI and MIRG, respectively. Reference ranges and quintiles for a population of healthy horses were calculated nonparametrically. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Proxies for screening SI and pancreatic beta-cell responsiveness in horses from this study compared favorably with proxies used effectively for humans. Combined use of RISQI and MIRG will enable differentiation between compensated and uncompensated insulin resistance. The sample size of our study allowed for determination of sound reference range values and quintiles for healthy horses.  相似文献   

2.
Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is known to alter glucose/insulin metabolism. This study evaluated changes in parameters relating to glucose/insulin metabolism and determined whether there is a difference between pergolide-treated and untreated animals. We hypothesized that glucose/insulin dynamics in PPID horses receiving pergolide would be different than those in untreated horses. A total of 38 horses with diagnoses of PPID were included in the study (average age: 24 years). A total of 25 horses were untreated; 13 horses were treated with pergolide (>3 months). Parameters relating to glucose/insulin metabolism were determined in all horses, as follows: adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone (ACTH), insulin, fructosamine, triglyceride, glucose, modified insulin-to-glucose ratio (MIRG), and reciprocal of the square root of insulin (RISQI). A combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) was performed in 23 horses as not all owners agreed to the testing. Treated animals showed a tendency to have lower ACTH, but results were not significant. All animals had fructosamine levels exceeding reference values (mean value 314 ± 32 μmol/L; reference range: <280 μmol/L). There were no statistically significant differences between insulin, glucose, ACTH, triglycerides concentrations, RISQI/MIRG calculations, and CGIT results of pergolide-treated PPID and those of untreated horses. Five horses (13.2%) had combined hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia, whereas 7 horses (18.4%) displayed hyperglycemia, and 3 horses (7.9%) showed hyperinsulinemia alone. Forty percent of the horses with altered glucose/insulin metabolism were treated with pergolide. Based on RISQI and MIRG calculations, 19 animals displayed changes in glucose/insulin metabolism. Fourteen of twenty-three horses (61%) showed signs of insulin resistance in CGIT results. In conclusion, PPID horses frequently show alterations in glucose/insulin metabolism, but no significant differences were found between treated and untreated animals. Changes in insulin/glucose dynamics may not be a useful indicator of response to pergolide treatment.  相似文献   

3.
Reasons for performing study: Insulin resistance may be a risk factor for pasture‐associated laminitis. Diagnosis of insulin resistance could help identify individuals at increased risk of laminitis. Objective: To calculate proxy measurements of insulin sensitivity (reciprocal of the square root of insulin: RISQI and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: QUICKI) and insulin secretory response (modified insulin‐to‐glucose ratio: MIRG) based on basal glucose and insulin concentrations in normal (NP) and previously laminitic (PLP) ponies. Methods: Proxies were calculated in 7 NP and 5 PLP from 20 separate measurements of insulin and glucose taken in spring, summer and winter when ponies were adapted to eating either pasture or hay. Proxies were RISQI: Insulin‐0.5, QUICKI: 1/(log[fasting Insulin]+ log[fasting Glucose]) and MIRG: (800?0.3×[Insulin‐50]2)/[Glucose‐30]. A modified insulin‐to‐glucose ratio for ponies (MIGRP) was investigated using: (3000?0.012 ×[Insulin‐500]2)/[Glucose‐30]. Statistical analysis used linear mixed models. Results: Diet did not significantly affect measurements, so values were pooled for further analysis. RISQI (mean ± s.d.) was lower in PLP (0.26 ± 0.15 [mu/l]‐0.5) than NP (0.29 ± 0.12 [mu/l]‐0.5; P = 0.05). QUICKI was lower in PLP (0.31 ± 0.05) than NP (0.33 ± 0.04; P = 0.047). There was no difference in MIRG between NP and PLP. MIGRP (median [interquartile range]) was greater in PLP (4.0 [7.9][muins]2/10·l·mggluc) than NP (2.6 [3.2][muins]2/10·l·mggluc; P = 0.022). In spring, NP had higher RISQI and QUICKI and lower MIGRP than PLP (P<0.001). In PLP, RISQI and QUICKI were higher in summer than spring (P<0.02) and MIGRP was lower in summer than other seasons (P<0.01). In NP, RISQI, QUICKI and MIGRP were each different between seasons (P<0.017). MIRG did not vary with season. Conclusions: RISQI, QUICKI and MIGRP, but not MIRG, differentiated between NP and PLP. None of the proxies accurately identified individual PLP. Seasonal changes in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretory response were apparent. Potential relevance: Current proxy measurements cannot determine an individual's laminitis susceptibility. MIGRP may be useful in hyperinsulinaemic animals.  相似文献   

