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1.
The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of amoxycillin and clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin (amoxycillin:clavulanic acid, 4:1 by weight) were compared for 171 Salmonella, 170 Escherichia coli, and 32 Pasteurella isolates recovered from infected neonatal calves. In the presence of clavulanic acid, the MIC of amoxycillin was reduced to levels less than or equal to 12.5 micrograms/ml for all the Salmonella group B, all the Pasteurella, and for 12 out of the 44 E. coli isolates which were resistant to amoxycillin (MIC greater than or equal to 100.0 micrograms/ml). For isolates sensitive to amoxycillin (MIC less than or equal to 1.56 microgram/ml) there was no change in MIC values in the presence of clavulanic acid. A small proportion of Salmonella and E. coli isolates were resistant to clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin. In a cross-over trial involving 10 preruminant (2 weeks old) calves, amoxycillin trihydrate and clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin were administered orally at 10 mg/kg. An analysis of serum amoxycillin level data showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters t1/2ab, Cmax, t1/2 beta, AUC, Cp degree, and f' (estimated drug absorption ratio) were the same after treatment with amoxydrate and clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin. Administration of clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin and probenecid resulted in elevation and prolongation of serum amoxycillin levels. Computations showed that in preruminant calves serum amoxycillin concentrations sufficient to inhibit sensitive pathogens can be maintained by oral clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin treatment at 10 mg/kg TID. At two times that dose rate serum drug concentrations capable of inhibiting 50% of all types of pathogens examined can be maintained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of administration of cefovecin, compared with cefadroxil, for treatment of naturally occurring secondary superficial pyoderma, abscesses, and infected wounds in dogs. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, positive-controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS: 235 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs with clinical signs of skin infection confirmed via bacteriologic culture were randomly allocated to receive a single SC injection of cefovecin (8 mg/kg [3.6 mg/lb]) followed by placebo administered PO twice daily for 14 days or cefadroxil (22 mg/kg [10 mg/lb]) administered PO twice daily for 14 days following a placebo injection. Two 14-day treatment courses were permitted. Treatment success was defined as reduction of clinical signs to mild or absent at the final assessment. RESULTS: Clinical efficacy achieved with cefovecin in dogs was equivalent to that observed with cefadroxil. At the final assessment, 14 days following the completion of treatment (on day 28 or 42), 92.4% (109/118) of the cefovecin group and 92.3% (108/117) of the cefadroxil group were treatment successes. There were no serious adverse events or deaths related to treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A single cefovecin injection (8 mg/kg) administered SC, which could be repeated once after 14 days, was safe and effective against naturally occurring skin infections in dogs and as effective as cefadroxil administered PO twice daily for 14 or 28 days.  相似文献   

3.
Clavulanic acid is an inhibitor of beta-lactamase (penicillinase) and when used with amoxycillin the resulting combination becomes active against most bacteria resistant to amoxycillin through production of beta-lactamase. A total of 551 bacterial isolates from dogs and cats were examined by disc sensitivity testing, which showed that there was amoxycillin resistance particularly among staphylococci (50 per cent), Klebsiella species (97 per cent) and Escherichia coli (28 per cent). A combination of potassium clavulanate and amoxycillin reduced the incidence of resistance to 0.3, 3 and 7 per cent, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for a number of the isolates and showed marked reductions in the presence of potassium clavulanate. A formulation containing amoxycillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate (4:1) was dosed to beagles at 12.5 mg/kg. Concentrations of the drugs in blood, tissue fluid and skin showed that both drugs were sufficiently well absorbed and distributed to allow a prediction of efficacy against infections caused by beta-lactamase producing bacteria.  相似文献   

4.
Eighteen normal cats were randomly allocated into two blocks with three treatment groups and dosed orally with clindamycin aqueous solution for 10 days at a dosage rate of 5.5 mg/kg twice daily (Group 1), 11 mg/kg twice daily (Group 2), or 22 mg/kg once daily (Group 3). At the end of dosing, all cats were killed and tissues were taken for clindamycin concentration analysis. Clindamycin was extracted from tissues using solid-phase extraction columns followed by microbiological assay of clindamycin using a cylinder plate assay using M. luteus. Recovery from each tissue was determined by inoculating known concentrations of clindamycin into drug-naive tissues and comparing the observed concentration from the expected concentration. Confirmation that the bioassay detected clindamycin and not N-desmethylclindamycin, its active metabolite, was done using gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Concentrations were highest in the lung, with tissue:serum ratios greater than 3 in all groups. Concentrations were higher in Group 3 than Group 1 (P less than 0.05). Only liver concentrations in Group 3 were statistically higher than in Group 2, although all tissues except bone marrow and CSF had numerically higher concentrations in Group 3 than Group 2. The tissue:serum ratio was greater than 1 in all tissues studied except bone, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, and skeletal muscle.  相似文献   

