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1.
为了探究阜平县生态风险，以2010年、2015年、2020年土地利用数据为基础，采用生态系统服务模型、景观生态风险模型，对二者的时空演变特征进行了定量分析，通过Z-score标准化划分了4类生态分区，揭示了阜平县生态环境时空演变特征。结果表明：(1)6种地类均有不同程度的改变，耕地增加最多，草地减少最多。高价值区主要分布于夏庄乡、龙泉关镇西部等林地、草地植被覆盖度高、水热条件较好的地区。阜平县以调节服务为主，且林地提供价值最高。(2)阜平县以较低生态风险区为主，占总面积的50%以上。在空间上呈“东南高、西北低”的分布特征。高生态风险区分布于北果园乡、王林口镇等区域，此区域人口数量多、景观类型细碎、零散分布。(3)4类生态分区变化程度较小，表明阜平县处于较为稳定的状态，高生态系统服务价值—低生态风险区(Ⅳ)占比最高，低生态系统服务价值—低生态风险区(Ⅲ)占比最低。通过生态分区研究，可为防范和降低区域生态风险与协调人地关系提供理论基础。 相似文献
2.
Yolanda F. Wiersma 《Landscape Ecology》2007,22(10):1477-1487
Various jurisdictions in Canada are currently undertaking, or have recently completed, planning exercises as part of implementation
and expansion of representative reserve networks (networks of provincial parks, national parks, ecological reserves, etc.).
These exercises have resulted in recommendations to governments about which areas of land should be set aside as protected
areas, and different levels of government have been involved in the process of land acquisition. In some cases, planning exercises
have included implementation of new protected areas to complement existing reserve networks. Many of these exercises have
applied principles such as complementarity, using heuristic algorithms that are well-described in the literature. These planning
exercises may be conducted within politically or ecologically bounded target regions of varying extents. Here, I develop candidate
locations for representative reserve areas for disturbance-sensitive mammals across Canada. I use ecologically bounded regions
(within the national boundaries of Canada) at three different levels of spatial hierarchy: mammal provinces, ecozones, and
ecoregions. I show that the extent of the target region has an effect on the minimum number of protected areas required to
achieve representation; a larger region requires fewer protected areas than the sum of the protected areas required to represent
its component regions at a lower level of spatial hierarchy. The results illustrate that selection of sites for inclusion
in a reserve network is highly scale-dependent, and different spatial extents in the target regions may introduce inefficiencies
or redundancies in selecting representative protected areas. 相似文献
3.
Here we present a spatial planning approach for the implementation of adaptation measures to climate change in conservation
planning for ecological networks. We analyse the wetland ecosystems of the Dutch National Ecological Network for locations
where the effectiveness of the network might be weakened because of climate change. We first identify potential dispersal
bottlenecks where connectivity might be insufficient to facilitate range expansions. We then identify habitat patches that
might have a too low carrying capacity for populations to cope with additional population fluctuations caused by weather extremes.
Finally, we describe the spatial planning steps that were followed to determine the best locations for adaptation measures.
An essential part of our adaptation strategy is to concentrate adaptation measures in a ‘climate adaptation zone’. Concentrating
adaptation measures is a cost-effective planning strategy, rendering the largest benefit per area unit. Measures are taken
where abiotic conditions are optimal and measures to enhance the spatial cohesion of the network are taken close to existing
areas, thus creating the highest possible connectivity with the lowest area demands. Another benefit of a climate adaptation
zone is that it provides a spatial protection zone where activities that will have a negative impact on ecosystem functioning
might be avoided or mitigated. The following adaptation measures are proposed within the climate adaptation zone: (1) link
habitat networks to enable species to disperse from present to future suitable climate zones, (2) enlarge the carrying capacity
by either enlarging the size of natural areas or by improving habitat quality to shorten population recovery after disturbances,
(3) increase the heterogeneity of natural areas, preferably by stimulating natural landscape-forming processes, to avoid large
synchronised extinctions after extreme weather events. The presented approach can be generalised to develop climate adaptation
zones for other ecosystem types inside or outside Europe, where habitat fragmentation is a limiting factor in biodiversity
responses to climate change. 相似文献
4.
