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1.
Metacarpal fractures were more common than metatarsal fractures in this retrospective study of 37 dogs. Fractures of one metacarpal or metatarsal bone occurred In 24 per cent of the dogs, two metacarpal bones in 16 per cent, three metacarpal or metatarsal bones in 19 per cent, and four metacarpal or metatarsal bones in 41 per cent. Eighty-seven per cent of the dogs with fractures of four bones had fracture displacement or malalignment of at least one digit. Progressive fracture healing usually occurred Irrespective of stabilisation method. For malaligned fractures, however, external coaptation did not consistently improve alignment. Fracture alignment was consistently Improved by open reduction and internal fixation of acute fractures with bone plates. Fractures of four bones occurred most often In the distal metacarpus as opposed to the proximal metatarsus. Therefore, open reduction and internal fixation may be more commonly indicated for severe metacarpal fractures, because fracture displacement or axial1 malalignment was significantly associated with fractures of the mid or distal regions of the metacarpus or metatarsus (P=0.052). 相似文献
2.
Altenbrunner-Martinek B Klein D Kofler J Baumgartner W 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2007,120(11-12):508-512
A male, 10 month old llama with malformation of both front limbs was presented. Both front limbs had one more digit located medially. The distal phalanx of this additional digit at the left front limb reached the ground by the tip of the keratinzed pad and the toenail. The accessory digit at the right front limb was bent in a 90 degree angle caudolateraly. Beside the digital bones of the accessory digits the second metacarpal bone and the first carpal bone could be detected in both front limbs by radiological examination. Secondary a bilateral slight carpal valgus deformity could be seen. 相似文献
3.
Measurements were taken in the metacarpal and metatarsal bones in 42 calves and 10 dairy cows post-mortem to determine whether there are anatomical differences in bone length. Manual and digital measurements of various bone length parameters were taken. There was a significant difference in the mean length of the condyles of the metacarpal and the metatarsal bones in calves and cows, the lateral condyle being longer than the medial. In all but one metatarsal bone (98.8%), the lateral condyle was longer than the medial. In the metacarpal bones, the lateral condyle was longer in only 52.4% of the bones, in 21.2%, they had the same length and in 27.4% the medial condyle was longer. These intrinsic anatomical differences can help distinguish between the left and right metacarpal and metatarsal bones, for instance, in anatomical and archaeological studies. Knowledge of these differences might be useful for studies on digit function and on the possible predisposition of cattle to claw diseases in the lateral claws of the hind limbs. 相似文献
4.
Diagnostic guidelines were established for progeny testing of hereditary bovine syndactyly. Through the use of superovulation and embryo transfer, 139 fetuses were recovered at 50 to 77 days gestation. Normal (+/+, +/sy) and syndactylous (sy/sy) anatomy of Holstein fetuses was defined, and the accuracy of macroscopic versus microscopic limb diagnosis was assessed. Chondrification and ossification differences between normal (+/+, +/sy) and syndactylous (sy/sy) fetuses were only age-related. Normal (+/+, +/sy) fetal limbs differed from normal (+/+, +/sy) adult bovine limbs in two ways. Fetal metacarpal and metatarsal III and IV bones were not fused, and fetal metacarpal and metatarsal II and V bones often extended up to three-fourths the length of metacarpal and metatarsal III and IV bones. In syndactylous (sy/sy) fetuses, synostosis asymmetries occurred within and between fetal limbs, and between fetuses, representing variable gene expressivity. Synostosis pattern within limbs did not correspond with those of the adult bovine; the second phalangeal pair was synostotic most frequently in the fetus, followed by the first, and then the third pair. Synostosis patterns between fetal limbs agreed with those of the adult; there was a right-left and front-rear limb gradient. Partial synostoses occurred sporadically in all three paired phalanges. Those of the first and third pair always involved the tip closest to the second phalangeal pair. A unique example of variable gene expressivity occurred in one syndactylous fetus. Both front limbs were syndactylous, while both rear limbs were normal grossly. Microscopically the right rear limb was normal while the left rear limb consisted of closely apposed phalangeal blastemata without coalescence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
5.
