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天麻的营养来源于蜜环菌。这是人工栽培天麻的基础。蜜环菌在天麻生长发育进程中的重要作用是不容置疑的。为此栽培天麻之前，必须先培养蜜环菌材。笔者连续栽培天麻数年，现将蜜环菌材培养的适用技术介绍如下。１蜜环菌的形态特征１．１菌丝：是蜜环菌的营养体。在腐烂或半腐烂的树枝、树根或其它植物上，可以看到白色的束或块的菌丝集合体。１．２菌索：是蜜环菌菌丝体度过不良环境的一种特殊结构，是长期演化过程中逐步转化而形成的。菌索常附于天麻表皮、菌棒表面及快腐朽的菌棒、树皮与木质部之间。幼嫩的菌索为棕红色，前端有黄白色或… 相似文献
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天麻无性繁殖是以小球茎作种麻的一种栽培法。其方法简单易掌握，栽培过程中如温、湿度适宜，蜜环菌长势旺盛，白麻、米麻可以长成箭麻或白麻。由于北方受自然条件影响，目前多进行室内箱、筐、架栽等方式，其栽培方法采用菌棒伴栽法；菌棒加新棒栽培法；菌枝伴栽法。１栽培时间的选择秋栽选在１１月中下旬，边收边栽。栽后直接一体休眠。春栽３月末至４月上旬，栽后５０天形成天麻与蜜环菌生长接菌环境。２栽培方法２．１菌棒伴栽法：先在容器内（木箱６０cm×４０cm×３５cm）竹筐等废木包装箱铺上１层２～３cm厚枯阔叶，用多菌灵水喷湿，… 相似文献
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天麻Gastrodia elata Bl又名赤箭、定风草,是兰科草本植物。其地下块茎在国内外市场上销路广、用量大,为名贵短缺药材。天麻的传统栽培方法是利用野生蜜环菌Armillaria mellea和木材培养菌材,进行野外坑式或堆式伴栽,不易控制温度、湿度,易遭病虫危害,特别是低海拔地区的盛夏、寒冬,经常造成种麻腐烂,使天麻难以高产稳产。天麻室内塑料袋栽培,就是将天麻的传统栽培仿效食用菌栽培技术克服了传统方法的不足,而且技术容易掌握,管理简便易控,减少木材消耗,不污染环境。 1 培养蜜环菌天麻必须和蜜环菌形成共生关系,依靠蜜环菌菌丝提供营养,进行生长和繁殖。所以培养生长旺盛的蜜环菌菌丝是本方法的关键。 相似文献
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伏牛山猪苓人工栽培的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
猪苓栽培 ,挖穴长宽 80cm、深 4 0cm ,种 2层。用灰苓作种 ,0 5kg/穴 ,个重 10～ 13g ,黎蜜环菌材 (栎类材10根 ,长 70cm ,直径 8～ 10cm)拌栽。适宜海拔 80 0～ 12 0 0m的森林中 ,林分郁闭度 0 4～ 0 7,土层厚 5 0cm以上 ,腐殖质土或砂壤土 ,低海拔种阴坡 ,高海拔种阳坡。 4～ 5a采收 ,平均穴产量 7～ 8kg ,平均增重 14～ 16倍 ,比野生增产 70 %。 相似文献
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A new C(18)-phytosphingosine ceramide containing non-hydroxy fatty acid, armillaramide (1), has been isolated together with ergosterol peroxide from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Armillaria mellea. Its structure was established as (2S,3S,4R)-2-hexadecanoylamino-octadecane-1,3,4-triol by spectroscopic and chemical methods. 相似文献
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Polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing with specific staining for laccase activity was used to characterize laccase from European Armillaria species (Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria cepistipes). The enzyme was extracted from culture media either supplemented, or not, with pine sawdust, and also from Pinus pinaster naturally infected by A. ostoyae, or artificially inoculated with A. mellea and A. ostoyae. Some differences in banding patterns were found for Armillana isolates according to the species and the culture media, but a common band at pI = 3.4 was found in all the extracts tested, independently of their origin (culture filtrate or wood). 相似文献
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Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. and other Root-rotting Fungi in Conifers on ex-Hardwood Sites 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The development of root rot and butt rot caused by Fomes annosusin conifer crops planted on ex-hardwood ground is slower thanthat in second-rotation conifer plantations. This is apparentlydue to competition from other fungi, notably Artnillaria mellea.Excavations on ex-hardwood sites showed that F. annosus waspresent in conifer thinning stumps, and that transference ofinfection occurred, causing butt rot. The investigations confirmedthe need for stump protection of all conifer crops planted onex-hardwood sites. Short accounts are given of the activityof A. mellea and Polyporus schweinitzii, the other two importantroot-rotting fungi on these sites. 相似文献
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Species of Armillaria were identified from 645 isolates obtained in a nation‐wide survey in Albania. The material was collected from ca. 250 permanent plots, established for monitoring forest health, and from forests and orchards attacked by Armillaria. Armillaria mellea s.s. occurred on several coniferous and broadleaved trees in most areas examined, although it was absent above 1100–1200 m in northern Albania. This species damaged Abies and Quercus spp. and, to a lesser extent, other forest trees. Armillaria mellea was also commonly recorded causing damage in orchards and vineyards. Armillaria gallica was a common saprophyte or weak pathogen in coniferous and deciduous forests at altitudes from 600 to 1600 m, and less commonly on oaks at lower altitudes. Armillaria ostoyae was rare in central and southern Albania, but common in northern Albania, causing significant damage to pine and other conifers, mostly at altitudes from 600 to 1800 m. Armillaria cepistipes was recorded at altitudes from 800 to 1800 m as a saprophyte or weak pathogen on conifers and deciduous trees, mostly in beech and silver fir forests. Armillaria tabescens was found in oak forests at altitudes from sea level to 900 m. In orchards, A. tabescens occasionally attacked almond and pear trees. Armillaria borealis was found in a few locations in northern Albania, at altitudes from 800 to 1800 m. 相似文献