以唐山市为例，将生态安全格局与修复分区相结合，实现点线面共同指导分区。首先基于“压力—状态—潜力”框架，利用z-score标准化，在乡镇尺度上进行国土空间生态修复分区；其次构建生态安全格局，采用形态学空间格局分析与景观连通性提取生态源地，利用最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道；最终通过生态安全格局对生态修复分区进行修正。结果表明：(1)研究区高退化压力区主要位于城市中部及各县区中心，并向四周递减；生态系统服务状态分布为北高中低，且高值区向低值区存在明显过渡；恢复潜力为由北向南先减少后增多。(2)修正后生态修复分区划分为生态保育区、生态潜在恢复区、生态优先修复区、生态修复治理区、生态修复利用区5大类型区，其中生态保育区依据生态源地与廊道所在位置划为一级保育区、二级保育区。 相似文献
5.
落叶果树需冷量及其估算模型研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
需冷量对落叶果树适地适栽、设施栽培和预测气候变化具有重要的意义。需冷量估算模型的研究为落叶果树需冷量的深入研究和理解提供了理论基础:0～7.2℃模型和犹他模型是应用较广的模型,动力学模型是目前较为完善的模型,0～14℃低温模型,正犹他模型和改进的犹他模型是针对当地特殊气候而采用的一些模型。对落叶果树需冷量及其估算模型的研究进行了综述,主要从落叶果树需冷量的概念、不同需冷量估算模型的介绍,应用及模型间的选择、需冷量影响因素以及我国需冷量研究存在问题与展望等方面进行阐述,以期为我国落叶果树需冷量的研究提供借鉴。 相似文献
6.
Anthropogenic noise exposure in protected natural areas: estimating the scale of ecological consequences 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jesse R. Barber Chris L. Burdett Sarah E. Reed Katy A. Warner Charlotte Formichella Kevin R. Crooks Dave M. Theobald Kurt M. Fristrup 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(9):1281-1295
The extensive literature documenting the ecological effects of roads has repeatedly implicated noise as one of the causal
factors. Recent studies of wildlife responses to noise have decisively identified changes in animal behaviors and spatial
distributions that are caused by noise. Collectively, this research suggests that spatial extent and intensity of potential
noise impacts to wildlife can be studied by mapping noise sources and modeling the propagation of noise across landscapes.
Here we present models of energy extraction, aircraft overflight and roadway noise as examples of spatially extensive sources
and to present tools available for landscape scale investigations. We focus these efforts in US National Parks (Mesa Verde,
Grand Teton and Glacier) to highlight that ecological noise pollution is not a threat restricted to developed areas and that
many protected natural areas experience significant noise loads. As a heuristic tool for understanding past and future noise
pollution we forecast community noise utilizing a spatially-explicit land-use change model that depicts the intensity of human
development at sub-county resolution. For road noise, we transform effect distances from two studies into sound levels to
begin a discussion of noise thresholds for wildlife. The spatial scale of noise exposure is far larger than any protected
area, and no site in the continental US is free form noise. The design of observational and experimental studies of noise
effects should be informed by knowledge of regional noise exposure patterns. 相似文献
7.
Combining holding-level economic goals with spatial landscape-level goals in the planning of multiple ownership forestry 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
In Finland, management of biological diversity at the landscape level is complicated by the relatively small size of the holdings. To alleviate this problem, this study presents a hierarchical planning model that aims at combining spatial landscape-level ecological goals with holding-level owner-specific goals. The influence of ecological objectives extends across holding borders, but their impact is greatest in areas where they are least in conflict with the owners goals. This feature, which results in minimum losses to individual landowners, can be called ecological efficiency. In the case study, the ecological objective was to cluster the breeding and foraging areas of flying squirrel (Pteromys volans). Other sets of objectives were related to individual holdings according to the various preferences of the forest owners. The forest plan produced by the presented planning model was compared with two other forest plans: 1) a combination of independent forest holding level plans, which were assumed to represent the outcome of the current planning tradition, and 2) an area-level plan, where the holding borders and holding-specific objectives were not taken into account. The same objective variables and objective weights were used in all plans. All the plans were produced for six planning areas (ranging from 404.6 to 984.9 ha) and 110 forest holdings (ranging from 0.6 to 449.8 ha) within these areas. The case-study results were promising: with the model presented here, the spatial structure of flying squirrel breeding and foraging areas could be improved with only minor losses in holding-level objectives. The spatial structure of the landscape after the 60-year planning period was very close to the area-level plan. This outcome was made possible by synchronizing the treatment proposals across forest-holding borders. The outcome of the model seems promising also from the practical standpoint: because the variation in the objectives of forest owners is efficiently taken into account in optimization, only rarely do the solutions suggest that the holding-level targets be compromised.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
本着“生态优先，绿色发展”的发展战略，以改善土壤环境、缓解设施土壤连作障碍发生为目的，集成了增施有机肥、土壤熏蒸消毒、补充有益微生物菌肥、绿色防控等关键技术，并在呼和浩特市新城区、赛罕区、玉泉区3个草莓生产区进行成果转化，建立10个核心示范区，核心示范7.3 hm2，辐射333.3 hm2，实现667 m2增产10%～18%，增收6 000～10 500元，缓解了草莓常年连作引起的土壤环境恶化、病虫害加重、产量下降、品质下降等问题，促进了草莓产业健康、绿色、高品质发展和设施土壤的可持续利用。 相似文献
9.