5.
A masked, randomised, controlled clinical trial for the treatment of canine superficial pyoderma was undertaken. Dogs with a clinical diagnosis of superficial pyoderma, supported by bacterial culture were admitted to the trial and randomly assigned to treatment with either clindamycin hydrochloride at 5.5 mg/kg twice daily or clavulanate-amoxycillin at 12.5 mg/kg twice daily. After 21 days the animals were re-assessed, and therapy was continued for a further 21 days in the dogs with persistent lesions if bacterial culture demonstrated continued sensitivity. Twenty-nine dogs were treated with clindamycin hydrochloride and 27 with clavulanate-amoxycillin. Complete cure was obtained after three weeks in 17 (59 per cent) of the clindamycin-treated cases, but in only eight (30 per cent) of the clavulanate-amoxycillin treated group. Clindamycin was significantly more effective than clavulanate-amoxycillin for the treatment of superficial pyoderma in dogs.  相似文献   

6.
The efficacy of a topical preparation containing 0.5% fusidic acid and 0.1% betamethasone-17-valerate was compared to a systemic therapy (comprising a combination of parenteral dexamethasone and oral clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin) in the treatment of 104 dogs with acute moist dermatitis. Significant improvement was evident after seven days in both treatment groups in all clinical parameters assessed and there was no significant difference in the overall response between the two treatment groups. Staphylococcus intermedius was the most frequently isolated organism from swabs at the first visit (Day 0). No resistance to fusidic acid or clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin was encountered. The study demonstrates no difference in the clinical improvement achieved in canine acute moist dermatitis following topical or systemic therapy and that both treatment regimes represent effective treatment options for the condition.  相似文献   

7.
The purpose of this randomized, single blinded clinical trial was to evaluate cytologically and clinically the efficacy of oral cephalexin alone and its combination with terbinafine or ketoconazole for the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs. Twenty-two client-owned dogs with Malassezia dermatitis completed the 3-week study. All received cephalexin (generic, 250 mg or 500 mg) at 22-30 mg kg(-1) twice daily. Eight dogs received terbinafine at 30 mg kg(-1) once daily and seven dogs received ketoconazole (generic, 200 mg) at 5-10 mg kg(-1) twice daily. The remaining seven dogs received cephalexin alone. At week 0 (visit 1) and week 3 (visit 2), mean yeast counts were determined from three affected areas using tape-strip cytology, a clinical index score (CIS) was assigned to the affected areas, and owners evaluated pruritus using a visual analogue scale. All groups showed reduction in mean yeast counts, CIS and pruritus. There was an 86.8%, 80.2% and 28.8% reduction in mean yeast counts from visit 1 to visit 2 for the terbinafine, ketoconazole and cephalexin-only groups, respectively. However, within treatment group comparisons a significant reduction in mean yeast count was only evident for the terbinafine (P < 0.002) and ketoconazole (P < 0.01) groups. Pruritus reduction was only significant for the terbinafine group. These preliminary results suggest that terbinafine should be further assessed for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis.  相似文献   

8.
Pigeons treated orally with 125 mg clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin for seven days showed no adverse reactions. The drug had a marked depressive effect on the faecal flora but this had returned to normal 10 days after cessation of treatment. When administered to pigeons with an experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection of the feet no clinical response was apparent and there was no evidence of a diminution in the inflammatory process.  相似文献   

9.
Twenty-five yearling wethers, weighing 45 to 50 kg, were used in a trial designed to compare the bioavailability of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA) and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS). The sheep, five per treatment, were each given a basal diet without vitamin E supplement (control) or with a daily oral supplement of 240 iu TA or TPGS, or of 480 iu TA or TPGS. Blood samples were obtained at zero time, and then twice daily for three weeks. The bioavailability was greater for TA than for TPGS. This was indicated by the significantly higher (P less than 0.01) plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations during the three-week experimental period in sheep dosed with equivalent units of TA than in those dosed with TPGS. When administered at 480 iu, the TPGS produced plasma profiles similar to those found after administration of the lower (240 iu) dose of the TA.  相似文献   

