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1.
Duck rearing is an important component of sustainable living in poor rural communities, especially as a source of subsistence. A study was conducted on 118 households (N = 1,373 Jinding ducks, Anas platyrhynchus) from December 2002 to February 2004 on Hatia Island in Bangladesh with the aim of identifying the factors that limit the health and production of Jinding ducks. Overall duck mortality was 29.3%, with disease (19.7%) being a more significant factor than predation (9.6%; p = 0.001). Duck mortality also varied significantly among study zones (p < 0.001). Common diseases were duck plague (21.1%) and duck cholera (32.1%). Helminth infection was prevalent, with endemic trematode (Prosthogonimus spp., Trichobilharzia spp., Echinostoma spp.) and nematode (Cyathostoma bronchialis, Amidostomum anseris, Heterakis gallinarum, Capillaria spp., and Echinuria spp.) infections and epidemic cestode infections due to Hymenolepsis setigera. The median egg production rate per duck per household was 93 for a 6-month laying period. The odds of diminished egg production (average ≤ 93 eggs per duck per household for a 6-month laying period) was 25.4 times higher in ducks that were kept in traditional duck houses (p < 0.001) and 14.2 times higher in ducks that experienced delays in the onset of sexual maturity (days 191 and 280; p < 0.001). Ducks that were provided snails for a shorter period of time over the laying period were 18.2 times more likely to produce fewer eggs than their longer fed peers (p = 0.002). In conclusion, duck mortalities due to diseases and predation and parasitic infections appear to be common constraints on household duck production on Hatia Island. Additionally, improving duck housing and providing longer nutritional supplementation with snails increased the production capabilities of household-raised Jinding ducks on Hatia Island.  相似文献   

2.
Duck rearing is well suited to coastal and lowland areas in Bangladesh. It is an important component of sustainable livelihood strategies for poor rural communities as an additional source of household income. An epidemiological study was conducted during January 2005–June 2006 on 379 households in Chatkhil of the Noakhali District, Bangladesh which were using the recently devised “Bangladesh duck model”. The overall objective of the study was to identify factors that significantly contributed to mortality and constrained productivity and to generate sufficient knowledge to enable establishment of a disease surveillance system for household ducks. The overall mortality was 15.0% in Chatkhil, with predation causing a significantly higher mortality compared with diseases (p < 0.001). Common diseases were duck plague and duck cholera. Morbid ducks frequently displayed signs associated with diseases affecting the nervous and digestive systems. Haemorrhagic lesions in various organs and white multiple foci on the liver were frequently observed in dead ducks. Epidemiological analysis with a shared frailty model that accounted for clustering of data by farm was used to estimate the association between survival time and risk factors. The overall mortality rate due to disease was significantly lower in vaccinated than in non-vaccinated ducks in all zones except zone 2 (p < 0.001). Only vaccinated ducks survived in zone 1. In conclusion, duck mortality and untimely sale of ducks appeared to be important constraints for household duck production in Chatkhil. Vaccination against duck plague appears to be an effective preventive strategy in reducing the level of associated duck mortality. A successful network was established amongst farmers and the surveillance team through which dead ducks, with accompanying information, were readily obtained for analysis. Therefore, there is an opportunity for establishing a long-term disease surveillance programme for rural ducks in Chatkhil of the Noakhali District of Bangladesh.  相似文献   

3.
Village chicken production in Turkey: Tokat province example   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
The aim of this work was to reveal the current form of village chicken production in Tokat province of Turkey. A survey was applied to 153 randomly selected farmers of 5 subdistricts in Tokat province. The ratios of domestic fowls in the survey region were as follows: hen 98.83%, goose 0.65%, turkey 0.29% and duck 0.16% (P < 0.01). Feather colours of laying hens were white (2.76%), brown (8.63%) and mixed color (88.60%). The hen farms in this region consisted of native breeds (91.42%), commercial breeds (5.71%) and their crosses (2.85%). The mean egg weight of the village hens was between 30 and 40 g. Wheat (65.73%) and mixed (wheat, barley, maize and kitchen refuse) feed (34.22%) were used to supplement the hens (P < 0.01). For producing natural chicks, the hens were brooded between 1.10 and 1.46 times/year, 1.31 on average. For each brooding, the number of placed eggs under the broody hens was between 11.39 and 12.42 (P < 0.05).  相似文献   

