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1.
Turek Marian Korolewicz Teofil Ciba Jerzy Cebula Jan 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2002,135(1-4):311-323
Total content of zinc and other metals has been assayed in thesludge that remained after leaching zinc-bearing smelting losswith sulfuric acid. The paper also presents zinc speciationcarried out by means of the sequential extraction by Rudd and an analysis of chemical forms of zinc. It has been found thatzinc occurs mainly in the mobile, bioavailable, soluble form and in the moderately mobile, carbonate form. The speciationcarried out showed that zinc occurred in the sludge in the following forms (mg kg-1): sulfate 143 000, oxide 79 000,metallic 68 200, siliceous 35 500, sulfide 20 800 and ferrate18 500. Preparatory extraction of zinc from the sludge usingwater, sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)and acetic acid has also been conducted. 相似文献
2.
秸秆对厨余垃圾堆肥臭气和渗滤液减排的影响 总被引：14，自引：5，他引：14
厨余垃圾单独堆肥会产生大量渗滤液及臭气物质,严重影响环境质量。该试验以玉米秸秆作为添加材料,按质量比（湿基）为1∶3添加到厨余垃圾中进行堆肥试验,并以厨余垃圾单独堆肥为对照,对比分析了2个堆肥处理的腐熟度变化、主要臭气物质及渗滤液的排放规律。研究结果表明：从温度、pH值、电导率（EC）、固相C/N和发芽率指数（GI）来看,添加秸秆的堆肥处理其腐熟度明显优于厨余垃圾单独堆肥处理,且添加秸秆后,可有效稀释厨余垃圾堆肥产品的盐分含量;2个堆肥处理的臭气物质浓度分析表明：添加秸秆的厨余堆肥处理NH3的平均排放浓度比厨余垃圾单独堆肥提高了3.3%,而甲硫醚、硫化氢和甲硫醇的平均排放浓度分别降低了62.3%,67.9%和49.6%;厨余垃圾单独堆肥过程中渗滤液的产生量占堆肥原料质量的32.6%（湿基）,添加秸秆的处理在堆肥过程中不产生渗滤液。因此,玉米秸秆在提高厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度、控制渗滤液和臭气物质排放方面具有显著的促进作用。 相似文献
3.
Lixian Zhou Weixing Chen Shouhai Yu Salim Abboud Kristine Wichuk 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(3):156-164
The trace metal content of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost affects the quality and potential end uses of the finished product. The impact of typical contaminants found in the organic fraction of MSW on the trace metal content of compost was investigated. Contaminants including alkaline batteries, galvanized nails, zinc-plated screws, copper wires, and electronic cables were exposed to a thermophilic composting process for three weeks. The increase in trace metal content in the compost product was measured at the end of the composting process. The results showed that low-quality alkaline batteries, galvanized nails, zinc-plated nails, and copper wires had a significant impact on the zinc, copper, arsenic, lead, and cobalt contents of compost. Copper wires showed the highest impact on copper content, which was 52% of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Category A limit in the final compost. Galvanized nails contributed to final levels of zinc reaching 30% of the CCME Category A limit. To ensure that CCME Category A criteria can be achieved, it is recommended that contaminants made from bare copper or coated with zinc be removed from the composting feedstock. 相似文献
4.
以烟草废弃物为主要原料,添加合适比例猪粪进行高温堆肥试验,研究了烟草废弃物堆肥体系中加入两种微生物菌剂（NNY、FB）后的温度、总氮（T-N）、NH4＋-N、C/N、种子发芽指数（GI）的动态变化及其对烟草废弃物堆肥产品品质的影响。结果表明,添加微生物菌剂缩短了烟草废弃物堆肥达到高温的时间,延长了高温分解持续时间,增加全氮含量,加快物料NH4＋-N和C/N比的降低速率,提高种子发芽指数（GI）,加快了烟草废弃物堆肥腐熟化进程。纯烟草废弃物单独堆肥,最高温度为43℃,GI最高为78.4%。添加微生物菌剂NNY、FB的堆肥处理都在堆肥2d后进入高温分解阶段（〉50℃）,高温持续时间分别为15、12d,较仅添加合适猪粪比例处理进入高温分解阶段时间提前2d,高温持续时间分别延长5、2d。至堆肥11d,添加微生物菌剂NNY和FB的堆肥处理种子发芽指数较纯烟草废弃物处理分别增加了185.5%和117.7%,较仅添加合适比例猪粪处理分别增加了41.4%和7.6%。添加NNY、FB微生物菌剂的处理可以显著增加烟草废弃物堆肥产品的N、P、K养分含量,降低堆肥容重,提高堆肥总孔隙度和持水孔隙度,改善了堆肥产品的品质。两种微生物菌剂对烟草废弃物高温腐熟效果较优。 相似文献
5.