10.
Oral clindamycin disposition after single and multiple doses in normal cats   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Eighteen normal cats were randomly allocated into three treatment groups and dosed with clindamycin aqueous solution for 10 days at a dosage rate of: (1) 5.5 mg/kg b.i.d.; (2) 11 mg/kg b.i.d.; or (3) 22 mg/kg once daily. Serum disposition of clindamycin was determined after the first and last dose of clindamycin was given, and was analyzed using model-independent pharmacokinetics by both the trapezoidal rule method and the predictive equation method. Complete blood counts and clinical chemistries were determined before and after the study. The trapezoidal rule method produced similar mean results with much less variance than the predictive equation method. Mean residence time was longer (P less than 0.05) after the high dose (393 +/- 77 min) than after either the low or medium doses (276 +/- 51 and 274 +/- 45 min, respectively). Oral volume of distribution (Vd(ss)/F) after the high dose (3.06 +/- 0.92 l/kg) was larger (P less than 0.05) than that after the low or medium doses (1.62 +/- 0.30 and 1.76 +/- 0.53 l/kg, respectively). Oral Vd(ss)/F was significantly smaller (P less than 0.001) after the last dose than after the first dose when analyzed by treatment group. Significant (P less than 0.01) decreases in the leukogram and erythrogram were observed, due to the large amount of blood collected for drug analysis. No clinical signs of drug intoxication were observed, and no drug-related necropsy findings were found.  相似文献   

11.
Adulticide therapy in heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis)-infected dogs can lead to thromboembolism, which can seriously compromise post-treatment health status. Lung pathology following adulticide therapy was evaluated in three groups of experimentally infected dogs. Group 1 was treated with doxycycline at 20 mg/kg per os once daily for 30 days post infection followed by an intramuscular injection of melarsomine dihydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg) at Week 12, followed 1 month later by two injections 24 h apart. Group 2 was treated as described for Group 1, with the addition of ivermectin at 6 mcg/kg given monthly per os for 24 weeks post-infection. Group 3 received melarsomine alone, as described above. All dogs were necropsied at Week 24 and lung pathology was evaluated. Lesion criteria included perivascular inflammation and endothelial proliferation. Lesions were scored by two independent pathologists who were blinded as to treatment. Results indicate that doxycycline treatment alone or combined with ivermectin had lower lesion scores than lungs from dogs who had received melarsomine alone. Dogs that received the combined doxycycline/ivermectin protocol and treated with adulticide showed less severe arterial lesions and the virtual absence of thrombi.  相似文献   

12.
Amoxycillin, a new broad spectrum semi-synthetic penicillin was subjected to preliminary clinical testing in 351 cases in dogs and 264 in cats in veterinary practices. Two formulations were used: capsules by mouth and an aqueous suspension by injection. Those taking part were asked to use amoxycillin in the treatment of all conditions that they considered required an antibiotic and to report their results in terms of success or failure according to criteria laid down. Samples were taken whenever practicable for bacteriology. Dose ranges were 4 to 11 mg per kg for the oral capsules twice daily in dogs and most cats and 11 mg per kg once daily in some cat cases over five days and 2 to 7 mg per kg for the injectable suspension once daily in both species for three to five days. Results for the full range of conditions are given in tabulated form. Overall percentage of success according to the criteria laid down was 80.1%.  相似文献   