4.
During the last 30 years, pig production in Uganda and neighbouring counties has increased markedly. Pigs are mainly kept as a source of income for small-scale farmers; however, the pig production is subject to several constraints, one of them being worm infections. A study was carried out in rural communities in Kabale District in the South Western part of Uganda in September and October 2007 in order to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in pigs based on coprological examination. Fifty-six households were randomly selected and visited. Housing system and deworming history were recorded. Faeces was sampled from rectum of one to five pigs (age, 3–12 months) per household. A total of 106 pigs were examined coprologically of which 91% excreted nematode eggs. The following prevalences of nematode eggs were recorded: strongyles (89%), Ascaris suum (40%), Trichuris suis (17%) and spiruroid eggs (48%). On household level, rearing pigs on slatted floors in pens significantly reduced the faecal egg excretion of strongyle eggs with almost 80% (p = 0.010) and a significant interaction between floor type and anthelmintic treatment was found for spiruroids (p = 0.037). Fifteen T. suis egg positive pigs were selected for post-mortem examination of the gastrointestinal tract. The post-mortem examinations revealed that 93% pigs were infected with Oesophagostomum spp. (worm burden, min–max 10–2,180), 73% with A. suum (1–36), 67% with T. suis (6–58), and 20% with Hyostrongylus rubidus (worms not quantified). In general, nematode infections were widespread and polyparasitism common in pigs in Uganda. However, worm burdens were moderate which may be related to recent deworming or to the practice of rearing pigs on slatted floors in wooden elevated pens.  相似文献   

5.
We determined the effects of dietary supplementation with folate and vitamin B12 on lipid metabolism and the deposition of these vitamins in eggs of laying hens (age 64–72 weeks). Four levels of folate (0, 0.5, 4 and 10 mg/kg) and three levels of vitamin B12 (0, 0.01 and 0.08 mg/kg) were added to the basal diet for 8 weeks in a 4 × 3 factorial completely randomized design study. No significant physiological interaction between folate and vitamin B12 was evident under our experimental conditions. There was no effect of vitamins supplementation on egg production or feed intake. Supplementation with folate significantly elevated serum (p < 0.01) and yolk (p < 0.05) folate levels. Supplementation with vitamin B12 did not significantly affect serum or egg yolk vitamin B12 levels. Supplementation with folate or vitamin B12 did not significantly affect triglyceride or total phospholipid levels in serum or egg yolk although a positive relationship was observed between dietary folate supplementation and total serum phospholipid (r 2  = 0.68, p < 0.05). The study showed that it is possible to produce folate-enriched eggs. An increase in serum total phospholipids due to dietary supplementation with folate may provide physiological benefits to hens, although we did not observe any strong effects of these vitamins on lipid composition.  相似文献   

6.
To evaluate the potential of the native Muscovy ducks in Congo, a trial was conducted with closed housing, commercial feeding and veterinary care. The characterization included reproductive performance, daily weight gain, live body weight, feed conversion ratio, body live weight productivity, and meat productivity. The experimental genetic stock was bred under natural mating and natural incubation. The number of eggs recorded per female and per clutch was 14.6 ± 3 eggs with 2 clutches per year. The average (±SD) hatchability was 75% ± 3% and the average egg weight was 72 ± 8 g. The sexual dimorphism for body weight appeared after 3 weeks (p < 0.05). The maximum daily weight gain in males reached 55 ± 8 g/day and occurred at 5 weeks, whereas in females it occurred at 4 weeks and reached 35 ± 5 g/day. The carcass yield was 70% ± 5% and 51 ± 8% in males and females, respectively. The meat productivity was 26.7 and 11.5 kg/m2 per year in males and females, respectively. From these findings, it can be concluded that the incubation by mother duck is preferred in the small farming duck and that males should be raised for meat and females for egg production. Further studies including local poultry-related issues are needed to optimize the performance of the native Muscovy duck in Congo Brazzaville.  相似文献   

