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1.
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of replacing processed rice and wheat starch with Chinese and North American wild rice as the chief source of dietary carbohydrates in rats fed high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol. The study consisted of five groups: low‐fat diet, high fat/cholesterol diet, city diet, North American wild rice diet, and Chinese wild rice diet. At the end of eight weeks of the diet regimen, the North American and Chinese wild rice diets suppressed the increase in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol but also decreased the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level. In addition, rats fed either the North American or Chinese wild rice diet suppressed the build‐up of oxidative stress by improving total antioxidant capacity, increasing superoxide dismutase activity, and reducing malondialdehyde concentration. In contrast, rats fed with the high fat/cholesterol diet and city diet had increased concentrations of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) compared with the low‐fat diet; rats fed with the Chinese wild rice diet had a significantly decreased serum hs‐CRP protein and TNF‐α concentration. Higher serum hs‐CRP levels were verified in the city diet group compared with North American wild rice diet group. These findings illustrate that both North American wild rice and Chinese wild rice are effective in suppressing hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rats even when the diet consumed is high in fat and cholesterol.  相似文献   

2.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which accumulate in the environment, leading to human exposure. The compounds exert a negative impact on human health. Strategies to prevent or diminish their accumulation in humans are required. We investigated in rats whether the disposal rate of 14C-labeled tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) could be enhanced by increasing fecal fat excretion through dietary treatment with nonabsorbable fat (sucrose polyester, SPE). As compared to control rats, SPE treatment increased fecal excretion rates of fat (+188%, p < 0.05) and 14C-BDE-47 (+291%, p < 0.05). On the basis of biliary secretion and fecal excretion rates of 14C-BDE-47, SPE effectively inhibited the enterohepatic circulation of 14C-BDE-47. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of nonabsorbable fat can enhance excretion of hydrophobic POPs by interruption of their enterohepatic circulation. Our data indicate that this strategy could decrease concentrations of hydrophobic POPs in the human body and thereby their impact on human health.  相似文献   

3.
Dietary supplementation of a high-gamma-linolenic acid canola oil (HGCO) containing approximately 36% (w/w) of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) from the seeds of a genetically transformed canola strain, was assessed for its long-term biological effects. Growing Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30) were fed a purified AIN93G diet containing 5, 10, or 15% (w/w) of HGCO as the fat source. For comparison, a separate group of rats (n = 10) was given the diet containing 15% (w/w) of borage oil (BO), which contained 22% (w/w) of GLA. After 12 weeks of feeding, the growth, relative organ weights, hematology, and serum biochemistry were found to be similar among rats fed the 5, 10, and 15% HGCO diets. The GLA levels in plasma and liver phospholipids (PL) were also similar. However, the levels of GLA in peripheral tissues (muscle PL and adipose triacylglycerols) were significantly higher in rats fed the 10 and 15% HGCO diets than those fed the 5% HGCO diet. When the above biologic parameters were compared between the 15% HGCO and 15% BO dietary groups, there were no significant differences except for lower final body weights and higher tissue levels of GLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) in the 15% HGCO dietary group as compared with the 15% BO dietary group. This is due to a higher GLA content and possibly a more favorable stereospecific distribution of GLA in HGCO. Overall, long-term (12-week) feeding with diets containing up to 15% HGCO resulted in no adverse effects on growth, organ weight, hematology and serum biochemistry as compared to the diet containing 15% BO, suggesting that HGCO may be a safe alternative source of GLA.  相似文献   

4.
One hundred‐eighty hypercholesterolemic subjects following the National Cholesterol Education Program Step One Diet were randomly divided into six groups (30 ± 2/group). Group 1 served as the control and received no fiber supplements. The fiber supplemented groups received 50 g/day of oat bran or amaranth from various sources: Group 2 (oat bran muffins); Group 3 (amaranth muffins); Group 4 (Oat Bran O's); Group 5 (Oat Bran Flakes); and Group 6 (a variety of oat bran products). Fasting serum total cholesterol (FSTC), low density‐, very low density‐, and high density‐lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C, VLDL‐C, and HDL‐C) and serum triacylglycerols were measured before and after the 28‐day intervention. Three‐day diet records were completed before and after intervention. Subjects reduced (P < 0.05) the mean intake of total and saturated fat, and cholesterol. FSTC dropped more than twice as much (P < 0.05) as was observed with fat modification alone (Group 1 = ‐0.31 mmol/L), when oat bran was provided as flakes (Group 5 = ‐0.86 mmol/L) or in a variety of forms (Group 6 = ‐0.75 mmol/L). If the initial ratio of HDL‐C to FSTC was low, then supplementation did not decrease FSTC to the extent observed when the initial ratio was high. Compliance with the dietary interventions was best when the subjects gave the product a rating of ≤2.0 (on a 1–4 hedonic scale, with 1 being excellent). We can conclude from these data that fiber supplementation to reduce serum cholesterol is most effective in hypercholesterolemic individuals that have a greater proportion of HDL‐C. In addition, not all the oat bran products evaluated were able to lower cholesterol to the same extent, indicating that the ability of soluble fiber to reduce FSTC can be compromised by other dietary factors such as insoluble fiber.  相似文献   