Protected areas are established to conserve biodiversity and facilitate resilience to threatening processes. Yet protected areas are not isolated environmental compounds. Many threats breach their borders, including transportation infrastructure. Despite an abundance of roads in many protected areas, the impact of roads on biota within these protected areas is usually unaccounted for in threat mitigation efforts. As landscapes become further developed and the importance of protected areas increases, knowledge of how roads impact on the persistence of species at large scales and whether protected areas provide relief from this process is vital. We took a two-staged approach to analysing landscape-scale habitat use and road-kill impacts of the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), a large, widely distributed herbivore, within New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Firstly, we modelled their state-wide distribution from atlas records and evaluated the relationship between habitat suitability and wombat road fatalities at that scale. Secondly, we used local-scale fatality data to derive an annual estimate of wombats killed within an optimal habitat area. We then combined these two approaches to derive a measure of total wombats killed on roads within the protected area network. Our results showed that common wombats have a broad distribution (290,981?km2), one quarter (24.9?%) of their distribution lies within protected areas, and the percentage of optimal habitat contained within protected areas is 35.6?%, far greater than the COP10 guidelines of 17?%. Problematically, optimal habitat within protected areas was not a barrier to the effects of road-kill, as we estimated that the total annual count of wombat road-kill in optimal habitat within protected areas could be as high as 13.6?% of the total NSW population. These findings suggest that although protected areas are important spatial refuges for biodiversity, greater effort should be made to evaluate how reserves confer resilience from the impacts of roads across geographic ranges. 相似文献
10.
Biodiversity and ecological value of conservation lands in agricultural landscapes of southern Ontario,Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In eastern North America, large forest patches have been the primary target of biodiversity conservation. This conservation
strategy ignores land units that combine to form the complex emergent rural landscapes typical of this region. In addition,
many studies have focussed on one wildlife group at a single spatial scale. In this paper, studies of avian and anuran populations
at regional and landscape scales have been integrated to assess the ecological value of agricultural mosaics in southern Ontario
on the basis of the maintenance of faunal biodiversity. Field surveys of avian and anuran populations were conducted between
2001 and 2004 at the watershed and sub-watershed levels. The ecological values of land units were based on a combination of
several components including species richness, species of conservation concern (rarity), abundance, and landscape parameters
(patch size and connectivity). It was determined that habitats such as thicket swamps, coniferous plantations and cultural
savannas can play an important role in the overall biodiversity and ecological value of the agricultural landscape. Thicket
swamps at the edge of agricultural fields or roads provided excellent breeding habitat for anurans. Coniferous plantations
and cultural savannas attracted many birds of conservation concern. In many cases, the land units that provided high ecological
value for birds did not score well for frogs. Higher scores for avian and anuran populations were recorded along the Niagara
Escarpment and other protected areas as expected. However, some private land areas scored high, some spatially connected to
the protected areas and therefore providing an opportunity for private land owners to enter into a management arrangement
with the local agencies. 相似文献
11.
Changing patterns in the urbanized countryside of Western Europe 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
Urbanization refers to the complex interaction of different processes which transform landscapes formed by rural life styles into urban like ones. Urbanization causes profound changes in the ecological functioning of the landscape and gradually results in a changing spatial structure, i.e. forms new landscape patterns. The existing cities and urban network form the framework for this change, which is affecting increasingly larger areas in the countryside. Urbanization is mainly studied from social and economical viewpoints. Urban planners think about optimization of the land use and about aesthetics when reshaping the environment. Landscape ecology is lacking in urban planning because of different goals and concepts, but mostly because of missing significant information about these highly dynamical landscapes. 相似文献
12.