风干预处理对堆肥腐熟度及臭气排放量的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
该研究以风干猪粪堆肥为处理,以新鲜猪粪堆肥为对照,在秸秆调理相同C/N基础上,对两个处理腐熟度和臭气排放进行比较分析。从温度、p H值、电导率和发芽率来看,利用新鲜猪粪和风干猪粪堆肥所得的产品均能达到腐熟和无害化标准;在硫化氢、羰基硫、二硫化碳、甲硫醚、乙硫醚、二甲二硫、甲硫醇和乙硫醇几种含硫臭气中,甲硫醚和二甲二硫占96%以上;风干猪粪堆肥比新鲜猪粪堆肥少排放71.09%的氨气,66.11%的甲硫醚和9.66%的二甲二硫。在不考虑风干环节存在的问题条件下,与新鲜猪粪堆肥相比,风干猪粪堆肥堆肥时间短,在堆肥品质提高的基础上,堆肥产品产量增加60%。通过降低水分和体积风干猪粪运输成本降低1/3,且对环境影响小,是远距离资源化处理畜禽粪便的较好途径。 相似文献
6.
In comparison to traditional windrow composting, in-vessel composting techniques often represent more effective waste management options due to the reduced production of bioaerosols and leachate and the potential for better process control. Chemical processes occurring during the cocomposting of three common wastes (green waste, biosolids and paper processing waste) were studied using the forced aeration, static pile, in-vessel EcoPOD® composting system. Since no turning of the compost occurs within the static piles, spatial differences in the vessel were also monitored. These measurements revealed significant spatial gradients in temperature; however, this did not result in spatial differences in nutrients within the composting vessel. Significant differences in soluble N production were observed during the composting process following the series: green plus paper waste < green waste < green waste plus biosolids. After the active compost phase was over, and the compost was removed from the vessel and matured outside, we demonstrated that covering the compost was essential to preserve compost quality. Our study clearly shows that cocomposting of common waste feedstocks can be used to successfully manipulate the chemistry of the final compost making it suitable for multiple end uses. In addition, our study demonstrated that careful management of the compost maturing phase is also required to maximise quality and minimize pollution. 相似文献
7.
Globally, urbanization and a steady increase in population generate a huge amount of wastes, which leads to a series of economic, social, and environmental changes, mainly in developing countries. There is an utmost need for efficient management strategies for the beneficial utilization of these wastes into useful products. Among these strategies, composting is gaining attention due to its benefits of solid waste management, such as proper sterilization, and economical and effective bioconversio... 相似文献
8.
Marco de Bertoldi 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(2):87-92
For more than half a century, large food processing companies, faced with mounting solid waste disposal problems, have opted for landfilling. Other options, concentrating on utilization, are now being increasingly explored. Energy recovery (ethanol and methanol) and fodder production from food processing residuals in some cases are valid solutions. Of the many alternatives to food recovery waste disposal, composting seems to be an effective method. Managed properly, research has shown that composting can produce a nutrient-rich soil amendment; odors can be controlled during the transformation process and in the final product. The process is competitive and cost-effective environmentally, completes the biological chain and returns to the soil what has been taken from it. For these reasons, composting seems to be the best candidate to solve problems connected with food factory waste disposal. 相似文献
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F. Storino S. Menéndez J. Muro P. M. Aparicio-Tejo I. Irigoyen 《Compost science & utilization》2017,25(2):71-81
Composting in bins is one of the most practical home composting methods. There is currently a need for greater information to improve the management of the composting process and to create home composting programs, which ensure sustainable production of high quality compost. This study investigates how two aspects of the bin feeding regime—the feeding frequency and the amount of waste applied at each feed—influence the process's evolution and the quality of the compost. Compost bins were assayed after introducing the same amount of kitchen and garden waste according to three different frequencies: in a single batch, weekly, or every 3 weeks. A fourth treatment was applied to calculate the potential waste reduction achieved by the composting process, filling the bins to the brim on a weekly basis. Temperature, mass, and volume changes; the microbial diversity (by Biolog); and gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O, and NH3) were all determined during the process. At the end of the experiment, all of the composts were weighed and characterized. Results show that the main differences were very dependent on the quantity of waste provided. Large amounts of waste were added increasing the compost's temperature and maturity during the process, while slightly affecting the salinity and phytotoxicity of the final compost but without any clear effects on microbial diversity and gas emission. Therefore, from a technical point of view, the shared use of compost bins among several households (community composting) is preferable to individual use. 相似文献
11.