13.
Background –  Ciclosporin (CSA) is approved for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Ciclosporin is metabolized by liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, a process inhibited by ketoconazole (KTZ). Hypothesis/Objectives –  The aims of this study were to determine skin and blood CSA concentrations when CSA was administered alone at 5.0 (Treatment 1) or 2.5 mg/kg (Treatment 2) and when CSA was administered at 2.5 mg/kg concurrently with KTZ at 5 (Treatment 3) or 2.5 mg/kg (Treatment 4). We hypothesized that skin and blood CSA concentrations in Treatment 1 would not differ from those obtained with T3 or T4. Animals –  In a randomized cross‐over study, six healthy research dogs received each of the treatments (Treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4) once daily for 7 days. Methods –  After the first, fourth and seventh dose for each treatment, a peak and trough skin punch biopsy sample and whole blood sample were collected and analysed with high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analysed using a repeated measures approach with PROC MIXED in SAS. Pairwise comparisons were performed with least squares means and Tukey–Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons. Results –  Mean blood CSA concentrations in Treatment 1 were not different from those in Treatment 2 or 4, but were less than in Treatment 3. Mean skin CSA concentrations in Treatment 1 were greater than in Treatment 2, not different from those in Treatment 4, and less than those in Treatment 3. Conclusions and clinical importance –  Administration of CSA and KTZ concurrently at 2.5 mg/kg each may be as effective as CSA alone at 5.0 mg/kg for treatment of canine atopic dermatitis.  相似文献   

14.
Sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim combination was evaluated as a coccidiostat against experimentally induced coccidiosis in young dogs and coyotes (Canis latrans). The animals were experimentally inoculated with 50,000 or 100,000 sporulated oocysts of Isospora ohiohensis (98%) and Isospora canis (2%). In experiment 1, daily treatment for 13 to 23 days with a combination of 27.5 mg of sulfadimethoxine/kg of body weight (BW) and 5.5 mg of ormetoprim/kg of BW admixed to the feed resulted in no significant (P greater than 0.05) difference in fecal oocyst counts between treated and nontreated groups of dogs or coyotes. In experiment 2, treatment with a combination of 55 mg of sulfadimethoxine/kg of BW and 11 mg of ormetoprim/kg of BW for 23 days was 99.8% effective against Isospora spp infections in dogs. Significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts were present in feces of treated dogs than were present in feces of nontreated dogs from first passage of oocysts at day 4 to the end of the patent period at days 19 to 21. After the 2nd week of treatment, BW of treated dogs were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than BW of nontreated dogs. Evidence of drug toxicity was not observed clinically or by serum chemical analyses.  相似文献   

15.
The efficacy of an injectable formulation of florfenicol (300 mg/mL) as metaphylactic control of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated in two double‐blind randomly controlled field studies on two Dutch veal calf herds (A and B). Cattle aged not older than 3 months and in the direct presence of calves with clinical respiratory disease were randomly allocated to treatment with 40 mg/kg florfenicol subcutaneously (s.c.) a positive control treatment (12.5 mg/kg tilmicosin p.o. twice daily for five consecutive days in herd A, and 12.5 mg/kg doxycycline p.o. twice daily for five consecutive days in herd B), or a negative control (one placebo saline s.c. administration on D0). The predominant respiratory pathogens present in pretreatment respiratory samples from affected animals were Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella multocida in outbreaks A and B, respectively. Metaphylactic administration of florfenicol resulted in a statistically significant weight gain, decreased rectal temperature for five consecutive days after treatment and decreased metaphylactic failure percentages compared with both positive and negative control groups. In summary, these studies demonstrated that a single s.c. injection of florfenicol is effective and practical for control of the bacterial component of BRD in veal calves.  相似文献   

16.
Forty atopic dogs were studied for 28 days after the oral administration of four randomised treatments: (A) arofylline (1 mg/kg) twice daily for four weeks; (B) prednisone (0.5 mg/kg) twice daily for the first week, once a day during the second week and every 48 hours for the remaining two weeks; (C) prednisone following the same protocol but at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg; or (D) arofylline (1 mg/kg) twice daily for four weeks plus prednisone (0.25 mg/kg) following the same protocol as in (B) and (C). The degree of pruritus and skin lesions and the side effects were evaluated and graded from 0 to 3 before and weekly during the treatments. In all cases there was a progressive clinical improvement in the clinical signs, with no statistical differences among the four treatments. However, many of the dogs treated with arofylline vomited and had adverse gastrointestinal signs.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of orally administered carvedilol in healthy dogs with doses that might be used to initiate treatment in dogs with congestive heart failure. ANIMALS: 24 healthy dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly allocated to receive carvedilol PO at a dose of 1.56, 3.125, or 12.5 mg, twice daily for 7 to 10 days; 6 dogs served as controls. Investigators were blinded to group assignment. Hemodynamic variables were recorded prior to administration of the drug on day 1 and then 2, 4, and 6 hours after the morning dose on day 1 and days 7 to 10. Change in heart rate after IV administration of 1microg of isoproterenol/kg and change in systemic arterial blood pressure after IV administration of 8 microg of phenylephrine/kg were recorded 2 and 6 hours after administration of carvedilol. RESULTS: Administration of carvedilol did not significantly affect resting hemodynamic variables or response to phenylephrine. The interaction of day and carvedilol dose had a significant effect on resting heart rate, but a significant main effect of carvedilol dose on resting heart rate was not detected. Increasing carvedilol dose resulted in a significant linear decrease in heart rate response to isoproterenol. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In healthy conscious dogs, orally administered carvedilol at mean doses from 0.08 to 0.54 mg/kg given twice daily did not affect resting hemodynamics. Over the dose range evaluated, there was a dose-dependent attenuation of the response to isoproterenol, which provided evidence of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism.  相似文献   

