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北京市松山国家级自然保护区典型植被群落的土壤微生物群落结构特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤微生物群落结构是影响生态系统养分循环的重要因素之一。该研究选取北京市松山国家级自然保护区内胡桃楸阔叶林、蒙古栎阔叶林、油松针叶林、针阔叶混交林、灌丛和草甸6种典型植被类型下的土壤,基于野外调查、采样与实验室分析对不同植被类型下土壤微生物群落结构进行了研究。结果表明:胡桃楸阔叶林土壤细菌和真菌特有的OTUs和Alpha多样性均最高,细菌和真菌OTUs最低值则分别出现在针阔叶混交林和灌丛土壤,Alpha多样性最低值出现在蒙古栎阔叶林;土壤细菌群落主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),真菌群落以担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为主。土壤pH、含水量和土壤温度会影响土壤细菌和真菌的丰富度与多样性。该研究为松山国家级自然保护区内土壤微生物资源保护及其生态功能的研究提供参考依据。 相似文献
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为了研究不同碳氮比对杨梅枝条堆肥发酵过程中养分、腐殖质组分及细菌群落结构的影响,设置碳氮比分别为30∶1、60∶1,90∶1进行杨梅枝条堆肥发酵试验,测定各处理养分和腐殖质组分,对细菌群落采用细菌16S rRNA Illumina Miseq高通量测序,比较细菌相对丰度,分析细菌群落Alpha和Beta多样性,及堆肥养分因子与细菌群落相关性。结果表明,杨梅枝条堆料处理的全氮、全磷、全钾含量随碳氮比增加而减少,有机质和胡敏素含量随碳氮比增加而增加;全氮、全钾、胡敏酸和富里酸含量随发酵时间延长显著增加,有机质和胡敏素含量则显著减少(p<0.05);碳氮比与有机质、全氮和胡敏素呈极显著相关。3个处理的厚壁菌门和放线菌门细菌的相对丰度随碳氮比增加而增加,变形菌门和拟杆菌门细菌的相对丰度随碳氮比增加而减少;在高温阶段厚壁菌门和放线菌门细菌的相对丰度明显高于其他阶段。不同碳氮比处理的细菌群落丰富度和多样性存在明显差异。碳氮比对枝条堆体细菌群落结构起决定性作用,全氮、有机质和温度也对枝条堆体细菌群落结构有一定的影响。堆体细菌群落结构与碳氮比、全氮和有机质之间存在显著相关性。说明碳氮比对杨梅枝条... 相似文献
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以黑土、沙土和沙壤土为研究对象，采用农化分析技术测定土壤化学因子，利用16S rRNA和ITS技术开展根际土壤细菌和真菌基因组测序研究，以期探讨龙胆不同栽培土壤微生物群落结构及多样性特征。结果表明：3种土壤的养分除了TP以外均存在明显差异(P<0.05),其中，黑土养分含量最高，沙壤土次之。黑土中酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和担子菌门占优势，在沙壤土中，放线菌门、疣微菌门和被孢霉门占优势，而变形菌门、芽单胞菌门和子囊菌门在沙土中占优势。Shannon和Chao1指数表明黑土微生物群落多样性和丰富度略高于沙壤土，但二者显著高于沙土(P<0.05)。PLS-PM分析表明，土壤有机碳(SOC)与土壤细菌群落结构呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而土壤速效养分(NH+4-N、NO-3-N,AP和AK)与细菌多样性具有极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。可以看出，SOC和速效养分影响了根际细菌群落结构和多样性，黑土和沙壤土比较适合栽培龙胆。 相似文献
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以10种常见园林树种为试材,采用凋落物分解网袋法,进行凋落物自然分解试验,研究了凋落物分解速率和养分释放情况,以期为城市园林树种的科学管护和城市绿地功能优化提供参考依据。结果表明：1)10种树种凋落物的分解速率大小依次是青杨>石榴>紫薇>珊瑚朴>春榆>梧桐>腊梅>皂角>泡桐>红枫;2)凋落物分解过程中有机碳释放和全氮释放较快的是青杨、石榴、紫薇,全磷释放较快的是紫薇、青杨、春榆,10种树种凋落物的纤维素分解速率没有显著差异,木质素分解均较慢,半纤维素分解较快的是春榆、青杨和石榴;3)凋落物的C/N、木质素/N以及木质素浓度与凋落物分解速率相关性不显著,凋落物的分解速率与凋落物的初始有机碳浓度、全氮浓度、N/P呈显著负相关。 相似文献
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以菜豆为试材,采用基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,通过OTU数量、多样性指数、鉴定类群等方法,研究了不同氮钾施用水平下室内沙培菜豆叶际细菌群落组成和多样性,以期为作物精准施肥和植物-微生物关系研究提供参考依据。结果表明：高氮、缺氮和高钾都明显降低了菜豆叶际细菌OTU数量,而缺钾则提高了菜豆叶际细菌OTU数量。Alpha多样性分析表明正常施氮和缺钾水平下菜豆叶际细菌群落丰富度和多样性最高,氮素过高或缺乏、钾肥过高会导致细菌群落丰富度和多样性下降。物种注释分析显示菜豆叶际细菌以变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门为优势门。氮、钾施用过量和缺乏会导致菜豆叶际大肠杆菌属和拟杆菌属细菌过度繁殖,干扰和抑制伯克氏菌属和芽孢杆菌纲等有益菌群生长,影响植物自身固氮能力和抗病能力,减缓作物生长发育速度。 相似文献
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以5年生‘烟富10’苹果树为试材,研究地布覆盖和药渣覆盖对土壤养分、土壤酶活性和细菌群落的影响。结果发现,地布覆盖和药渣覆盖均改变了土壤温度,增加了果实发育前期土壤含水量和土壤养分含量,提高了过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性,以药渣覆盖更为显著。药渣覆盖处理下,土壤有机质在幼果期、膨大期、成熟期分别增加了27.7%、32.1%、34.3%,速效磷增加了19.6%、53.8%、81.9%,速效钾增加了19.1%、35.0%、167.4%。对土壤细菌进行16S rRNA测序发现,两种覆盖均可增加土壤细菌α多样性,药渣覆盖的效果更好,且两种覆盖下土壤细菌群落β多样性更为相近,明显与对照不同。在细菌群落分布方面,地布覆盖处理显著增加了细菌放线菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的群落丰度,分别增加了44.7%、65.7%和79.7%;药渣覆盖处理显著增加了变形菌门、拟杆菌门的群落丰度,分别增加了15.5%、54.5%。综上,药渣覆盖可以显著改善土壤水热情况,增加土壤养分含量,提高土壤细菌群落多样性,对果树根系生长发育更为有利。 相似文献
