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动物实验"3R"方法的发展概况 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在生物学和医学的实验教学和科研工作中 ,动物常被用作实验对象。长期以来 ,实验动物科学者一直面临着动物实验伦理学和如何避免及减少动物受伤害的途径和措施问题。减少、替代和优化动物实验的“3 R”理论的提出 ,为解决这些问题提供了有效的途径和方法。文章综述了“3 R”理论的形成与发展 ,以及现代“3 R”理论研究的概况 ,并提出我们的工作对策 相似文献
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Anthony P. RUSSELL 《Integrative zoology》2009,4(3):309-315
The current challenges (increasing levels of integration in the biological sciences) facing the teaching of zoology and the structure of the zoology curriculum are explored herein. General context is provided and a more focused scrutiny of the situation in North America is presented. The changing emphases in more broadly‐based biological sciences programs in North America are outlined, and their influence on the role of zoology as part of fundamental biological training is considered. The longer term impact of such changes in emphasis on the teaching of zoology is discussed, and the central role that zoology can play in dealing with both science content and science education is advanced. Based upon a focal workshop on the future of the zoology curriculum in Canada, a perspective on the challenges facing curriculum evolution is provided. Extensive curriculum redesign is called for to ensure that zoology provides a broad‐scale integrative approach to the understanding of biodiversity in evolutionary, ecological and functional contexts. Barriers to, and drivers of change are identified and the need for collaborative approaches to curricular evolution is emphasized. 相似文献
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医学微生物学免疫学实验是其理论教学的重要补充。为培养学生独立思考问题的能力,发掘创造性思维,从培养学生的学习兴趣、改革实验教学内容、强化实验考核等方面,对如何提高医学微生物学免疫学实验教学效果进行了探讨,以期为后续专业课程学习打好基础。 相似文献