7.
不同限饲水平对产蛋期肉种鸭生产性能的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本研究旨在探讨不同限饲水平对产蛋期肉种鸭生产性能和孵化指标的影响。试验选取 ４０周龄父母代 ＳＭ３樱桃谷种鸭 ３２００只（母鸭 ２６００只,公鸭 ６００只）,随机分成 ４组,每组 ５个重复,每个重复 １６０只鸭（母鸭 １３０只,公鸭 ３０只）。以玉米 －豆粕 －小麦型配合饲料（代谢能 １１．５０ＭＪ／ｋｇ,粗蛋白质 １８．００％）为基础饲粮。Ｔ１组日饲喂料量最大,为每只鸭 ２２５ｇ,其他组依次降低 １５ｇ,分别为 ２１０（Ｔ２组）、１９５（Ｔ３组）和 １８０ｇ（Ｔ４组）,试验期 ３５ｄ。结果表明：１）当日饲喂料量由２２５ｇ下降到２１０ｇ时,公、母鸭的体增重均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）,产蛋率略有上升,蛋重略有下降,但二者变化均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,当日饲喂料量继续下降到 １９５和 １８０ｇ时,与日饲喂料量 ２２５ｇ时相比,公、母鸭体增重、产蛋率和蛋重均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）;２）经回归分析,公、母鸭体增重、产蛋率、蛋重与日饲喂料量有显著的直线或二次曲线关系（Ｐ＜０．０５）,产蛋率与蛋重之间也有显著的二次曲线关系（Ｐ＜０．０５）;３）日饲喂料量对种鸭死淘率及种蛋合格率、受精率、健雏率、入孵蛋孵化率和受精蛋孵化率均无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结果提示,适当限制饲喂料量可降低体增重,提高产蛋率,但过度限饲会影响生产性能。  相似文献   

8.
采用单因素试验设计,研究圈养、网上平养和放养3种不同饲养方式对鸭蛋成分和蛋黄色泽的影响。常规方法检测鸭蛋成分。结果表明：饲养方式对蛋清干物质含量有显著的影响（P〈0.05）,放养鸭的蛋清干物质含量显著低于圈养和网上平养（P〈0.05）,圈养和网上平养之间差异不显著;饲养方式对蛋黄干物质含量影响不显著（P〉0.05）,但放养组最低,圈养组稍高,网上平养组最高;饲养方式对蛋清氨基酸的绝对含量有显著的影响（P〈0.05）,放养鸭蛋的蛋清氨基酸总量低于圈养鸭和网上平养鸭（P〈0.05）,圈养鸭和网上平养鸭差异不显著;但饲养方式对蛋清各种氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比值影响较小;饲养方式对蛋黄色泽、蛋黄干物质脂肪含量和鸭蛋风味有显著的影响（P〈0.05）,放养鸭的蛋黄色泽等级和蛋黄干物质中脂肪含量显著高于圈养鸭和网上平养鸭（P〈0.05）,鸭蛋风味也优于圈养鸭和网上平养鸭;圈养和网上平养之间差异不显著;综合评价3种饲养方式的蛋鸭所产的鸭蛋,总的营养物质含量相差不大,但放养鸭蛋口感好,味道美。  相似文献   

9.
The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasite infection in goats raised in Nakhon Pathom Province. Fecal samples from 190 goats in 12 herds were collected per rectum. Questionnaires focusing on the general information about the farm and farmers, and management practices on farms were completed. Modified McMaster counting technique was performed to detect eggs of intestinal parasites. Each egg found was classified into three groups of parasites based on its characteristics. Individual and herd prevalence were calculated. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to analyze risk factors of infection. Herd prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 100%, while individual prevalence was 79.47%. Strongyle group was the most common intestinal parasite found in this study. Moniezia spp. (8/190) and Trichuris spp. (1/190) were also found. The average number of eggs found was 1,176 eggs per gram of feces. Risk factors for intestinal parasite infection were housing system, deworming interval, and type of goat in herd. Goats housed in groups had higher infection rates compared with goats housed individually (odds ratio (OR) = 6.34; P value = 0.009). Goats in herds in which anthelmintic drugs were administered in intervals of greater than 3 months were more likely to become infected with intestinal parasites (OR = 33.07; P value <0.001). Goats in herds that kept only dairy goats were less likely to become infected than herd that kept only meat goats or kept both dairy and meat goats (OR = 46.20 and 8.75; P value <0.001 and 0.011, respectively).  相似文献   