Landscape patterns simulation with a modified random clusters method 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
A new modified random clusters method for the simulation of landscape the matic spatial patterns is presented. It produces more realistic and general results than landscape models that have been commonly used to date in the field of landscape ecology. Simulated patterns are said to be realistic, apart from their patchy and irregular appearance, because the values of the spatial indices as a function of habitat abundance measured in real landscape patterns (number of patches, edge length and patch cohesion index) can be replicated with the proposed landscape model. It allows a wide range of spatial patterns to be obtained, in which fragmentation and habitat abundance can be systematically and independently varied. Furthermore, a degree of control over the irregularity of the shapes of the simulated landscapes can be achieved, and it is also possible to simulate patterns with anisotropy. The proposed method is easy to implement and requires little computation time, which enhances the practical possibilities of this method in different areas of landscape ecology. 相似文献
13.
Conservation assessment requires quantitative criteria for evaluating the relative degree of threat faced by species or ecological communities. Identifying appropriate criteria for communities is complicated because the species inhabiting them can have many different responses to land uses and other forms of environmental stress. The Gap Analysis Program (GAP) uses summary data on the proportion of the community that is protected as an estimate of its vulnerability. Management status from a gap analysis of California was compared with three ecological indicators (permitted land uses, human population growth, and the spatial extent of road effects) that more directly represent impacts on biodiversity. The classification of management status appears to provide a crude first approximation of these three indicators. Public and private lands that are not formally protected were susceptible to extensive land use conversion or resource extraction in both rural and urban settings. Some plant community types are more susceptible to future infringement by human population increases that were not well predicted by management status alone. Other community types have a high road density despite being moderately well protected. It is suggested that indicators such as future growth and current road effects could complement status in rating the potential vulnerability of plant communities and setting conservation priorities. The choice of indicators will depend on the threatening processes in a given region and the availability of spatial data to map or model them. 相似文献
14.
15.
A common approach to land use change analyses in multidisciplinary landscape-level studies is to delineate discrete forest
and non-forest or urban and non-urban land use categories to serve as inputs into sets of integrated sub-models describing
socioeconomic and ecological processes. Such discrete land use categories, however, may be inappropriate when the socioeconomic
and ecological processes under study are sensitive to a range of human habitation. In this paper, we characterize the spatial
dynamic distribution of humans throughout the forest landscape of western Oregon (USA). We develop an empirical model describing
the spatial distribution and rate of change in historic building densities as a function of a gravity index of development
pressure, existing building densities, slope, elevation, and existing land use zoning. We use the empirical model to project
changes in building densities that are applied to a 1995 base map of building density to describe future spatial distributions
of buildings over time. The projected building density maps serve as inputs into a multidisciplinary landscape-level analysis
of socioeconomic and ecological processes in Oregon's Coast Range Mountains.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Ladislav Miklós 《Landscape Ecology》1989,3(1):43-51
Development of the general ecological model (EM) of the CSSR has been included in the state program for environmental policy - the Ecoprogramme of the CSSR — at a scale of 1:1 000 000 for the entire Czechoslovak territory and at a scale of 1:500 000 for the Czech Socialist Republic (CSR) and the Slovak Socialist Republic (SSR). The objective of the first EM stage was to make a survey of spatial differentiation of the major ecological problems of the country. The EM consists of four parts, three analytical and one synthetic. These parts are:
- The ecological state (value) of the current spatial structure of the landscape.
- Ecological stress factors in the landscape.
- Protection of nature and natural resources. From the spatial synthesis of these three groups (from their spatial encounters), the following synthetic group of conditions was obtained:
- Regional ecological problems, a system of ecologically stable areas, environmental stress factors and factors endangering the ecological stability of the landscape, the natural resources and the human environment.
17.
在京津冀协同发展和生态文明建设的背景下，构建生态安全格局并预警国土空间生态薄弱区对区域解决生态安全问题和制定国土空间规划具有十分重要的意义。研究通过InVEST模型、MCR模型、电路理论等构建京津冀地区生态安全格局，并以此为约束，利用PLUS模型模拟该地区2030年的土地利用空间格局，分析土地利用变化情况，以建设用地扩张对生态空间的胁迫区域作为生态保护预警点。结果表明，京津冀地区有46个生态源地，关键生态廊道和潜在生态廊道共136条。其中，生态源地基本位于生态环境优良的燕山、太行山山脉，生态廊道依托源地呈交错分布，冀中南平原地区无生态源地和生态廊道。2030年京津冀地区建设用地面积增加明显，向四周呈环状扩张，不断迫近生态空间，威胁到生态源地和生态廊道的健康发展，应做出预警。 相似文献
18.