4.
The current study was conducted to evaluate daily within-horse variation of plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration (TOC) (Experiment 1 [EXPT1]) and to determine the effect of a single meal on plasma TOC (Experiment 2 [EXPT2]). In EXPT1, venous jugular blood samples were collected from four pregnant (6–7 months of gestation), light horse mares (8.8 ± 2.9 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 5–11 years of age) between 7:30 AM and 8:30 AM, followed by eight hourly samples, and analyzed for plasma TOC. All horses were fed 5 kg dry matter (DM) grass hay 18 hours before sample collection and received no additional feed during the sampling period. Mean within-horse coefficient of variation for TOC was 3.5% ± 0.01%. In EXPT2, seven mature light horses, four mares and three geldings (4.9 ± 4.4 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 2–14 years of age), were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (fasted [FST; n = 7] or fed [FD; n = 7]), followed by reversal of treatments 24 hours later. At 7:30 AM, FD horses were fed 2.1 kg DM grain-mix concentrate (187 IU vitamin E/kg DM) plus 3.3 kg DM mixed-grass hay, whereas FST horses received no feed. Neither group received any feed for 18 hours before 7:30 AM. Venous jugular blood samples were collected at 10:30 AM from all horses and analyzed for plasma TOC. The mean (±SD) within-horse paired-treatment difference was not significant (0.05 ± 0.12 μg/mL). The results suggest that variation in within-horse plasma TOC is relatively small over an 8-hour period in fasting horses and is unaffected 3 hours after a hay grain meal.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for development of pasture-associated laminitis in ponies. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. ANIMALS: 160 ponies. PROCEDURES: A previous diagnosis of laminitis was used to differentiate 54 ponies (PL group) from 106 nonlaminitic ponies (NL group). Pedigree analysis was used to determine a mode of inheritance for ponies with a previous diagnosis of laminitis. In early March, ponies were weighed and scored for body condition and basal venous blood samples were obtained. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and cortisol concentrations. Basal proxies for insulin sensitivity (reciprocal of the square root of insulin [RISQI]) and insulin secretory response (modified insulin-to-glucose ratio [MIRG]) were calculated. Observations were repeated in May, when some ponies had signs of clinical laminitis. RESULTS: A previous diagnosis of laminitis was consistent with the expected inheritance of a dominant major gene or genes with reduced penetrance. A prelaminitic metabolic profile was defined on the basis of body condition, plasma triglyceride concentration, RISQI, and MIRG. Meeting > or = 3 of these criteria differentiated PL- from NL-group ponies with a total predictive power of 78%. Determination of prelaminitic metabolic syndrome in March predicted 11 of 13 cases of clinical laminitis observed in May when pasture starch concentration was high. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Prelaminitic metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy ponies is comparable to metabolic syndromes in humans and is the first such set of risk factors to be supported by data in equids. Prelaminitic metabolic syndrome identifies ponies requiring special management, such as avoiding high starch intake that exacerbates insulin resistance.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of dexamethasone on glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in healthy horses. ANIMALS: 6 adult Standardbreds. PROCEDURES: In a balanced crossover study, horses received dexamethasone (0.08 mg/ kg, IV, q 48 h) or an equivalent volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment) during a 21-day period. Horses underwent a 3-hour frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) 2 days after treatment. Minimal model analysis of glucose and insulin data from FSIGTs were used to estimate insulin sensitivity (Si), glucose effectiveness (Sg), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), and disposition index. Proxies for Si (reciprocal of the inverse square of basal insulin concentration [RISQI]) and beta-cell responsiveness (modified insulin-to-glucose ratio [MIRG]) were calculated from basal plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations. RESULTS: Mean serum insulin concentration was significantly higher in dexamethasone-treated horses than control horses on days 7, 14, and 21. Similarly, mean plasma glucose concentration was higher in dexamethasone-treated horses on days 7, 14, and 21; this value differed significantly on day 14 but not on days 7 or 21. Minimal model analysis of FSIGT data revealed a significant decrease in Si and a significant increase in AIRg after dexamethasone treatment, with no change in Sg or disposition index. Mean RISQI was significantly lower, whereas MIRG was higher, in dexamethasone-treated horses than control horses on days 7, 14, and 21. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The study revealed marked insulin resistance in healthy horses after 21 days of dexamethasone administration. Because insulin resistance has been associated with a predisposition to laminitis, a glucocorticoid-induced decrease in insulin sensitivity may increase risk for development of laminitis in some horses and ponies.  相似文献   