10.
The present study assessed the benefits of integration of animals with fish production in optimizing the bio mass production from unit land in subtropical hill agro ecosystem. Hampshire pigs and Khaki Campbell ducks were integrated with composite fish culture. The pig and duck excreta were directly allowed into the pond and no supplementary feed was given to fish during the period of study. The average levels of N, P and K in dried pig and duck manure were 0.9, 0.7 and 0.6 per cent and 1.3, 0.6 and 0.5 per cent, respectively. The average body weight of pig and duck at 11 months age was 90 and 1.74 kg with an average daily weight gain of 333.33 and 6.44 g, respectively. The fish production in pig-fish and duck-fish systems were 2209 and 2964 kg/ha, respectively while the fish productivity in control pond was only 820 kg/ha. The total biomass (animal and fish) production was higher (p < 0.05) in commercial feeding system compared to the traditional system, however the input/output ratio was 1:1.2 and 1:1.55 for commercial and traditional systems, respectively. It was inferred that the total biomass production per unit land was high (p < 0.05) when animal and fish were integrated together.  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this test was to evaluate the egg quality from two breeds of ducks reared in cages and on floor.30 eggs were chosen from each type of eggs,which were from Jinding (green shell) and Shan Partridge ducks (white shell)at 40 weeks-old reared in cages and on floor for egg quality evaluation.The results showed that the egg weight of caged duck was extremely significantly larger than the floor duck (P<0.01) in the same breed,there were very significant positive correlations between the egg weight and eggshell weight,egg-white weight and egg yolk weight (P<0.01),but no significant difference among the egg yolk weights of different types of ducks (P>0.05).The shell strength of green egg was obviously higher than that of white shell eggs (P<0.05),and the shell strength of green egg from caged ducks was higher than that of the green egg ducks on floor.The correlation coefficients of the egg specific gravity and eggshell thickness,the specific gravity and eggshell strength were 0.503 (P<0.01) and 0.536 (P<0.01) respectively.Haugh units of four types of ducks all reached 72 or more.Although there was significant positive correlation between egg-white weight and egg yolk weight (P<0.01),significant negative correlation was existed between egg-white weight and egg yolk ratio (P<0.01).There were significant negative correlations between egg specific gravity and egg yolk weight (P<0.05) and egg yolk ratio (P<0.05).In conclusion,the mode of cage feeding and the breed with green shell were appropriate choices in laying-egg duck production for high egg quality.  相似文献   

12.
试验旨在比较笼养和平养方式对不同品种蛋鸭蛋品质的影响,以期为评价不同饲养方式下的鸭蛋品质提供参考依据。随机选取40周龄笼养和平养的金定鸭（青壳蛋）和山麻鸭（白壳蛋）鸭蛋各30枚于产后24 h内进行蛋品质测定。结果表明,同一品种笼养蛋鸭蛋重极显著大于平养蛋鸭蛋重（P<0.01）,蛋重与蛋壳重、蛋白重和蛋黄重之间均存在极显著正相关（P<0.01）,但不同类型鸭蛋的蛋黄重之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。青壳蛋的蛋壳强度显著高于白壳蛋（P<0.05）,笼养青壳蛋的蛋壳强度亦高于平养青壳蛋（P<0.05）。蛋的比重与蛋壳厚度呈极显著正相关（0.503,P<0.01）,与蛋壳强度的相关系数亦达到0.536（P<0.01）。4种类型鸭蛋的哈氏单位均达到72以上。虽然蛋白重与蛋黄重之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,但蛋白重与蛋黄比率之间却呈极显著的负相关（P<0.01）。蛋的比重与蛋黄重和蛋黄比率之间亦存在显著负相关（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,就蛋品质而言,蛋鸭养殖以采用笼养模式、选择青壳蛋鸭品种为宜。  相似文献   

13.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary dried baker’s yeast on laying performance, egg traits and some blood parameters of quails. In the experiment a total of 342 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) aged ten weeks were equally divided into six groups of 57 (three replicates of 19 quails each). Six levels (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%) of dried baker’s yeast were included in isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets. The experimental period lasted 14 weeks. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences among the groups in body weight, feed intake, protein intake, egg production, feed efficiency, egg yolk index and egg haugh unit. Blood serum levels of total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol were not affected by dietary dried baker’s yeast. Diets containing 4 and 8% of dried baker’s yeast increased the egg weight significantly (p < 0.01). The inclusion of dried baker’s yeast at the level of 20% to the diets reduced egg shell thickness and egg albumen height. It is concluded that dried baker’s yeast can be used up to 16% in the diets of laying quails without adverse effects on the measured parameters.  相似文献   