C Kim S Yeo G Cho J Lee M Choi C Won J Kim S Lee 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2001,63(10):1161-1164
In a male Korean native calf 14 days of age, polymelia (notomelia) was observed macroscopically and radiographically. External features included two normal forelimbs, two normal hindlimbs and two undeveloped extra forelimbs. The extra forelimbs were attached to the caudal regions of the right scapula and devoid of muscular tissues. In the extra forelimbs, a scapula-like bone formed a joint with the incompletely duplicated humerus. The humerus fused with the incompletely duplicated radius. The ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges were completely duplicated. But one set of the duplicated carpal bones consisted of five bones: radial, accessory, fourth carpal, fused second and third carpal, and fused ulnar and intermediate carpal bones. The hoof and the rudimentary hoof of accessory digit were duplicated. 相似文献
6.
Reasons for performing study: There is limited information on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the carpus and proximal metacarpal region of lame horses. Objectives: To document MRI findings in horses with lameness localised to the carpus and/or proximal metacarpal region. Methods: Clinical records of horses that underwent MRI of the carpus and/or proximal metacarpal region at the Animal Health Trust between January 2003 and September 2010 were reviewed. Magnetic resonance images of all horses and available radiographs, ultrasonographic and scintigraphic images were assessed. When possible, MRI findings were related to the results of other diagnostic imaging techniques. Results: Seventy‐two MR studies of 58 lame limbs in 50 horses from a broad range of work disciplines and ages were reviewed. The most commonly detected primary abnormality was decreased signal intensity in T1‐ and T2‐weighted images in the medial aspect of the carpal bones and/or the proximomedial aspect of the metacarpal bones (n = 29). Nine horses had syndesmopathy between the second and third metacarpal bones. In 6 horses the primary abnormalities were identified in the palmar cortex of the third metacarpal bone (McIII). Significant abnormalities of the suspensory ligament (SL) with associated lesions in the adjacent palmar cortex of the McIII were seen in 4 limbs. Ligament and associated osseous abnormalities between the second and third carpal bones and second and third metacarpal bones were detected in 4 limbs. Conclusions and potential relevance: Magnetic resonance imaging enabled diagnosis of a variety of lesions not detected by conventional imaging in horses from a wide range of work disciplines. The distribution of injury types differed considerably from previous studies. 相似文献
7.
Ana Cecília Machado Cruvinel Matheus Camargos de Britto Rosa Bruna Lívia Lopes Guimares Cecília Ferreira Amaral Silva Paulo Henrique de Sampaio da Silva Cesar de Lima Borges Leo Juliano V. Peixoto Joo Chrysostomo de Resende Júnior Antonio Carlos Cunha Lacreta Junior Marcelo Passamani Andr Rodrigues da Cunha Barreto‐Vianna Eduardo M. M. de Lima Gregrio Corrêa Guimares 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2019,48(3):256-263
8.
The onset of ossification centres of the pectoral girdle and wing skeleton of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) has been studied in embryos and juvenile birds, which were sampled daily from the 4th day of incubation up to the 12th day after hatching. Specimens, which were cleared and were stained with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red S, were examined at the stereomicroscope. The furcula ossified with intramembranous ossification at the 7th day of incubation. The first centres of perichondral ossification in the scapula and the coracoid bones were observed at the 7th day of incubation. In the humerus, radius and ulna, perichondral ossification was observed at the 6th day of incubation. The carpal bones were ossified between the 8th and 10th day of the post-hatching period. The 2nd metacarpal bone began to ossify at the 6th day of the post-hatching period, whereas the 3rd and 4th metacarpal bones were ossified at the 7th day of incubation. At the 9th day of incubation, ossification was observed in the 1st phalanx of the alular digit and in the phalanges of the major digit. The 2nd phalanx of the alular digit began to ossify at the 12th, whereas the phalanx of the minor digit at the 14th day of incubation. The data presented here provide useful baseline information on the normal sequential pattern of ossification in the pectoral girdle and wing skeleton in this species. 相似文献
9.