为了定量测算我国鲜食葡萄生产中的化肥施用技术效率并探索其空间特征,首先构建了基于随机前沿分析的化肥施用技术效率测算模型和基于空间自相关的化肥施用技术效率空间特征分析方法,通过葡萄种植户的生产记录获得了连续5年的生产数据,并对不同栽培模式下葡萄生产的化肥施用技术效率进行了实证测算。研究结果显示:2011—2015年我国鲜食葡萄化肥施用技术效率分别为0.332、0.382、0.349、0.361、0.336,年度间变化幅度不大;露地栽培与设施栽培的5年化肥施用技术平均效率分别为0.390、0.313;新疆、山东、四川、云南、湖北等地的露地葡萄和设施葡萄2种栽培方式的化肥施用技术效率都相对较高;全局空间自相关分析通过了显著性检验且全局Moran’s I指数大于0。总体来看,我国鲜食葡萄生产的化肥施用技术效率不高,且近5年来没有明显提高趋势,露地栽培的化肥施用技术效率略高于设施栽培,各地化肥施用技术效率呈现正的空间相关性且呈现区域聚集特征,这启示我们应结合不同种植区和不同栽培模式的实际情况,优化化肥投入、提高化肥施用技术效率。 相似文献
19.
The modifiable areal unit problem has significant implications for ecological research that involve investigating and analyzing
the spatial heterogeneity of plant community. In this paper, semivariance analysis was used to evaluate the spatial characteristics
of plant community in the␣transitional zone between oasis and desert. The spatial structures of the plant community were characterized
using exponent model variogram parameters, including nugget (C
0) range (A
0) and sill (C
0+C). Two methods were employed to determine the scale effect of spatial heterogeneity. (1) A constant grain size (10×10 m2) and variational plot areas have been used to analyze spatial heterogeneity of the plant community. (2) The grain size was
only changed to analyze spatial heterogeneity. In addition, the plot of 500×500 m2 was clustered into nested units of different shapes and different directions to analyze zoning effect. Finally, using semivariance
analysis, we obtained a suitable plot area and zoning approach to weaken the scale and zoning effects. The results showed
that the effects of scale on different variogram parameters had significant difference. For example, C
0 and C
0+C were very sensitive at small scales, A
0 was influenced significantly by plot area at larger scales, and C
0 and A
0 were relatively sensitive to different zoning approaches. In order to get more representative characteristic of spatial heterogeneity
of the plant community, the sampling area should be more than 200×200 m2 for Nitraria sphaerocarpa populations, 100×100 m2 for Reaumuria soongorica populations, and a grain size from 20×20 m2 to 30×30 m2 for both populations. 相似文献
20.
Changes in land-use/land-cover patterns in Italy and their implications for biodiversity conservation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Land-use/land-cover change is the most important factor in causing biodiversity loss. The Mediterranean region has been affected
by antropic disturbance for thousands of years, and is, nowadays, one of the most significantly altered hotspots in the world.
However, in the last years a significant increase in forest cover has been measured. These new patterns are independent from
planned conservation strategies and appear to have a substantial impact on landscapes and biodiversity. We used three land-use/land-cover
maps (from 1960 to 2000) covering the Italian peninsula to analyze the pattern of land-use/land-cover change. We measured
an increase in forests, especially in mountains, an increase in artificial areas, especially in coastal zones, and a decrease
in pastures. Intensively cultivated areas showed a limited decrease while extensively cultivated ones showed a marked decrease.
In the same period mammal and bird species followed a similar pattern, with forest birds, ungulates and carnivores increasing,
and typically Mediterranean species decreasing. We suggest that our results may provide important information, which could
be useful for conservation planning in the entire Mediterranean hotspot. We suggest that an increasing conservation effort
should be made to protect the Mediterranean-type forests and scrublands, as well as traditional agricultural practices. Moreover,
future conservation efforts should consider the broad socio-political and ecological processes that are most likely to occur
across the whole hotspot, especially along coastal areas, and the network of protected areas should be functionally integrated
in a conservation strategy that includes the human-dominated landscape. 相似文献