盐含量对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥腐殖化过程及微生物演变的影响 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
含盐量过高会对堆肥有机质腐殖化过程产生抑制作用,但作用规律仍不清楚。该研究以餐厨垃圾为研究对象,以不添加盐分的处理为对照,设置添加食用盐的处理作为试验组（添加质量分数分别为0.5%、1%和1.5%）,进行好氧堆肥,研究不同盐分含量对基本腐熟度指标、有机质组成、腐殖质（Humus,HS）的影响,并结合微生物群落结构和相关性统计分析阐明其作用规律。结果表明,4个处理温度、碳氮比（C/N）、有机质组成等达到腐熟要求,但盐分添加提高了堆体电导率（Electrical Conductivity,EC）,添加比例达到1.5%时,高温期缩短至13 d,种子发芽指数（seed Germination Index,GI）降低至65.5%,总有机物降解率降低6.5%,有机质腐殖化过程受到限制。高通量测序和相关性分析的结果表明,添加1.5%盐分主要通过抑制高温双岐菌（Thermobifida）、糖单孢菌（Saccharomonospora）和曲霉（Aspergillus）、毛孢子菌（Trichosporon）的活性,降低总糖、木质纤维素等有机物质的降解和后续HS形成,从而限制餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖化效果的提升。本研究将为餐厨垃圾等农村有机废弃物处理技术应用提供理论指导。 相似文献
12.
蔬菜废弃物不同堆制方法对微生物数量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以蔬菜废弃物为材料,采用厌氧覆膜、好氧覆膜、地下式好氧、地下式厌氧、地上式好氧和地上式厌氧6种堆制方法,分别对堆肥40 d后堆肥中的微生物数量进行测定。结果表明:在6种堆制方法的两次试验中,同一处理中细菌、放线菌和真菌在数量上相差一个数量级;好氧覆膜处理的堆肥中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量相对较多,且微生物总数最多,分别为59.9×108和83.9×108cfu/g。因此,好氧覆膜处理的微生物腐解能力最强,操作简单,是处理蔬菜废弃物的最佳堆制方法。 相似文献
13.
Zobia Anwar Muhammad Bilal Usman Irshad Farhan Hafeez Gary Owens 《Compost science & utilization》2017,25(4):242-250
Safe management of animal and plant waste is one of the world's most important environmental challenges. Composting has been proposed as a useful technique for beneficially recycling wastes. This study showed that significant temporal changes in the nutrient availability occurred during the composting of cow manure with poplar leaf litter within 120 days. In particular, total C in the final compost was directly related to the addition of tree litter and inversely related to the time of composting, whereas extractable P and NO3 increased with increasing amounts of tree litter and ammonium showed the opposite trend. During the later stages of the composting process higher concentrations of water soluble K, Ca, Mg, and Na were observed. The major benefit observed was that heavy metal concentrations initially present in the manure were significantly reduced during composting. Heavy metals in the final compost decreased in the order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The increased availability of plant nutrients following composting coupled with the lower extractability of heavy metals indicates that composting may be a sustainable option for agricultural waste recycling and increased productivity. 相似文献
14.
湖南省主要茶园土壤锌的形态及其有效性 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
采用野外调查采样分析和田间试验方法研究了湖南省主要茶园生态系统中土壤Zn的形态及其有效性.结果显示:①成土母质明显影响土壤中各种形态Zn的含量,与母质本身的特性有关;②生物 秸秆和秸秆覆盖处理能明显提高茶园土中有效态Zn与有机态Zn的含量,而对其他形态Zn的含量影响不太明显;③土壤中对有效态Zn(AZn)含量影响最大的是交换态Zn(ExZn)与无定形氧化铁结合态Zn(AFeZn),其次为氧化锰结合态Zn(MnOZn)、有机态Zn(OMZn)及晶形氧化铁结合态Zn(CFeZn). 相似文献
15.