14.
【目的】 试验旨在研究鸭产生螺纹蛋程度的遗传力及其与蛋品质相关性状的遗传相关性。【方法】 选择A系母鸭600只，收集产蛋期所产种蛋，并根据螺纹在鸭蛋表面的覆盖面积，将螺纹等级划分为0、1、2、3、4级。观察测定产生螺纹蛋的等级和其他蛋品质相关性状，使用限制性最大似然估计法并结合线性混合模型进行遗传力及相关性状遗传参数估计。【结果】 试验期间，600只母鸭中有418只母鸭产蛋，共收集到1 171枚种蛋，其中，0、1、2、3和4级螺纹蛋分别有742、135、161、93和40枚，分别占总数的63%、12%、14%、8%和3%；产生0、1、2、3和4级螺纹蛋母鸭分别为228、55、69、46和20只；螺纹蛋等级、平均蛋重、平均蛋型指数和开产体重的遗传力分别为0.30、0.29、0.52和0.72，属于较高遗传力，产蛋总数的遗传力为0.15，为中等遗传力。螺纹蛋等级与产蛋总数具有较高的遗传正相关（0.34）和较低的表型正相关（0.12）。【结论】 螺纹蛋等级、平均蛋重、平均蛋型指数和开产体重均具有较高的遗传力，对某些产生螺纹蛋等级较高的母鸭进行选择淘汰，可以降低鸭产生螺纹蛋的比例。本研究对鸭产生螺纹蛋的等级进行划分，可以精确的区分螺纹蛋之间的差别，为后续的相关研究提供分类标准，为产蛋性能的遗传改良提供依据和参考。  相似文献   

15.
A cross-sectional study by means of a questionnaire with open-ended questions and multiple-choice questions was used to collect data on the profile of duck keepers, husbandry practices, and performances, opportunities and constraints of Muscovy duck breeding in households (n = 88) in Dolisie city (Congo-Brazzaville). The study confirmed the common observations on traditional poultry keeping such as scavenging during the day and housing overnight. The flock size (7.7 ± 3 ducks per unit) showed no specialization of husbandry (100% of surveyed flocks were kept for simultaneous production of ducklings, meat and eggs) and a high drake-to-duck ratio (1:3). The hatchability was close to 80.5% ± 13%, whereas the average number of eggs was 13.2 ± 5 per clutch. In addition, a high mortality (80%) was observed in ducklings, which was due to poor feeding, lack of veterinary care and housing conditions. Eggs and live ducks were sold by duck farmers in response to the family needs rather than market price. The three most important findings were as follows: (1) duck keepers were mainly men (80% versus 20% of women); (2) there was no evidence of taboo; and (3) the duck as an exotic bird was not proscribed by cultural beliefs, and therefore development of the Muscovy duck in Congo Brazzaville should be unhindered.  相似文献   

16.
本试验以山麻鸭为研究对象,比较分析在不同季节条件下笼养与平养蛋鸭生产性能的差异,以筛选出不同季节条件下蛋鸭适宜的饲养方式.结果表明,春季,平养组的产蛋率与总蛋重极显著高于笼养组(P<0.01),而平养组的料蛋比和畸形蛋率极显著低于笼养组(P<0.01);夏季,笼养组的产蛋率显著高于平养组(P<0.05),而笼养组的畸形蛋率极显著低于平养组(P<0.01),但笼养组的总蛋重与料蛋比与平养组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);秋季,笼养组的产蛋率极显著高于平养组(P<0.01),而笼养组的料蛋比显著低于平养组(P<0.05),但笼养组的总蛋重与畸形蛋率与平养组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);冬季,平养组的产蛋率和总蛋重分别显著和极显著高于笼养组(P<0.05;P<0.01),而平养组的畸形蛋率极显著低于笼养组(P<0.01),但平养组的料蛋比与笼养组相比差异不显著(P>0.05).由此可知,在春、冬季节对山麻鸭采用平养方式,可提高蛋鸭的产蛋性能;夏、秋季节对山麻鸭采用笼养方式,有利于蛋鸭生产性能的发挥.  相似文献   