5.
This study evaluates the effects of replacing beef tallow added to rabbit feeds (3% w/w) by different doses (0%, 1.5% and 3% w/w) of n-6- or n-3-rich vegetable fat sources (sunflower and linseed oil, respectively) and alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation (0 and 100 mg/kg) on the fatty acid composition, alpha-tocopherol content, and oxidation levels [assessed by analyzing thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and lipid hydroperoxide values] in rabbit meat. We also measured these parameters after cooking and refrigerated storage of cooked rabbit meat. Both dietary alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation and the dose and source of fat added to feeds influenced meat fatty acid composition, modifying the n-6/n-3 ratio, which was more nutritionally favorable when linseed oil was used. Furthermore, the addition of linseed oil and the supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl acetate enhanced long-chain PUFA biosynthesis. However, the addition of 3% linseed oil increased meat oxidation, and although it was reduced by dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl acetate in raw meat, this reduction was not as effective after cooking. Therefore, dietary supplementation with 1.5% linseed oil plus 1.5% beef tallow and with alpha-tocopheryl acetate would be recommended to improve the nutritional quality of rabbit meat.  相似文献   

6.
The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that chronic cysteamine (CS) supplementation may affect serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentrations and growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR), IGF-I, IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, and insulin receptor (IR) mRNA levels in different tissues of finishing pigs. A total of 24 finishing pigs (60.05 +/- 1.24 kg; 12 gilts and 12 barrows) were assigned randomly to one of the three dietary groups, with four pens/group (per pen: one gilt, one barrow). The pigs were fed a basal diet containing 0 (control), 70, or 140 mg/kg cysteamine feed additive (containing 28% cysteamine hydrochloride) for 47 days. The results indicated that CS supplementation (70 mg/kg) increased the average daily gain (ADG) and serum IGF-I level, upregulated mRNA levels of GHR and IGF-I (liver, stomach, muscle), IGF-IR (stomach, duodenum, muscle), and IGFBP-3 (liver) but downregulated IGFBP-3 (stomach, duodenum, muscle). CS supplementation (70 mg/kg) did not affect mRNA levels of GHR and IGF-I (duodenum), IGF-IR (liver), and IR (liver, stomach, duodenum, muscle). CS supplementation (140 mg/kg) downregulated GHR (duodenum), IGF-I, and IGF-IR mRNA (liver, stomach, duodenum, muscle) but upregulated IGFBP-3 and IR mRNA (liver, stomach, duodenum, muscle) and did not affect ADG and serum IGF-I concentration. Collectively, the results suggest that dietary CS supplementation modulates the growth rate, serum IGF-I concentrations, and the gene expression of GHR, IGF-I, IGF-IR, IGFBP-3, and IR in a dose-dependent manner. CS supplementation has tissue-specific regulation of GHR, IGF-I, IGF-IR, and IGFBP-3 mRNA levels. Moreover, the results also imply the possible physiologic role of the GH-IGF axis in mediating the dietary CS supplementation-supported growth of finishing pigs.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To validate a 171-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for measurement of nutrient intake in an intervention trial based on walnut supplementation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Free-living adults from Southern California were randomly assigned to either an intervention (walnut-supplemented) or a control diet. The prescribed 6-month intervention was > or = 28 g of walnuts per day for the walnut-supplemented group and > or = 2 g of walnuts per day for the control group. Participants provided at least six 24-hour dietary recalls and completed a self-administered FFQ. SUBJECTS: Eighty-seven adults aged 30-72 years (48 females, 39 males). RESULTS: Our findings from validation (by correlation with six diet recall measures) of the measurement of 32 nutrients by the FFQ are as follows. We found significant positive correlations (corrected for measurement error) between the FFQ and diet recalls for total energy (r = 0.34), total carbohydrate (r = 0.42), vegetable protein (r = 0.43), total fat (r = 0.51), polyunsaturated fat (r = 0.77), total fibre (r = 0.60), linoleic acid (r = 0.78) and alpha-linolenic acid (r = 0.79) - the last nutrient being an excellent nutrient biomarker of the intervention (walnut supplementation). Significant positive correlations were also found for vitamin C (r = 0.96) and certain minerals (r = 0.46-0.80 for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and potassium). Uncorrected correlations were also high (r>0.40) for retinol, beta-carotene, folate and alcohol. Both diet recalls and FFQ showed a similar significant difference in alpha-linolenic acid content between the walnut-supplemented and control diets. CONCLUSIONS: The FFQ demonstrated good relative validity in the estimation intake of some of the major nutrients in a dietary intervention trial and was a particularly valid estimate of an important nutrient biomarker of walnut supplementation.  相似文献   