7.
The objective was to determine the effect of central infusion of insulin and (or) glucose on hypothalamic expression of leptin receptor and pituitary secretion of LH in the ewe. Twenty-two ovariectomized ewes (32 wk of age) were fitted with two lateral cerebroventricular (LCV) cannulae and fed 33% of NRC requirements for 8 wk. Ewes (n> or =5/group) were then infused, via LCV cannulae, with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or aCSF containing physiological concentrations of insulin (INS), glucose (GLU), or INS + GLU; the mass of each increasing linearly from Day 0 (mass = 0 units/h) to Day 8 (mass of INS = 80 mIU/hr and GLU = 10 mg/hr). Jugular serum was collected every 12 min for 4 hr on Days 0, 2, and 4. Ewes treated with INS or INS + GLU had greater (P<0.06) mean concentrations of LH than aCSF treated ewes on Day 2 (13.8+/-1.8 and 12.5+/-1.3 > 8.0+/-3.3 ng/ml). Furthermore, on Day 4, concentrations of LH in INS treated ewes exceeded that (P<0.07) of aCSF treated ewes (14.8+/-2.0 > 7.4+/-3.0 ng/ml). Expression of NPY mRNA did not differ between treatments (P = 0.87). Leptin receptor mRNA expression was dramatically reduced (P<0.0002) in INS+GLU versus aCSF treated ewes. These data provide evidence to suggest that insulin may be an important component of hypothalamic mechanisms regulating secretion of LH and expression of leptin receptors in undernourished ruminants.  相似文献   

8.
The repeatability and sensitivity of Doppler ultrasonographic measurement of lateral digital arterial and venous blood flow has not been previously determined. Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure blood flow within the forelimb lateral digital vessels in one normal adult Thoroughbred horse on six occasions and in six normal adult Thoroughbred horses on three occasions, each occasion being at least 1 h apart, to determine the within- and between-horse variation. The values obtained from the right and left lateral digital vessels did not differ significantly. The within-horse coefficients of variation (CV) for arterial and venous measurements were all acceptable (< 11%); the between-horse CV were acceptable (< 7%) for all parameters except TaVa (average velocity of first peak of arterial waveform) and TaVb (average velocity of remainder of arterial waveform). The within-horse intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) demonstrated excellent repeatability (> or = 0.71) for all parameters except venous diameter; the between-horse ICC demonstrated good to excellent repeatability (> or = 0.67) for all parameters except TaVb. Doppler ultrasonography can detect differences of 0.005 and 0.01 ml/ min in digital arterial and venous flow, respectively, using measurements from six horses on three occasions (80% power; P < 0.05). Thus, the technique is sufficiently repeatable and sensitive to be able to detect changes in flow during different physiological or pathological states or following pharmacologic intervention.  相似文献   

9.
Straightforward testing procedures are needed to facilitate the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation in horses because hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are associated with laminitis. Results of an oral sugar test (OST) were compared with those of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). We hypothesized that OST and IVGTT area under the curve values for glucose (AUCg) and insulin (AUCi) would be closely correlated, as defined by a correlation coefficient value ≥0.90. Both tests were performed in 10 horses meeting the criteria for equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and 8 Quarter horse crossbred mares from a university teaching herd (control group). The OST was also performed in 21 Quarter horse crossbred mares from the same herd, and test repeatability was evaluated in 8 of these horses. All testing was performed under fasting conditions. Median AUCg and AUCi values were 1.3- and 9.0-fold higher, respectively, for the IVGTT and 1.3- and 6.8-fold higher, respectively, for the OST in the EMS group than those in the control group. AUCg (Spearman correlation coefficient [rs] = 0.58; P = .012) and AUCi (rs = 0.90; P < .001) values for the two tests were positively correlated. Mean ± SD coefficients of variation for repeated tests in 8 mares were 6.4% ± 3.1% and 45.1% ± 36.2% for AUCg and AUCi, respectively. We conclude that OST and IVGTT insulin results are closely correlated, so the OST warrants further consideration as a field test for insulin dysregulation in horses.  相似文献   

