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湘西桐油中脂肪酸分析方法的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
主要研究目的是为了检测出湘西各地区桐油中所含脂肪酸的种类及含量,据此来判断湘西桐油的品质特性。采用的方法是将湘西各地的桐油与氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液发生质酯交换反应,进行衍生甲酯化,使符合气相色谱法的检测要求,在适合的检测条件下进行气相色谱法的检测。结果发现湘西桐油的主要组分为:棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、α-桐酸、β-桐酸,其中影响桐油品质的成分桐酸的含量达到了73%~80%,其中α-桐酸含量远远大于β-桐酸的含量。这说明湘西的桐油具有优良的品质,特别是张家界市永定区的桐油样品中β-桐酸的含量非常低,只有2.01%,这不仅有利于桐油的长时间的保存及运输,而且使湘西桐油具有良好干性油的特性。 相似文献
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以十五烷酸甲酯为内标物,建立了通过气相色谱仪定量分析桐油中6种脂肪酸含量的方法,并利用所建立的方法对湖北金丝、景阳桐油的脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明:各脂肪酸甲酯工作曲线线性相关性R2在0.979以上,回收率为98.9%~104.5%,RSD值为4.6%~7.3%;2种品种桐油中都含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、α-桐酸,其中金丝桐油中含量分别为0.018、0.019、0.071、0.069、0.003、0.729 g/g,景阳桐油中含量分别为0.021、0.022、0.054、0.070、0.002、0.585 g/g,金丝桐油中α-桐酸含量高于景阳桐油。 相似文献
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桐油是一种重要用途的干性油脂,不同工艺会对油品质量产生重要影响。为了克服传统工艺在制油中的缺陷,本研究采用丁烷-亚临界法工艺进行桐油的制备,并基于Design-Expert软件进行响应面优化实验,获得最佳工艺参数:萃取温度40.64℃,萃取时间45.38 min,原料颗粒度39.71目,在此条件下桐油得油率达到66.12%。采用气质联用仪分析了桐油脂肪酸组成为α-桐酸74.93%,亚油酸8.62%,油酸7.12%,棕榈酸2.72%,硬脂酸3.85%,通过分析所得油样的5项指标,可知该工艺所得油品满足国标要求。 相似文献
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桐油酸是一种重要的桐油衍生物,主要用于涂料领域,提高涂膜的性能。研究了溶剂皂化酸化法制备桐油酸的工艺条件。适宜的工艺条件为:桐油在甲醇与水的混合溶剂中进行皂化反应,溶剂比V(甲醇)∶V(水)为2∶1,物料比n(桐油)∶n(KOH)为1∶3.5,在75℃下皂化反应1.5 h。桐油酸产品收率为98.2%,酸值为199.8 mg/g。 相似文献
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《林产化学与工业》2017,(4)
以KOH和Al_2O_3联合桐壳灰制备了固体碱催化剂(KOH-TSA-Al_2O_3),并将其用于催化桐油甲酯化。采用单因素及正交试验,以桐油甲酯化过程中桐油的转化率为指标,考察了催化剂KOH用量、烧结温度及桐壳灰添加量对甲酯化的影响,结果表明:当KOH用量为6 g、Al_2O_3用量为4 g、桐壳灰分添加量为3 g,烧结温度700℃下煅烧10 h制备的固体碱催化剂催化桐油甲酯化效率最高,为76.34%。对得到的固体碱催化剂进行碱量、SEM及XRD分析,结果显示该固体碱催化剂表面为树状多枝结构;加入桐壳灰后,该催化剂产生CaO、MgO和SiO_2等新相。与0~#柴油相比,该催化剂催化下制备的生物柴油具有更优良的性能。 相似文献
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油桐种籽成熟过程中,种籽的含油量和水分含量是负相关。水分的亏缺,严重影响了油脂合成。从 8月 25日至 9月 15日含油量上升23.8％,而含水量下降24.55％,桐酸含量也上升,与此同时棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸以及亚麻酸的含量下降。桐酸在总脂肪酸含量中占79.42％。脂肪酸的累积、转化最活跃时期在8月份和9月上旬,这时期油桐栽培水分供应是至关重要的。 油桐不同种和品种(类型)脂肪酸组成有明显差异,以桐酸变化幅度最大,差值达16.06％。在这些样品中,桐酸含量超过76％的有15份,均为三年桐,其中少花单生果品种(类型)占12份,千年桐桐酸含量均不到70％。从油质来说,三年桐优于千年桐。在三年桐中少花单生果品种(类型)具有桐酸含量高,亚油酸、油酸含量较低的优点。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):139-149
Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):150-157
An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation. 相似文献