Pooya HA Séguin B Mason DR Walsh PJ Taylor KT Kass PH Stover SM 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2004,33(4):301-308
OBJECTIVE: To compare the biomechanical properties of radial graft (RG) versus ulnar transposition graft (UTG) limb-sparing techniques in the dog. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric study. ANIMALS: Six pairs of normal canine thoracic limbs. METHODS: In each pair of limbs, 1 limb was subjected to the RG technique and the other to the UTG technique. Limbs were tested in axial loading until failure. Modes of failure and biomechanical properties were compared between the 2 groups. Percent coverage of the metacarpal bone by the plate was retrospectively compared between the limbs that failed by fracture of the metacarpal bones and those that did not. RESULTS: RG limbs had significantly greater stiffness, yield load, maximum load, maximum energy, and post-yield energy. All UTG limbs failed by cranial bending of the plate. Half of the RG limbs failed by caudal bending of the plate and half by fracture of the third metacarpal bone at the distal end of the plate. Limbs with <80% plate coverage of the metacarpal bone were significantly more likely to fail by metacarpal fracture. CONCLUSIONS: The RG technique was biomechanically superior to the UTG technique under the conditions studied. At least 80% plate coverage of the metacarpal bone should be achieved. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Exercise restriction and coaptation bandages should be considered for patients undergoing the UTG technique to minimize potential biomechanical complications. 相似文献
10.
This study concerns the vestigial metacarpal and metatarsal bones, so called splint bones. The soft tissues, which stabilize the splint bones were carefully examined. The palmar metacarpal/plantar metatarsal fascia, the metacarpal/metatarsal interosseous ligaments and the fibres, which exit distally from the splint bone, were examined in depth. Cadaveric distal limbs were collected from 5 slaughtered or euthanized horses. The legs were examined both, microscopically and macroscopically. The palmar metacarpal/plantar metatarsal fascia is a very stable structure, which connects the splint bone with its environment. The connection between splint and McIII/MtIII, established through the metacarpal/ metatarsal interosseous ligaments, showed impressive differences between specimens examined. Macroscopic examination of the soft tissue in the distal region showed a band structure, which originates from the distal end of the splint bone and extends in dorsal and distal direction towards the proximal sesamoid bone. 相似文献
11.
This study was aimed to provide anatomical atlas of the ovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints using computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as to investigate bone mineral density (BMD) and morphometric features of this joint. The limbs of twenty adult Sanjabi sheep were examined. Imaging was performed using a 16-slice multi-detector CT scanner and a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. The obtained images were correlated with corresponding anatomical sections. BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method. Also morphometric features included distance between metacarpal and metatarsal heads, width of metacarpal and metatarsal head, length, width and the height of the proximal sesamoid bones were measured. In MRI images, compact bones, ligaments and tendons showed less signal intensity (hypointense). The fatty tissue and bone marrow had more signal intensity (hyperintense), but articular cartilage and synovial fluid showed moderate signal intensity. BMD in the left hind limb was significantly higher than other three limbs (p ≤ 0.05). The length of proximal sesamoid bones in left forelimb was higher than right forelimb (p ≤ 0.05). The thickness of proximal sesamoid bones in left limbs was higher than those in their counterparts (p ≤ 0.05). The width of the medial head in the forelimbs was significantly greater than the hind limbs (p ≤ 0.05). The present results might be useful in managing the clinical techniques on this joint. Larger volume of the proximal sesamoid bones and wider medial head in the forelimbs compared to the hindlimbs impel this speculation that the centre of gravity is closer to the forelimbs. 相似文献
12.