8.
The effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on hepatic lipid parameters in Sprague-Dawley rats was examined. When rats were fed a diet containing CLA at 0 (control), 1, or 2% of the weight of the amount of food given for 3 weeks, the liver weight exhibited a slight increase in the CLA-fed groups, although the difference was not significant. Lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes of CLA-fed rats was also demonstrated by electron microscopic observation. In addition, the liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were significantly higher in the 2 wt % CLA group than in the other two dietary groups, and the levels of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide were higher in CLA-fed groups when compared to that of the control group. On the other hand, the serum lipid peroxide levels were comparable among all three dietary groups. Levels of triglycerides in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) were reduced in a CLA-dose-dependent manner. CLA was shown to accumulate in the WAT much more than in the serum or liver. These results suggest that CLA accelerates the decomposition of storage lipids in WAT and the clearance of serum NEFA levels, resulting in lipid peroxidation and a morphological change in the liver.  相似文献   

9.
The antiatherogenic properties of a novel dietary formula (PS-CO) of plant sterol esters of fatty acids, produced by enzymatic interesterification of plant sterols with canola oil (CO), in a CO matrix containing 1,3-diacylglycerol, were evaluated in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. PS-CO consumption strongly tended to lower total plasma cholesterol levels by 21%, compared to the placebo group. Blood triglycerides were reduced by 38% and 36% compared to CO and placebo-fed mice, respectively. Serum lipid peroxide levels were lowered following PS-CO administration by 62% and 63%, compared to CO and placebo administration, respectively. Unlike CO supplementation, PS-CO consumption preserved serum paraoxonase (PON1) activity. Mouse peritoneal macrophages from PS-CO-fed mice exhibited reduced cellular uptake of oxidized-LDL compared to those from placebo-fed mice and demonstrated a tendency toward a decreased capability to release superoxide anions. These findings indicate that PS-CO supplementation is beneficial in reducing serum lipid levels, and serum and macrophage oxidative stress, thus contributing to the reduction in atherogenic risk factors.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the consequences of systematic reporting bias by the obese for diet-disease relationships. DESIGN: The present report used 24-hour urinary nitrogen and estimates of 24-hour energy expenditure to assess error in diet reporting, and examined the consequence of accounting for this error for associations between dietary fat intake and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. SETTING: Sub-study to the Danish MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) project, carried out in 1987-1988. SUBJECTS: A random sub-sample of the adult Danish male population (n = 152). RESULTS: Correcting dietary fat for underreporting error weakened, rather than strengthened, the association between dietary fat intake and LDL-cholesterol by reducing the slope of the regression from beta = 3.4, P = 0.02 to beta = 2.7, P = 0.04. CONCLUSION: This example illustrates that systematic underreporting of dietary fat by high-risk groups such as the obese may produce an overestimated association. These results imply that previous epidemiological studies showing a positive association between percentage of energy from fat and other health outcomes, e.g. cancer and heart disease, may have overestimated the negative effects of a high-fat diet. If we were able to correctly assess dietary fat intake in general populations, recommendations for fat intake may be more liberal than the 30% suggested today. Improved assessment of fat intake in epidemiological studies is necessary for future development of evidence-based recommendations for diet and health .  相似文献   

11.
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12.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic cysteamine (CS) supplementation on rat metabolism. Rats received biweekly intragastric administration of either CS-HCl at 250 mg/kg body weight or saline (control) for 4 weeks. The 24 h urine and blood serum samples after the last CS treatment were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics, specifically high-resolution (1)H NMR metabolic profiling combined with multivariate statistics. Metabolic effects of CS include decreased serum acetate, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and urine hippurate, together with increased urine dimethylamine, indicating modulation of intestinal microbial metabolism of the rats. A decrease in urine succinate, citric acid, and serum acetoacetate, together with an increase in serum lactate, was also observed, which suggests that CS supplementation results in perturbation of energy metabolism in rats.  相似文献   