10.
Reasons for performing study: The use of plasma fructosamine concentration ([fructosamine]) as a marker of abnormal glucose homeostasis in laminitic horses has not been investigated. Hypothesis: Plasma fructosamine concentration may be higher amongst laminitic horses than normal horses; this might relate to underlying insulin resistance. Objectives: 1) To compare [fructosamine] between laminitic and normal horses. 2) To investigate associations between [fructosamine] at presentation in laminitic horses with a) single sample markers of insulin resistance and b) outcome. Methods: Plasma fructosamine concentration, fasting serum insulin concentration (insulin) and fasting plasma glucose concentration (glucose) were measured in 30 horses that presented with laminitis. Clinical details and follow‐up data were recorded. Plasma fructosamine concentration was also measured in 19 nonlaminitic control horses. Results: Laminitic horses had significantly higher mean [fructosamine] than normal horses (P<0.001). Thirteen of 30 laminitic horses had fasting hyperinsulinaemia, 2/30 had fasting hyperglycaemia. Statistically significant univariable correlations were identified between [fructosamine] and [glucose], [insulin] and the proxies RISQI and MIRG. Trends for association between [fructosamine] and negative outcome did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions and potential relevance: Increased mean [fructosamine] in laminitic horses may represent abnormal glycaemic control and [fructosamine] may become a clinically useful marker.  相似文献   

11.
Estimates of (co)variance components and genetic parameters were calculated for birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), 6 month weight (6WT), 9 month weight (9WT), 12 month weight (12WT) and greasy fleece weight at first clip (GFW) for Malpura sheep. Data were collected over a period of 23 years (1985–2007) for economic traits of Malpura sheep maintained at the Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India. Analyses were carried out by restricted maximum likelihood procedures (REML), fitting six animal models with various combinations of direct and maternal effects. Direct heritability estimates for BWT, WWT, 6WT, 9WT, 12WT and GFW from the best model (maternal permanent environmental effect in addition to direct additive effect) were 0.19 ± 0.04, 0.18 ± 0.04, 0.27, 0.15 ± 0.04, 0.11 ± 0.04 and 0.30 ± 0.00, respectively. Maternal effects declined as the age of the animal increased. Maternal permanent environmental effects contributed 20% of the total phenotypic variation for BWT, 5% for WWT and 4% for GFW. A moderate rate of genetic progress seems possible in Malpura sheep flock for body weight traits and fleece weight by mass selection. Direct genetic correlations between body weight traits were positive and ranged from 0.40 between BWT and 6WT to 0.96 between 9WT and 12WT. Genetic correlations of GFW with body weights were 0.06, 0.49, 0.41, 0.19 and 0.15 from birth to 12WT. The moderately positive genetic correlation between 6WT and GFW suggests that genetic gain in the first greasy fleece weight will occur if selection is carried out for higher 6WT.  相似文献   

12.
Previously, we determined that a primary cause of proportional stunted growth in a line of Brahman cattle was related to an apparent refractoriness in metabolic response to GH in young animals. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration of GH, insulin (INS), and GH plus INS to mature miniature Brahman cows (n = 6; 9.7 ± 2.06 y; 391 ± 48.6 kg) and bulls (n = 8; 9.4 ± 2.00 y; 441 ± 54.0 kg) on circulating concentrations of metabolic hormones and metabolites, primarily IGF-I and IGF-I binding proteins. We hypothesized that IGF-I secretion could be enhanced by concomitant administration of exogenous GH and INS, and neither alone would be effective. Animals were allotted to a modified crossover design that included four treatments: control (CON), GH, INS, and GH + INS. At the start of the study, one-half of the cattle were administered GH (Posilac; 14-d slow release) and the other one-half served as CON for 7 d. Beginning on day 8, and for 7 d, INS (Novolin L) was administered (0.125 IU/kg BW) twice daily (7:00 AM and 7:00 PM) to all animals; hence, the INS and GH + INS treatments. Cattle were rested for 14 d and then were switched to the reciprocal crossover treatments. Blood samples were collected at 12-hour intervals during the study. Compared with CON, GH treatment increased (P < 0.01) mean plasma concentrations of GH (11.1 vs 15.7 ± 0.94 ng/mL), INS (0.48 vs 1.00 ± 0.081 ng/mL), IGF-I (191.3 vs 319.3 ± 29.59 ng/mL), and glucose (73.9 vs 83.4 ± 2.12 mg/dL) but decreased (P < 0.05) plasma urea nitrogen (14.2 vs 11.5 ± 0.75 mg/dL). Compared with INS, GH + INS treatment increased (P < 0.05) mean plasma concentration of INS (0.71 vs 0.96 ± 0.081 ng/mL), IGF-I (228.7 vs 392.3 ± 29.74 ng/mL), and glucose (48.1 vs 66.7 ± 2.12 mg/dL), decreased (P < 0.01) plasma urea nitrogen (13.6 vs 10.4 ± 0.76 mg/dL), and did not affect GH (13.5 vs 12.7 ± 0.95 ng/mL). In the miniature Brahman model, both the GH and GH + INS treatments dramatically increased circulating concentrations of IGF-I in mature cattle, suggesting that this line of Brahman cattle is capable of responding to bioactive GH.  相似文献   