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森林中植物的凋落物分解可以促进陆地生态系统的营养物质平衡,这包括了有机养分与土壤有机质的矿化、碳平衡的形成等等。土壤养分状况完全取决于它的质量、数量以及分解的速率。在我国福建省龙岩市武平县的捷文村水库库区,就有这样一种可以显著影响陆地生态系统中土壤养分的植物,它就是马尾松。据科学试验表明,捷文水库不同林龄的马尾松凋落物基质质量与土壤养分有着一定的作用差异,比如近熟成马尾松林凋落物的叶木质素/N就比中龄林与成熟林的叶木质素/N高33.5%左右。本文就将以捷文水库库区生态环境保护区域中马尾松林的凋落物作为核心素材,探讨了它的分解、基质质量,并结合试验分析了不同林龄条件下马尾松凋落物与土壤养分之间的动态关系。 相似文献
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以冀北山地华北落叶松人工林与油松天然次生林为研究对象,对不同坡位气象因子、立地因子等方面的差异进行研究.结果表明:华北落叶松人工林内测定点温湿度均高于油松林,同一林分内温度差异不显著.落叶松林内照度随着海拔增加逐渐增大,油松群落内坡底照度最高.油松、落叶松群落随着海拔的增加,各样地相同土层间土壤质量含水量、饱和含水量、相对含水量逐渐减小,相同海拔落叶松林样地各土层水分指标均高于油松林.油松各样地内土壤容重随着土层深度的增加而增加,且随着海拔的增高,各样地相同土壤层次容重值增大.落叶松林变化均不显著.油松各样地土壤孔隙随着土层深度和海拔的增加均变小.落叶松林变化均不显著,但在相同土层上落叶松林土壤孔隙多于油松林.油松林地土壤颗粒随着土层深度的增加而减小,落叶松林则增大.油松及落叶松群落坡中样地土壤颗粒均较大.2个林分土壤pH随着土壤层次的增加而增加,土壤养分含量随土层深度增加而递减;随着海拔增高,相同海拔落叶松林内有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效钾含量均高于油松林,而速效磷则相反. 相似文献
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为了探究塞罕坝地区不同典型人工林的碳汇能力,对塞罕坝机械林场3种林分类型,华北落叶松人工林、云杉人工林、樟子松人工林的最大生物碳贮量进行比较。研究结果表明：在平均胸径相同的前提下,华北落叶松的单株生物量及碳贮量最大,其次为云杉林,最小为樟子松林。在胸径小于16 cm时,华北落叶松林总碳贮量最高,其次为云杉林,最低为樟子松林;当胸径在16～28 cm时,总碳贮量由高到低分别为云杉林、华北落叶松林和樟子松林;当平均胸径大于28 cm时,总碳贮量由高到低分别为云杉林、樟子松林和华北落叶松林。各树种碳在各个器官的分配也有明显不同,华北落叶松的叶片和主干中碳所占比例随胸径的增加逐渐减小,侧枝则相反;樟子松叶片及侧枝中碳所占比例则随胸径的增加呈逐渐下降趋势,主干则相反;云杉林叶片中碳所占比例则随胸径的增加呈明显的增加趋势,主干中碳所占比例相反,枝条中碳所占比例则相对稳定。不同人工林生物碳贮量的相对大小与林分的平均胸径有关。 相似文献
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Environmental changes associated with urbanisation can affect the functioning of ecosystem processes. In cities, forests are among the most frequent types of green areas and provide a wide range of ecosystem services including air cleaning, decomposition of leaf litter and recreation. The European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is a frequent and widespread deciduous tree in temperate forests in Central Europe. In this study, we examined the effects of urbanisation on decomposition processes of F. sylvatica leaves in different-sized forests in the urban region of Basel, Switzerland. We used standardised litterbags (mesh size: 2 mm) with F. sylvatica leaves to assess the impact of degree of urbanisation (indicated by the percentage cover of sealed area in the surroundings) and forest size on the early stage of leaf litter decomposition and seasonal microbial activity. We found combined effects of degree of urbanisation and forest size on the decomposition rate of leaf litter (klitter). Large forests showed the highest klitter in areas with sparse settlements and the lowest klitter in densely settled areas, whereas the opposite pattern was recorded for small and medium-sized forests. This indicates that abiotic and biotic forest characteristics of forests of similar size differently influenced klitter depending on the degree of urbanisation. Moisture content of litter was the best predictor of microbial activity, followed by forest size. We assume that factors acting at the landscape scale such as the degree of urbanisation might be too coarse to detect any differences in microbial activity. Our results revealed that even small urban forests contribute to this important ecosystem function. As decomposers are at the bottom of the food chain, management actions that support the biological activity in soil might be also beneficial for species at higher trophic ranks. 相似文献