13.
Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies, family Lillaceae, was fractionated with butan-1-ol to yield a butanol extractable fraction (BE; saponin fraction) and a non-butanol fraction (NBE; non-saponin fraction). Four groups of eight male rats were allowed ad libitum access to diets supplemented with water (control) or 200 mg x kg(-1) total Y. schidigera (TOT) or 200 mg x kg(-1) of each of the fractions (NBE or BE). The effects of dietary supplementation with the fractions and their interactions in TOT were analyzed according to the factorial experimental design by two-way analysis of variance. All three supplementation groups displayed significantly reduced serum urea levels (P < 0.05). The TOT and NBE fractions were found to significantly increase serum insulin levels (P < 0.01) in the absence of any fluctuations in serum glucose levels. Urea cycle enzyme activities, namely, arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) and argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in vivo, although no effect was observed in vitro. Both fractions displayed effects, indicating that the active constituents are present in both fractions.  相似文献   

14.
Many reports indicate that dietary selenium, potentially increasing the activity of glutathione peroxidase, could offer protection against free-radical-induced damage. The effects of diets moderately enriched in selenium, as sodium selenite or as a lyophilized selenium-rich food, were studied in rats. Adriamycin, an anticancer drug causing a free-radical-mediated cardiotoxicity, was administered intraperitoneally to some rats. The onset of an oxidative damage was indicated by the increase in the plasma level of reactive oxygen metabolites coupled to a decrease in the total antioxidant activity but without modification of glutathione peroxidase activity, which were observed in all rats, independent of the dietary treatment. On the contrary, in the heart, selenium supplementation caused an increase in the total antioxidant activity, glutathione concentration, and glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities leading to a decreased generation of reactive oxygen metabolites. These results clearly indicate that a moderate Se dietary supplementation counteracts adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity by preservation of endogenous antioxidants.  相似文献   

15.
Recent studies have shown that dietary phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, have various beneficial biological effects. However, there are not enough data concerning the physiological function of dietary phosphatidylinositol (PI). The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, is a widespread and increasingly prevalent disease in industrialized countries. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is often associated with features of the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD describes the spectrum of liver damage ranging from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis, and it is emerging as the most common liver disease worldwide. The present study examined whether dietary PI protects Zucker ( fa/ fa) rats from the metabolic syndrome. For 4 weeks, rats were fed semisynthetic diets containing either 7% soybean oil or 5% soybean oil plus 2% PI. Dietary PI markedly prevented the development of hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis and lowered hepatic injury markers in serum. Additionally, hyperinsulinemia was relieved by the feeding of dietary PI in Zucker rats. These effects were attributable to an increase in serum adiponectin, enhancement of fatty acid beta-oxidation, and suppression of mRNA expression of inflammatory genes in the liver. This is the first report that dietary PI increases serum adiponectin level and prevents the development of NAFLD in a rat model of the metabolic syndrome.  相似文献   

16.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 weeks of age, were fed purified diets either with or without 0.2% soy isoflavones rich powder for 5 weeks to elucidate their direct functions such as antioxidative action and regulation of lipid metabolism. Dietary soy isoflavones decreased serum lipid peroxide level in rats. Levels of liver and serum alpha-tocopherol were higher in the rats fed isoflavone than in those fed isoflavones-free diet. Thus, dietary soy isoflavones exhibited mild antioxidative function in this animal experiment. Isoflavone metabolites from diet may act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species. Dietary soy isoflavones lowered hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity, although liver cholesterol level was not modulated. However, the levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride decreased by consumption of soy isoflavones. Therefore, dietary soy isoflavones may exhibit hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic functions. Moreover, dietary soy isoflavones lowered hepatic Delta6 desaturase activity. Reflecting this observation, Delta6 desaturation indices ((18:2(n = 6) + 18:3(n = 6))/20:4(n = 6)) of tissue lipids tended to be lower in rats fed isoflavones than in those fed isoflavones-free diet. This action may contribute to the prevention of inflammatory response by imbalance of eicosanoids. These observations suggest that the positive intake of soy isoflavones may reduce the risk of some cardiovasucular diseases through their radical scavenging function and hypocholesterolemic action.  相似文献   

17.
The aim of this study was to better understand the effects of more or less unsaturated fat source (tallow/soy oil/rapeseed oil) and/or vitamin E dietary supplementation (200 ppm) on the antioxidant status (at day 1 post-mortem) of turkey muscles [pectoralis major (Pm) and sartorius (S)]. More particularly, when turkeys were fed tallow, supplementation was sufficient to improve significantly the vitamin E status. Feeding rapeseed oil increased the antioxidant enzyme (AOE) activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathion reductase), glutathione concentration, and value from the benzoic acid test. Dietary soy oil increased glutathione peroxidase activity, compared to other dietary fat sources. With tallow, most of AOE activities were lower than with rapeseed or soy oil. Whatever the feeding mode, vitamin E supplementation did not affect the AOE activities, glutathione concentration, or values from the benzoic acid test. AOE activities were always higher in the oxidative S muscle than in the glycolytic Pm muscle. After feeding tallow, 9 days of storage increased TBA-RS and carbonyl contents, whereas the activity of many antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant activity (TEAC test and benzoic acid test) decreased.  相似文献   