18.
The pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin was studied in nine male beagle dogs under healthy and febrile conditions. In Period 1, dogs received 20 mg/kg of an oral suspension of amoxycillin. Intravenous doses of saline, 2 and 20 microg/kg of endotoxin (LPS from Escherichia coli serotype) were administered to dogs (three per group) prior to administration of 20 mg/kg of amoxycillin in Period 2. Rectal temperature and behavioral changes were recorded and blood samples were collected over 12 h for pharmacokinetic analysis. Amoxycillin was assessed in plasma using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations were analysed using a one-compartment model with lag-time for absorption using an iterative two-stage method. As compared with control groups, amoxycillin clearance decreased significantly with preliminary treatments of 2 microg/kg endotoxin (0.209 vs. 0.140 L/h kg, P < 0.05) and 20 microg/kg endotoxin (0.214 vs. 0.075 L/h kg, P < 0.05). As a result of this, the area under curve for the 2 and 20 microg/kg endotoxin groups increased significantly 100.4 vs. 149.4 microg h/mL (P < 0.05) and 99.2 vs. 277.7 microg h/mL (P < 0.05), respectively. Other drugs currently used for the treatment of fever and septic shock should be re-evaluated using a febrile animal model to avoid improper dose administration.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract The efficacy of twice daily topical application of capsaicin (0.025%) for the management of pruritus in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) was evaluated in double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Twelve dogs with AD were randomly assigned to either 0.025% capsaicin or vehicle lotion applied twice daily for 6 weeks. After a 4-week wash-out period, treatments were switched. Significant improvement was reported by owners ( P  = 0.0006), but not by investigators. Owners noted temporary worsening of pruritus after the first week of capsaicin therapy. Overall capsaicin was well tolerated. Substance P (SP) concentrations in the skin did not correlate with the severity of the pruritus and did not change significantly over time and between treatments. Lesional skin had less SP than nonlesional skin ( P  = 0.03). These observations suggest that topical capsaicin should be further evaluated as an adjunctive antipruritic agent in dogs with AD.  相似文献   

20.
This study assessed the gastroduodenal safety profile of licofelone, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with dual inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase (COX), by using endoscopic evaluations and by comparing licofelone to rofecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Twenty-one dogs underwent blinded gastroduodenoscopies, during which the mucosa of the gastroduodenal tract was assessed and scored. Blood analyses were monitored on days 0 (baseline), 14, 28, 42, and 56. Examinations to detect fecal occult blood were performed daily. Dogs were randomly assigned to three groups that received either a placebo, licofelone at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg twice daily, or rofecoxib at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg daily, respectively. Significant differences between the groups in gastric (P = 0.003), duodenal (P = 0.009), and gastroduodenal (P = 0.002) endoscopic lesion scores were observed at day 56. Rofecoxib-treated dogs had more lesions in all areas when compared with placebo-treated dogs, more duodenal lesions when compared with licofelone-treated dogs and more lesions than they had at baseline. In contrast to licofelone, rofecoxib was found to induce significant gastric and gastroduodenal lesions in dogs that lacked pre-existing lesions at baseline. Blood analyses and fecal examinations did not reveal abnormalities in any of the experimental groups. Treatment with licofelone was well tolerated and was shown to be safer than rofecoxib in terms of upper gastrointestinal damage. In this way, this study demonstrates the gastroduodenal safety profile of licofelone for chronic treatment.  相似文献   

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