K Zahn M Kornmayer U Matis 《Veterinary and comparative orthopaedics and traumatology》2007,20(4):256-263
The goal of this retrospective study was to describe dowel pinning, and to compare the results of osteosynthesis and external coaptation of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in cats. Evaluation of the medical records of 351 cats yielded 63 cats treated with dowel pinning, 35 cats treated with external coaptation and 14 cats treated with both methods within the same limb. All of the cats had been re-evaluated at an average of 2.8 years (six months - 15 years) postoperatively. Dowel pinning was superior to external coaptation when all fractured bones of a limb could be pinned. When internal fixation of multiple fractures was not feasible in all fractured bones due to comminution or fragments that were too short to pin, the outcome was not significantly different from cases treated with external coaptation alone. Malunion was seen in 16% of fractured bones in cats treated with external coaptation and occurred secondary to implant bending in 3% of fractured bones treated with dowel pinning. The latter refers to one operated cat, which had four metacarpal fractures in the same limb. Radiographs taken at re-evaluation showed implant migration within the medullary canal in two cats, although neither showed any signs of non-union or lameness. Non-union was seen in one operated cat, in which the fracture (MC IV) could not be completely reduced with a K-wire. Osteomyelitis did not occur. Dowel pinning is an easy, inexpensive and effective technique for repair of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in cats. 相似文献
13.
Reasons for performing study: There is limited information on potential diffusion of local anaesthetic solution after various diagnostic analgesic techniques of the proximal metacarpal region. Objective: To document potential distribution of local anaesthetic solution following 4 techniques used for diagnostic analgesia of the proximal metacarpal region. Methods: Radiodense contrast medium was injected around the lateral palmar or medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves in 8 mature horses, using 4 different techniques. Radiographs were obtained 0, 10 and 20 min after injection and were analysed subjectively. A mixture of radiodense contrast medium and methylene blue was injected into 4 cadaver limbs; the location of the contrast medium and dye was determined by radiography and dissection. Results: Following perineural injection of the palmar metacarpal nerves, most of the contrast medium was distributed in an elongated pattern axial to the second and fourth metacarpal bones. The carpometacarpal joint was inadvertently penetrated in 4/8 limbs after injections of the palmar metacarpal nerves from medial and lateral approaches, and in 1/8 limbs when both injections were performed from the lateral approach. Following perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve using a lateral approach, the contrast medium was diffusely distributed in all but one limb, in which the carpal sheath was inadvertently penetrated. In 5/8 limbs, following perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve using a medial approach, the contrast medium diffused proximally to the distal third of the antebrachium. Conclusions and potential relevance: Inadvertent penetration of the carpometacarpal joint is common after perineural injection of the palmar metacarpal nerves, but less so if both palmar metacarpal nerves are injected using a lateral approach. Following injection of the lateral palmar nerve using a medial approach, the entire palmar aspect of the carpus may be desensitised. 相似文献
14.
James E. Smallwood DVM MS Sandra M. Albright DVM Michael R. Metcalf DVM MS Donald E. Thrall DVM PHD Ben D. Harrington DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1990,31(5):254-259
The purpose of the project was to provide a reference for radiographic anatomy of the developing equine foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region. Using xeroradiographic techniques, both foredigits and metacarpophalangeal regions of six Quarter Horse foals were radiographed at 1 day of age and then at 2-week intervals until the foals were 6 weeks old. The foals were then radiographed at 4-week intervals until they were 12 months old. The period from birth to 6 months has been described in a previous report. This paper deals with the period from 6 to 12 months of age. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar xeroradiographs of each foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region and a dorsal 65° proximal-palmarodistal oblique view of the distal part of the digit were made at each examination. Foals were weighed and were measured at the withers immediately prior to each examination. Representative xeroradiographs were selected and appropriately labeled to demonstrate normal radiographic anatomy of these regions. Earliest radiographic visualization of distal epiphyseal ossification in metacarpal 2 and metacarpal 4 was extremely variable and ranged from 4 to 38 weeks. It was not possible to determine accurately the ages at which distal physes of the small metacarpal bones closed. In one foal, three of four of these physes were closed at 26 weeks, while in another foal, none had closed when last radiographed at 54 weeks. Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the middle phalanx ranged from 18 to 30 weeks (mean = 26 weeks). Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the proximal phalanx ranged from 22 to 38 weeks (mean = 30 weeks). Radiographic closure of the distal physis of metacarpal 3 ranged from 18 to 38 weeks (mean = 29 weeks). 相似文献
15.