18.
Several epidemiological studies suggest a lower incidence of prostate cancer in men who routinely consume tomato products. Tomatoes are the primary dietary source of lycopene, which is among the most potent antioxidants of the carotenoids. Men with clinical stage T1 or T2 prostate adenocarcinoma were recruited (n = 32) and consumed tomato sauce based pasta dishes for 3 weeks (equivalent to 30 mg of lycopene per day) before radical prostectomy. Prostate tissue from needle biopsy just before intervention and prostectomy after supplementation from a subset of 11 subjects was evaluated for both total lycopene and lycopene geometrical isomer ratios. A gradient HPLC system using a C(18) column with UV-vis absorbance detection was used to measure total lycopene. Because the absorbance detector was insufficiently sensitive, HPLC with a C(30) column and positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric (LC-MS) detection was developed as a new assay to measure the ratio of lycopene cis/trans isomers in these samples. The limit of detection of the LC-MS method was determined to be 0.93 pmol of lycopene on-column, and a linear response was obtained over 3 orders of magnitude. Total lycopene in serum increased 2.0-fold from 35.6 to 69.9 microg/dL (from 0.664 to 1.30 microM) as a result of dietary supplementation with tomato sauce, whereas total lycopene in prostate tissue increased 3.0-fold from 0.196 to 0.582 ng/mg of tissue (from 0.365 to 1.09 pmol/mg). all-trans-Lycopene and at least 14 cis-isomer peaks were detected in prostate tissue and serum. The mean proportion of all-trans-lycopene in prostate tissue was approximately 12.4% of total lycopene before supplementation but increased to 22.7% after dietary intervention with tomato sauce. In serum there was only a 2.8% but statistically significant increase in the proportion of all-trans-lycopene after intervention. These results indicate that short-term supplementation with tomato sauce containing primarily all-trans-lycopene (83% of total lycopene) results in substantial increases in total lycopene in serum and prostate and a substantial increase in all-trans-lycopene in prostate but relatively less in serum.  相似文献   

19.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of dietary fat (6% soy oil or rapeseed oil or tallow) and alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation at two levels (30 or 200 ppm) on radical production, measured by ESR spectroscopy, and on lipid and protein oxidation in turkey muscle extracts oxidized by an enzymic system (NADPH, ADP, FeSO(4)/cytochrome P450 reductase). Two muscles were tested: pectoralis major (glycolytic) and sartorius (oxidative) muscles. Radical production measured by ESR was higher in pectoralis major muscle than in sartorius muscle, whereas lipid and protein oxidation was more important in sartorius muscle, showing the importance of the pro-/antioxidant ratio in oxidative processes in muscular cells and of the measurement methodology to appreciate the free radical production. Dietary fat had no effect on the level of ESR signals, whereas feeding of animals with soy oil induced higher oxidation of lipids. Protein oxidation was less sensitive to the nature of the dietary fat than lipid oxidation. Vitamin E supplementation significantly decreased radical production, as measured by ESR spectroscopy. Vitamin E also decreased lipid and protein oxidation, but the effect of vitamin E on protein oxidation was less pronounced than on lipid oxidation.  相似文献   

20.
Unprocessed pomace containing 61% of dietary fiber (DF) and 0.23% of polyphenols (PP) and ethanol- or ethanol/acetone-extracted pomaces containing 66% DF and 0.10% PP and 67% DF and 0.01% PP, respectively, were subjected to a 4 week study in rats. The aim of the study was assessing the advantages of dietary supplementation with the above pomaces. To measure the animal response to dietary treatments, parameters describing cecal fermentation and lipoprotein profile were assessed. The dietary use of 5% unprocessed pomace caused an increase in cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and a decrease in blood triacylglycerols, leading to a drop in serum atherogenic index. Ethanol-extracted pomace increased the glycolytic activity of cecal microbiota and decreased cecal branched-chain fatty acid production, whereas acetone extraction led to lower cecal ammonia concentration, decreased colonic pH value, and higher HDL/total cholesterol ratio. The variations in the atherogenic index indicate flavonoids as the key pomace component in relation to blood lipid profile benefits.  相似文献   

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