13.
The objectives of this study were to assess the correlation between hoof surface temperature and ultrasonographic measurements of digital blood vessels in horses and to evaluate the measurements' potential as predictors for clinical lameness. Twelve 3-year-old American Quarter Horses, 6 geldings and 6 mares, with average initial body weight of 459 ± 31 kg were used. On days 0, 30, 60, and 90 of the study, horses were weighed and subjected to clinical lameness examinations. Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure diameter of the medial palmar artery in the distal left forelimb and velocity of blood flow through that artery, starting at 60 minutes after morning feeding and repeated at 30-minute intervals. Temperature measurements on the hoof were collected at 15-minute intervals beginning 75 minutes after feeding, using a digital thermographic camera. A series of bivariate linear mixed models were fitted to estimate the correlation between Doppler and temperature measurements. The within-horse and between-horse correlations between hoof surface temperature and velocity of blood flow in the distal limb through the medial palmar artery was estimated at 0.40 (P > .50) and 0.99 (P < .001), respectively. These results indicate that at the horse level, the correlation between hoof temperature and velocity of blood flow in the distal limb was very high but that the within-horse correlation was not significantly different from 0. Velocity of blood flow at 60 minutes after feeding improved model fit to the lameness data, so it was included as a model predictor for lameness.  相似文献   

14.
The present study was conducted to evaluate non-return rate (NR), farrowing rate (FR), and number of total pigs born/litter (TB) of weaned sows after intra-uterine insemination (IUI) using low numbers of frozen–thawed (FT) spermatozoa. Semen from 6 boars was cryopreserved individually in a 0.5-ml straw, at a concentration of 1 × 109 spermatozoa/ml. A total of 40 multiparous sows with weaning-to-estrus interval of 3 to 7 days were included. The sows were detected for standing estrus twice daily and randomly assigned to two groups: I) spontaneous ovulation (n = 20) and II) induced ovulation (n = 20) which the sows were given 750 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) i.m. immediately at estrus detection. Ovulation was determined every 12 h using transrectal ultrasonography. FT semen containing 1 × 109 motile spermatozoa/dose was used to IUI. In group I, the sows were inseminated at 24 h after the detection of estrus and repeated every 12 h until ovulation. In group II, the sows were inseminated at 36, 42 and/or 48 h after hCG treatment. The results showed that the interval from standing estrus to ovulation (EOI) differed significantly between group I (40.2 h) and group II (35.6 h; P = 0.01). Variation of EOI among sows within each group seemed to be lower in group II (4.5 h SD) than in group I (5.5 h SD; P = 0.5). The number of IUI per sow was 2.9 ± 0.6 times in group I and was 2.4 ± 0.5 times in group II. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the NR (80 vs 85%), FR (60 vs 65%) and the TB (8.0 ± 2.8 vs 9.4 ± 3.7 piglets/litter) between the groups. These results indicated that multiple doses of IUI with a low number of FT boar spermatozoa provided a fairly good NR, and reasonable FR and TB both in spontaneous and induced ovulating sows. The number of inseminations required for attaining acceptable fertility tended to be lower in the weaned sows with induced ovulation.  相似文献   