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Tardigrade communities are affected by micro and macro-environmental conditions but only micro-environmental variables, and
altitudinal gradients have been studied. We review previous reports of altitudinal effects and evaluate the influence by interacting
macro- (climate, soils, biome, and others) and micro-environmental (vegetation, moss and leaf litter) factors on tardigrade
assemblages at the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range (Iberian Central System Mountains, Spain). Terrestrial tardigrade assemblages
were sampled using standard cores to collect leaf litter and mosses growing on rocks. General Linear Models were used to examine
relationships between Tardigrada species richness and abundance, and macro- and micro-environmental variables (altitude, habitat
characteristics, local habitat structure and dominant leaf litter type, and two bioclimatic classifications). Variation partitioning
techniques were used to separate the effects of altitude and habitat variation, and to quantify the independent influences
of climate and soil, vegetation structure and dominant type of leaf litter. Altitude shows a unimodal relationship with tardigrade
species richness, although its effect independent of habitat variation is negligible. The best predictors for species richness
were bioclimatic classifications. Separate and combined effects of macro-environmental gradients (soil and climate), vegetation
structure and leaf litter type are important determinants of richness. A model including both macro- and micro-environmental
variables explained nearly 60% of tardigrade species richness in micro-scale plots. Abundance was significantly related only
to soil composition and leaf litter type. Tardigrade abundance was not explained by macro-environmental gradients analysed
here, despite a significant correlation between abundance and richness. 相似文献
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G.H. Stewart C.D. Meurk M.E. Ignatieva H.L. Buckley A. Magueur B.S. Case M. Hudson M. Parker 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2009,8(3):149-162
Urban forests are increasingly valued for multiple benefits such as amenity, cultural values, native biodiversity, ecosystem services, and carbon sequestration. Urban biodiversity in particular, is the new focus although global homogenisation is undermining regional differentiation. In the northern hemisphere (e.g., Canada and USA) and in the southern hemisphere, particularly in countries like South Africa, Australia, South America and New Zealand, local biodiversity is further impacted by historical colonisation from Europe. After several centuries, urban forests are now composed of synthetic and spontaneous mixtures of native species, and exotic species from around the temperate world (e.g., Europe, North and South America, South