为了促进当地农业有机废弃物资源的循环利用,以牛粪、鸡粪、食用菌渣为堆肥原料并协调碳氮比为30∶1,添加不同的微生物菌剂进行堆肥,研究堆肥过程中的温度、pH值、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数的变化趋势,比较不同菌剂处理在堆肥前后养分含量的差异。结果表明,枯草芽孢菌剂和EM菌剂处理堆肥初期升温快,发酵基和速腐剂处理堆肥初期升温相对缓慢;枯草芽孢菌剂处理高温阶段温度基本上维持在70℃上下,堆肥前后氮素损失率最大为33.18%,发芽指数最低,而EM菌剂处理的高温阶段温度维持在55~68℃,氮素损失率最小为10.73%,发芽指数在堆肥21 d为51.55%,达到了基本腐熟,堆肥35 d为84.27%,达到了完全腐熟,堆肥腐熟快于其他处理。因此,在利用牛粪等有机废弃物进行高温好氧堆肥过程中,需要选择具有多种微生物能够相互协调作用并适应高温堆肥的菌剂,并且菌剂用量适宜,以达到减少氮素损失,提高堆肥的效果。 相似文献
16.
The efficiency of composting to remove the pollutants DEHP, PAHs and LAS from organic waste products was investigated. Source separated MSW and sewage sludge, respectively, were composted at temperatures ranging from 35 to 70°C using a laboratory-scale reactor composting system. At regular intervals, compost samples were taken from the reactors for chemical analysis. DEHP disappeared rapidly during composting of MSW; 96 to 99% of the initial content was degraded within 25 days of composting regardless of process temperature. In sewage sludge, the highest degradation of 91% was reached at a composting temperature of 65°C. LAS degradation in sewage sludge was fastest at 55°C, but at both process temperatures tested 99% of the initial content had been removed within 25 days. Degradation of PAHs was less complete. However, in all composting experiments, with MSW as well as sewage sludge, the final PAH concentration was less than in the starting material. Further experiments suggested that less than 0.1% of the pollutants had evaporated. Thus, composting proved to be a promising technique to promote degradation of organic pollutants — especially DEHP and LAS — in MSW and sewage sludge. 相似文献
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18.
C. Marugg M. Grebus R.C. Hansen H.M. Keener H.A.J. Hoitink 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(1):38-51
A new kinetic concept was applied to the yard waste composting process. Yard waste mixtures with different fractions of grass clippings were composted in pilot-scale vessels. Ammonia emissions were highest with high fractions of grass clippings. Calculation of reaction rate constants was based on heat and materials balances. Although the compost mass ratios (a dimensionless number that describes how far the process has advanced) of the mixtures after composting were similar, their chemical and biological analyses reveal differences. A first order reaction model is presented that can be used for plant design. The effects of temperature and particle size on process kinetics need to be investigated further. 相似文献
19.
同时采用PLFA（Phospholipid fatty acid）谱图分析法和DGGE（Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis）法分析农业废物堆肥化过程中细菌群落的变化。结果表明：（1）单体PLFA数据显示样品之间的群落结构有明显差异,随着堆肥进程的进行,群落在不断演替,PLFA数据可以较为明确地表征微生物生物量的变化,但不能给出具体的物种变化信息;（2）DGGE分析显示堆肥过程中的样点和DGGE条带数据都存在3大主要类别,堆肥过程中细菌群落结构至少经历了3个阶段的演替,即嗜温细菌群落、高温细菌群落和腐熟期细菌群落。堆肥过程是微生物群落结构与堆肥温度相互制约的过程;（3）虽然两类方法显示的信息并不完全一致,但也因此说明了不同方法显示的信息并不是绝对的,采用各类方法组合研究堆肥微生物的信息变化是很有必要的。 相似文献
20.
Chemical and microbiological parameters for the characterisation of the stability and maturity of pruning waste compost 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Composting of pruning waste, leaves and grass clippings was monitored by different parameters. A windrow composting pile, having the dimensions 2.5 m (height) x 30 m (length) was establish. The maturation of pruning waste compost was accompanied by a decline in NH4 +-N concentration, water soluble C (WSC) and an increase in NO3 –-N content. Both organic matter (OM) content and total N (TN) losses during composting followed a first-order kinetic equation. These results were in agreement with the microbiological activity measured either by the CO2 respiration or dehydrogenase (DH-ase) activity during the process. Statistically significant correlations were found between DH-ase activity, easily biodegradable organic C forms, NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N concentrations and organic matter content and N losses. For this reason, DH-ase activity and the CO2 evolution could be used as good indicators of pruning waste compost maturity. In contrast, humification parameters data from the organic matter fractionation did not agree with the initially expected values and did not contribute to the assessment of compost maturity. Neither the cation exchange capacity nor the germination index showed a clear tendency during the composting time, suggesting that these parameters are not suitable for evaluating the dynamics of the process. 相似文献