15.
Studies on parthenogenetic activation of oocytes are important to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer as artificial activation of oocytes is an essential component of nuclear transfer protocol. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of different activation methods, culture systems and culture media on in vitro development of zona-free and with-zona parthenogenetic embryos in goat. In case of zona-free parthenogenesis, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in cleavage rate and blastocyst yield when oocytes were activated by electrical pulse (76.29 ± 0.52% and 19.07 ± 0.39% respectively) than when Ca-ionophore was used for activation (63.45 ± 0.73% and 14.09 ± 0.65% respectively). The quality of blastocysts was evaluated by determination of cell number and by expression profile of pluripotent related gene Oct-4. No significant (p < 0.05) difference was found in quality of blastocysts produced by different activation methods. In culturing of zona-free parthenogenetic embryos, flat surface (FS) was proved to be the best system. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in cleavage rate and blastocyst yield was found in Microdrop culture of zona-free embryos (43.67 ± 2.08% and 0.72 ± 0.72% respectively) in comparison to WOW of zona-free embryos (73.88 ± 1.70% and 15.51 ± 1.34% respectively) and FS of zona-free (75.14 ± 0.81% and 23.93 ± 2.71% respectively) as well as with-zona (72.16 ± 1.55% and 18.16 ± 0.68%) embryos. Zona-free flat culture system yielded significantly (p < 0.05) higher blastocyst rate than zona-free WOW system as well as with-zona flat culture system. The zona-free and with-zona parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in three different media — Research Vitro Cleave media from Cook® Australia (RVCL), Embryo Development Medium (EDM) and Modified Synthetic Oviductal Fluid (mSOF). In case of zona-free parthenogenesis, significant (p < 0.05) increase was found in blastocyst development rate in RVCL medium (18.61 ± 1.52%) than EDM (11.29 ± 0.77%) or mSOF (11.53 ± 1.86%). In case of with-zona parthenogenesis, RVCL medium and EDM were found superior to mSOF. The results of the study will be helpful to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer in goat.  相似文献   

16.
Two protocols to immobilise free-ranging Pampas foxes for ear-tagging or radio-collaring were evaluated. One hundred fifteen foxes were injected with ketamine–xylazine (K–X) and thirteen with tiletamine–zolazepam (T–Z). The use of both T–Z and K–X combinations typically resulted in a smooth induction and recovery. In 86% of the cases K–X protocol was judged effective (mean ± SD, K: 10.7 ± 3.3 mg/kg, X: 1.0 ± 1.0 mg/kg) while T–Z protocol was judged effective in 92% of the cases (T: 3.6 ± 1.05 mg/kg, Z: 3.6 ± 1.05 mg/kg). The primary differences between the two drug combinations were that the time necessary for the complete recovery was longer with T–Z, and thermic problems were found more frequently with K–X. Additionally, our results suggest that thermic stress may be a relatively frequent complication for Pampas foxes. This study provides baseline data on some physiologic variables in Pampas foxes captured with different methods and drugs in field conditions.  相似文献   

17.
Reference ranges for triglycerides, insulin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are used in diagnosing hyperlipemia and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in the donkey. Values are currently compared to reference ranges of the horse so as to diagnose disease. Previous studies found differences between hematological, serum biochemical, and hormone values of the horse and donkey. We suspected that similar differences existed between horse and donkey triglyceride, insulin, cortisol, and ACTH levels. Blood samples were drawn from 44 healthy mammoth donkeys and 1 miniature donkey, ranging in age from 3 weeks to 21 years, and varying in sex and pregnancy status. All but one donkey scored 3 of 5, “ideal,” body condition scoring. Samples were tested for triglycerides, insulin, cortisol, and ACTH levels. A marked difference was found between horse and donkey normal values for triglycerides, insulin, and ACTH. The mean values and standard deviation in the tested population were 66.4 ± 34.2 mg/dL for triglycerides, 2.1 ± 2.05 μU/mL for insulin, and 66.7 ± 20.7 pg/mL for ACTH. The reference ranges in the horse are 14–77 mg/dL for triglycerides, 4.9–45.5 μU/mL for insulin, and 18.7 ± 6.8 pg/mL for ACTH. Cortisol levels were similar in the two species, a 4.0 ± 1.2 μg/dL for donkeys being within the reference range for the horse, 2.9–6.6 μg/dL. Values were not correlated to age. The sample size prevented us from determining any correlation according to sex or pregnancy status. Differences between horse and donkey triglyceride and ACTH values may be significant for accurately diagnosing and treating hyperlipemia and PPID, respectively, in the donkey.  相似文献   