Malik R Allan GS Howlett CR Thompson DE James G McWhirter C Kendall K 《Australian veterinary journal》1999,77(2):85-92
OBJECTIVE: To better characterise the bone and joint problems which can develop in Scottish Fold cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study of cases seen in five veterinary clinics and radiographic survey of cats in a cattery. RESULTS: Six Scottish Fold cats (four castrated males, two spayed females) aged between 5 months and 6 years were presented for signs of skeletal disease including lameness, reluctance to jump, a stiff stilted gait, short misshapen distal limbs, swelling of plantar tarsometatarsal regions and short thick inflexible tails. A further four cases (one male, three females, 15 months to 11 years) were identified by radiographic screening of a cattery. A diagnosis of osteochondrodysplasia was based on characteristic radiological findings including irregularity in the size and shape of tarsal, carpal, metatarsal and metacarpal bones, phalanges and caudal vertebrae, narrowed joint spaces, and progressive new bone formation around joints of distal limbs with diffuse osteopenia of adjacent bone. A plantar exostosis caudal to the calcaneus was present in advanced cases. In all nine cases where pedigree information was available, affected cats allegedly originated from the mating of a Scottish Fold to a cat with normal ears. The severity and time of onset of physical signs, and rate of progression and extent of radiographic abnormalities, varied from case to case. Limited histological observations suggested the underlying problem may be an osteochondrodysplasia, related to inadequate cartilage maturation. Clinical signs were ameliorated by administration of pentosan subcutaneously in two of three cats in which it was trailed, and one of these also benefited from an oral glycosaminoglycan preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and radiological findings were ascribed to defective maturation and function of cartilage, particularly in the distal limbs, ears and tail. As all Scottish Fold cats suffered from osteochondrodysplasia of some degree, the best solution would be to avoid using fold-eared cats for breeding and instead use Scottish shorthairs. 相似文献
16.
A safe, non-invasive method for the accurate measurement of bone mineral content in the third metacarpal bone of the horse is described. The technique involves scanning the bone with a single photon beam from an Americium-241 source. Data were obtained from the excised metacarpal bones from both forelimbs of 50 normal and seven lame horses. Measurements were made in vivo on eight normal and seven lame horses and on one experimental horse with osteopenia induced by partial weightlessness in a flotation tank. In the normal horses bone mineral content altered with age, particularly in the first six months of life. There were also differences according to the site of scanning on the metacarpus. The contribution of the splint bones to the total bone mineral content was less than 2 per cent distal to the mid-point of the metacarpus, but in the proximal shaft it increased to 12 per cent. No significant differences were noted either between right and left limbs, or between male and female animals. A reduction in bone mineral content was demonstrated in the affected leg of horses with chronic lameness and with osteopenia induced by weightlessness. The bone mineral content (g/cm) correlated well with the ash content (mg/100 mg dry bone weight), the specific gravity and the apparent transverse velocity of ultrasound (m/sec) through the bone. A measure of bone mineral density (g/cm3) was calculated from the bone mineral content and cross sectional area of the bone to overcome the individual differences in size of the metacarpus. 相似文献
17.
J.M. Vilar M. Pinedo J. De Mier F. Castejon C. Riber 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1995,15(7)
Changes in the staining pattern for the metacarpophalangealjoint in the walking, trotting and galloping positions were studied. For this purpose, horse limbs from the third metacarpal bone distally were harvested and placed in the mid-stance position on a hydraulic press that applied the load required to obtain the palmar fetlock angles corresponding to the walking (218 degrees), trotting (226 degrees) and galloping positions (240 degrees), and a 1:1000 diluted aqueous dilution of methylene blue was injected into the fetlock joint.Based on the results, increasing the palmar fetlockangle in the anatomical specimen caused the contact zones of the proximal phalanx and the proximal sesamoidean bones with the third metacarpal bone joint surface to shift dorsally, thereby increasing the contact surface area between the involved bones.In the galloping position, the proximal phalanx wasfound to extend beyond the dorsal boundary of the third metacarpal bone joint surface and its basal portion to depart from the metacarpus in such a way that the distal sesamoidean ligaments forced the basilar zone of the proximal sesamoidean bones to separate.These phenomena may obviously assist in explaining the intricate biomechanics of the joint as well as its associated pathologies. 相似文献
18.