Africa, Asia). As far as we are aware no-one has carried out in-depth study of these synthetic forests in any Southern Hemisphere city. Here we describe the composition, structure, and biodiversity conservation imperatives of urban temperate forests at 90 random locations in Christchurch city, New Zealand.We document considerable plant diversity; the total number of species encountered in the 253 sampled urban forest patches was 486. Despite this incredibly variable data set, our ability to explain variation in species richness was surprisingly good and clearly indicates that total species richness was higher in larger patches with greater litter and vegetation cover, and taller canopy height. Species richness was also higher in patches surrounded by higher population densities and closer to very large native forest patches. Native species richness was higher in patches with higher soil pH, lower canopy height, and greater litter cover and in patches closer to very large native forest patches indicating dispersal out of native areas and into gardens. Eight distinct forest communities were identified by Two-Way INdicator SPecies ANalysis (TWINSPAN) using the occurrence of 241 species that occurred in more than two out of all 253 forest patches.Christchurch urban forest canopies were dominated by exotic tree species in parklands and in street tree plantings (linear parkland). Native tree and shrub species were not as common in public spaces but their overall density high in residential gardens. There was some explanatory power in our data, since less deprivation resulted in greater diversity and density, and more native species, which in turn is associated with private ownership. We hypothesise that a number of other factors, which were not well reflected in our measured environmental variables, are responsible for much of the remaining variation in the plant community structure, e.g., advertising, peoples choice. For a more sustainable asset base of native trees in New Zealand cities we need more, longer-lived native species, in large public spaces, including a greater proportion of species that bear fruit and nectar suitable for native wildlife. We may then achieve cities with ecological integrity that present multiple historical dimensions, and sequester carbon in legible landscapes. 相似文献
15.
Elizabeth R. Hobbs 《Landscape Ecology》1988,1(3):141-152
The vascular plant species richness of upland urban forest patches in St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, was found to be positively related to their size. There was no significant relationship between species richness and the distance of these patches to other patches. Mowing and trampling reduced species richness of patches, whereas planting increased richness. Landscape richness can be maintained at a relatively high level by leaving even small unmown forested patches within a more disturbed matrix. However, maximizing landscape diversity would require leaving large forest stands unmown. It is suggested that cultivation be deliberately used as a mechanism for increasing native species richness in urban forests. 相似文献
16.