18.
The rate and regional differences for the penetration of fentanyl through equine skin was investigated in vitro using a commercial transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) or ‘patch’. Skin collected from the thorax, groin and leg (dorsal metacarpal) regions of five horses was placed in diffusion cells and a fentanyl TTS applied to each skin sample. Drug penetration through each skin sample over 48 h measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cumulative penetration (μg/cm2) was plotted against time (h) and used to regress the steady state flux (μg/cm2/h) of fentanyl through each skin site. Results showed similar fluxes for both the thorax (2.32 ± 0.17 μg/cm2/h and groin (2.21 ± 0.11 (μg/cm2/h) regions, but significantly lower flux (P = < 0.05) for the leg region (1.56 ± 0.120 μg/cm2/h. Interestingly, there was a significantly longer lag time for the penetration of fentanyl through the groin region (7.87 ± 0.51 h) compared to the other two sites (5.66 ± 0.97 h and 5.75 ± 0.43 h for the thorax and leg regions respectively). The results suggest that a fentanyl TTS applied to the leg region may have a small but significantly lower amount of fentanyl available systemically, compared to patches applied to the thorax or groin regions, which may affect the level of analgesia subsequently achieved in the horse.  相似文献   

19.
It is well-known that old animals show physiologic and/or pathologic variation that could modify the pharmacokinetics of drugs and the related pharmacodynamic response. In order to define the most appropriate therapeutic protocol in old horses, pharmacokinetic profile and safety of naproxen were investigated in horses aged over 18 years after oral administration for 5 days at the dose of 10 mg/kg b.w./day. After the first administration, the maximum concentration (Cmax 44.21 ± 9.21 μg/mL) was reached at 2.5 ± 0.58 h post-treatment, the harmonic mean terminal half-life was 6.96 ± 1.73 h, AUC0–24h was 459.71 ± 69.95 h μg/mL, MRT was 7.44 ± 0.74 h and protein binding was 98.47 ± 2.72%. No drug accumulation occurred with repeated administrations. No clinical and laboratory changes were detected after administration of naproxen. Gastric endoscopies performed after the treatment did not show pathological changes of the gastric mucosa.  相似文献   

20.
The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between easily measured, potential physiological and physical indicators of feed efficiency including metabolic hormones, metabolites, ultrasonic muscle and fat measures with performance and efficiency traits in performance tested pedigree beef bulls (n = 302; initial bodyweight 493 (SD = 64) kg). Animals were offered a high energy concentrate ad libitum plus 1.5 kg fresh weight grass hay daily and individual feed intake was measured for 70 days. Blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture at the start and end of the performance test period and analysed for plasma concentrations of IGF-I, insulin, leptin and various metabolites. Similarly, ultrasonic muscle and fat depths were measured at the start and end of the test period. Residual feed intake (RFI) was computed for each animal as the residuals from a multiple regression model regressing dry matter intake (DMI) on average daily gain (ADG) and mid-test BW0.75 (MWT). Overall ADG, DMI, feed:gain (F:G) and RFI were 1.91 (SD = 0.29), 10.10 (SD = 1.31), 5.37 (SD = 0.84) and 0.00 (SD = 0.78), respectively. Residual feed intake was strongly correlated with DMI (r = 0.67) and moderately correlated with F:G (r = 0.40). Moderate positive correlations ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 were estimated between ultrasonic measures of final fat and muscle depth and their respective gains over the test period with DMI, ADG and RFI. There was no evidence of a strong association between any of the plasma analytes measured and RFI at either sampling times. However, end of test insulin was negatively correlated (r = − 0.14) with RFI. Final IGF-I concentration was negatively associated with DMI (r = − 0.14) and F:G (r = − 0.15). End of test circulating leptin concentration was positively correlated with DMI (r = 0.14) and F:G (r = 0.15). Plasma glucose concentration at the end of test was negatively related to DMI (r = − 0.21) and F:G (r = − 0.21). A positive relationship was observed between end of test plasma urea concentration and DMI (r = 0.30). Overall, the correlation coefficient estimates between the potential blood markers and measures of intake, performance and efficiency were weak and generally not different from zero. This suggests that it is unlikely that measurement of these metabolic indicators, per se, will be useful in the early identification of feed efficient animals.  相似文献   

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