Muggli E Sauter-Louis C Braun U Nuss K 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2011,188(3):295-300
The lengths of the digital bones of the fore- and hind-limbs obtained post mortem from 40 cattle of different ages were measured using digital radiographs. The lengths of the individual digital bones and the overall length of the digit were determined using computer software. The lateral metacarpal/metatarsal condyle, and lateral P1 and P2 were significantly longer than their medial counterparts, whereas P3 of the medial digit was longer than its lateral partner. Measured from the cannon bone epiphysis to the tip of the pedal bone, the mean increased length of the lateral digit was 0.8 mm in the fore- and 1.5 mm in the hind-limb. When the lengths of the digital bones were summed, the mean length of the lateral digit was 1.8 mm longer in the fore-limb and 2.1 mm longer in the hind-limb. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the lengths of the paired digits differ in cattle. The majority of cattle have longer lateral digits in the fore- and hind-limbs. This asymmetry might explain why the lateral hind-limb claws are predisposed to sole ulcers on hard surfaces. In the hind-limbs, the impact is transferred from the pelvis directly to the longer lateral digit. In the fore-limb claws, the tenomuscular attachment to the trunk may be involved in a more even weight distribution and in a shift of weight to the medial claw. 相似文献
19.
Congenital limb deformities are rarely reported in the cat. The macroscopic and radiographic features of aphalangia are described in a 2-month-old male kitten showing a shortened limb that ended, at the level of the carpus, in a stump without digits. A nail was present at the level of the first phalanx and on the palmar surface only two footpads were present. The radiographs showed an absence of phalanges. The first metacarpal and the proximal and distal phalanges of digit 1 were present. The deformed metacarpal bones were reduced in length; the carpal bones were incompletely ossified. This defect is a rare condition in many animal species. To the author's knowledge, the congenital fore limb deformity described here is the first documented case in a cat. 相似文献
20.
Emmerson TD Lawes TJ Goodship AE Rueux-Mason C Muir P 《American journal of veterinary research》2000,61(10):1214-1219
OBJECTIVE: To determine those bones in the distal aspect of the limbs of Greyhounds with fatigue fractures that have the greatest left-to-right differences in bone-mineral density (BMD). SAMPLE POPULATION: Limbs obtained from 20 Greyhounds. PROCEDURE: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the distal aspect of each limb and isolated bones from 10 dogs with a fracture of the central tarsal bone (CTB) of the right pelvic limb was performed. High-resolution scanning was performed on excised bones, and BMD measurements of CTB also were obtained from limbs of dogs without a CTB fracture. RESULTS: The BMD of the accessory carpal bone and calcaneus was not significantly different from the BMD of those bones in the contralateral limb. Although BMD of the CTB of the entire right pelvic limb and isolated bones from dogs with a CTB fracture was lower, compared with values for the entire left pelvic limb, values for isolated CTB from dogs without a CTB fracture were not significantly different. Metacarpal or metatarsal and thoracic or pelvic limb significantly affected BMD for measurements of the entire limb and isolated bones. Left-to-right differences in BMD were greatest for metacarpal 5. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Asymmetric adaptive remodeling of metacarpal 5 can be detected by DXA. The potentially confounding effects of CTB fracture and unknown racing history made it difficult to interpret BMD changes in the CTB of these specimens. Densitometry could be developed as an in vivo assessment for risk of fractures in racing Greyhounds. 相似文献