为了筛选出黄瓜潮汐式穴盘育苗最适孔穴型式和营养液浓度,以黄瓜品种中农18号为试材,采用两种类型穴盘(常规、侧开口)和3种浓度(×1、×0.5、×0.25)营养液进行潮汐育苗试验,测定了幼苗矿质元素吸收积累量及表观形态指标等。结果表明:随着营养液浓度逐步提高,黄瓜幼苗矿质元素吸收积累量逐渐增加,N、P、K的吸收积累量增幅达102.6%~125.1%,并促进了叶片叶绿素合成和幼苗株高、茎粗、单株叶面积、地上部干鲜质量等表观参数指标优化。此外,常规穴盘育苗效果总体优于侧开口穴盘。最终,以壮苗指数为主要参考指标,筛选出最佳的孔穴型式与营养液浓度组合,即采用常规穴盘并灌溉完全Hoagland营养液。 相似文献
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在湘南第四纪红色粘土母质发育的红壤温州蜜柑园连续6年施用石灰的试验结果表明,连年适量施用石灰可提高产量,与不施石灰处理相比增产13.2％～29.2％,品质亦得到改善。土壤和叶片测定结果显示,柑桔增产的原因,主要是施用石灰提高了土壤pH值,促进了土壤有机质的分解,增强了树体对土壤氮、磷元素的吸收。 相似文献
18.
Huston’s Dynamic Equilibrium Hypothesis predicts that the response of biodiversity to disturbance varies with productivity.
Because disturbance is thought to break competitive advantage of dominant species in productive ecosystems, species richness
is predicted to increase with disturbance frequency in productive systems. Recovery of plant biomass following disturbance
is also predicted to be faster in productive systems. Here we provide the first test of Huston’s hypothesis in the context
of setting harvest rates in managed forests for achieving biodiversity objectives. We examined predictions relating to vegetation
and bird response to disturbance and succession in productive and less productive forests in western Oregon and Washington,
USA. We found that measurements of understory cover and shrub diversity were higher in young, productive stands than less
productive stands of similar age. Later-seral forests in productive environments (mean age = 67 years) had less variable and
more complete canopy closure than similar-age forests in less favorable settings. At the stand scale, bird abundance and richness
decreased with canopy closure in highly productive forests whereas bird abundance and richness increased with canopy closure
in less productive forests. At the landscape scale, bird abundance and richness within stands increased with increasing levels
of disturbance in the surrounding landscape within highly productive forests, whereas bird abundance and richness decreased
with increasing disturbance in the surrounding landscape within less productive forests. Our results indicate that bird response
to disturbance varies across levels of productivity and suggest that bird species abundance and associated species richness
will be maximized through relatively more frequent disturbance in highly productive systems. 相似文献
19.
Effect of nickel (Ni) in the nutrient solution on yield, N metabolism, and nitrate content of leafy vegetables is poorly understood. The aim of this nutrient solution culture experiment was to investigate the effects of Ni supplementation on the nitrogen (N) metabolism and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Baker) with either urea or nitrate as the N source. Nickel supplement at 0.04 μM reduced urea toxicity to the urea-fed plants. Addition of Ni to the nutrient solution significantly increased the leaves and root growth of the urea-fed lettuce plants while it increased the growth of lettuce plants fed with nitrate only at N level of 20 mM. At N level of 20 mM, the leaves fresh weight of the urea-fed plants promoted by Ni supplement was comparable with the nitrate-fed plants untreated with Ni. Nickel supplementation increased the leaf total N concentrations in the urea-fed plants, although the nitrate-fed plants accumulated greater N in their leaves compared with urea treated plants at without Ni treatment. Nickel addition decreased the concentrations of leaf urea-N in the urea-fed plants and NO3-N in the nitrate-fed plants. Nickel addition enhanced urease activity in the leaves of urea-fed plants. The results indicated Ni supplementation enhances the growth of the urea-fed lettuce plants while it has role in decreasing leaf nitrate concentration and thus, improving the health quality of the nitrate-fed plants. 相似文献