17.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate/compare the sensory attributes of eggs and meat, egg qualities, proximate composition of eggs, and semen qualities of slow growing native (Miri and Mizo-local) and fast growing improved chicken varieties (Gramapriya and Vanaraja) under hill ecosystem of northeastern India. Significantly higher egg weight, egg volume, and albumen volume were observed in Gramapriya followed by Vanaraja, Mizo-local, and Miri chickens. However, yolk volume was significantly higher in Vanaraja and Gramapriya varieties as compared to native chickens. Yolk to albumen ratio was significantly lower in Gramapriya as compared to Vanaraja and Miri chicken. Consumer liking of eggs for aroma, flavor, and overall acceptability of Miri, Mizo-local, and Vanaraja were significantly higher than that of Gramapriya. Genetic groups did not differ significantly in appearance and proximate composition of eggs. No significant differences were observed between various genetic groups for sensory attributes of meat samples. Semen volume was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) lower while sperm concentration was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher in native chicken as compared to the improved chicken varieties. However, pH, mass activity, sperm motility, and livability did not differ significantly among genetic groups although Mizo-local had significantly higher abnormal sperm count. The study concluded that the genetic groups with different growth rate differed significantly for various egg quality parameters and semen characteristics but not for sensory attributes of meat and proximate composition of eggs.  相似文献   

18.
将三个品种(攸县麻鸭、麻旺鸭和三穗鸭)种鸭蛋按蛋重各分5个组在相同的条件下孵化,研究蛋重对不同品种孵化效果的影响。结果表明,种蛋受精率和入孵蛋孵化率:攸县麻鸭蛋重在65~73 g最高,麻旺鸭蛋重在66~70 g最高,三穗鸭蛋重在66~74 g最高,种蛋过重或过轻均不利于种蛋孵化。胚胎死亡率:攸县麻鸭在蛋重61~65 g最低,三穗鸭在蛋重小于62 g时最低,麻旺鸭在蛋重小于58 g时最低,攸县麻鸭种蛋重量适中有利于胚胎成活,三穗鸭和麻旺鸭种蛋重量较轻时有利于胚胎成活。  相似文献   

19.
1. The performance of indigenous ducks (ID), Khaki Campbell (KC) and their reciprocal crossbred layers was studied from 19 to 58 weeks of age. For each genotype, 4 x 18 ducks (3 males + 15 females) were reared under a semi-intensive system (SIS) and an intensive system (IS) with standard management, and 4 x 50 ducks (8 males + 42 females) were reared in an extensive system (ES) with traditional management. 2. In comparison to KC, ID were superior in terms of age at first egg, age at 50% egg production, egg weight, hatchability, eggshell thickness with higher egg shape index. KC ducks were superior to ID in body weight, egg production and feed/kg eggs. Egg quality was similar among the genotypes. Crosses were superior to their parent breeds in age at first egg, egg production and feed/kg eggs. They were also superior to KC in egg weight and egg-shell thickness with a higher egg shape index. 3. The performance of genotypes in the SIS and the IS was similar and superior to the ES except for fertility and yolk colour. 4. Significant heterotic effects were recorded for age at first egg, age at 50% egg production, egg production per duck-day, feed efficiency and egg weight in crosses. Performance was similar in the reciprocal crosses, but superior to their parent breeds.  相似文献   

20.
A survey was conducted on 176 smallholder dairy farms in Butere/Mumias and Kakamega districts of Western Kenya to establish the dairy production practices and constraints in the industry. There was low milk production (16.6 kg of milk per capita), which was attributed to the low number of dairy animals. The average land size was 2.4 ha with only 30.3% being allocated to pasture or fodder crops. Farmers with large farms (>2 ha) set aside bigger pieces (1.2 vs 0.4 ha) for pasture/fodder crop cultivation (p < 0.001), owned more (5.25 vs 3.18) dairy animals (p < 0.01) and produced more (9.2 vs 7.5 kg/cow per day) milk (p < 0.05) compared to those on smaller farms of less than 2 ha. The average herd size was 4.2 animals, of which only 45.0% were in milk, producing 8.0 kg/animal per day. Every kilogram of dairy meal fed increased milk production by 0.68 kg (p < 0.001). Over 90% of milk produced was consumed locally. The public institutions provided 74% of total extension services to farmers. About 49.5% of total dairy animals were bought from other districts owing to scarcity.  相似文献   

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