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Studies were carried out to test the possibility of identifying European Armillaria species by using isozyme patterns. Twenty-two different enzymes were used to analyse the haploid and diploid mycelium extract of Armillaria borealis, Armillaria cepistipes, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria tahescens. Tests for fumarase (E.C. 4.2.1.1.), aconitase (E.C. 4.2.1.3.), leucine-amino peptidase (E.C. 3.4.11.1.), isocitrate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.42.), shikimic dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.25), glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49.), malic enzyme (E.C. 1.1.1.40.), 6-P-gluconic dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.4.4.), pectin esterase (E.C. 3.1.1.11.), and pectic lyase (E.C. 4.2.99.3.) did not reveal enzyme activity. Isozyme profiles of acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2.), phospho-gluco-isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.9.), peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.7.), polyphenoloxidase (E.C. 1.14.18.), malic dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.37.), glutamic dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.3.) and superoxide dismutase (E.C. 1.15.1.1.) were ineffective for species identification. In contrast, esterase (E.C. 3.1.1.1.), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (2.6.1.1.), phospho-gluco-mutase (E.C. 2.7.5.1.), alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.1.), and polygalacturonase (E.C. 3.2.1.15.) isoenzyme patterns showed enough polymorphism to allow the identification of the different Armillaria species. However, it is necessary to compare several enzyme profiles for a conclusive identification. Intraspecific crosses of A tabescens were confirmed by the presence of a heteromeric isozyme pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase and phospho-gluco-mutase. 相似文献
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K. Rykowski 《Forest Pathology》1976,6(4):211-221
Investigation of nitrogen nutrition in different strains of Armillaria mellea. I. Utilisation of different sources of nitrogen. The assimilation of different forms of nitrogen - NO3-, NH4+ and L-asparagine by isolates of Armillaria mellea from France and Poland was investigated. Both the growth aspect, in which mycelial biomass production was related to the utilisation of nitrogen sources, and the morphological aspect, involving aerial mycelium, sclerotia and rhizomorphs, were studied. Significantly difterent effects were recorded for the influence of nitrogen source, the period of growth and their interaction on the growth of various isolates. Different nitrogen sources significantly affected sclerotial and rhizomorph formation. Isolates of A. mellea, geographically and genetically different, were shown to be also physiologically specialised as was also C. tabescens. 相似文献
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To determine the phylogenetic positions of two new species, Armillaria jezoensis and Armillaria singula, and one new subspecies, Armillaria mellea suhsp. nipponica, the nucleotide sequences of the intergenic spacers (IGS) of their ribosomal DNA were investigated, and compared with those of tour other Armillaria species from Japan, and those of nine Armillaria species from Europe and North America. We conclude that Armillaria jezoensis, and Armillaria singula belong to the Armillaria gallica cluster as Armillaria cepistipes, Armillaria gallica and Armillaria sinapina from Japan. Two isolates of Armillaria ostoyae from Japan were placed within the Armillaria ostoyae cluster. Armillaria mellea subsp. nipponica had an IGS sequence as long as the IGS of Armillaria mellea from Europe and North America. However, the IGS sequences of Armillaria mellea subsp. nipponica, whose basidium base lacks a clamp connection could not be satisfactorily aligned with the IGS sequences of other species possessing this morphological feature. 相似文献