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1.
Sós E Szigeti A Fok E Molnár V Erdélyi K Perge E Biksi I Gál J 《Acta veterinaria Hungarica》2012,60(3):361-370
Smaller macropodid species (commonly referred to as wallabies) are extremely susceptible to toxoplasmosis: in most cases, infection with Toxoplasma gondii leads to death within a short time. Between June 2006 and July 2010, T. gondii was detected by immunohistochemical examination in six Tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) that died in the Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden; in another four specimens histopathology revealed T. gondii-like organisms (which could not be differentiated from Neospora caninum solely by morphology), and in another 11 animals toxoplasmosis as the possible cause of death could not be excluded. The current zoo population of 12 Tammar wallabies was tested for T. gondii IgG antibodies by the modified agglutination test (MAT), with negative results. We suppose that most of the deaths were due to acute toxoplasmosis resulting from a recent infection. 相似文献
2.
We describe the culture and stimulation of lymphocytes from the model marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). We also describe the capacity of tammar wallaby lymphocytes isolated from blood, spleen and lymph nodes to produce soluble
immunomodulatory factors. Culture conditions were optimized for mitogen-driven stimulation using the plant lectin phytohaemagglutinin
(PHA). Products secreted by stimulated cells were harvested and crudely fractionated before they were added back to freshly
isolated lymphocytes. Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, both stimulatory
and inhibitory bioactive factors were detected in serum-free supernatants harvested from mitogen-treated peripheral blood
mononuclear cells. This paper describes the capacity of leukocytes of the tammar wallaby to respond to mitogenic stimulation
and to produce soluble, low-molecular-weight bioactive molecules that possess cytokine-like activity. 相似文献
3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the susceptibility of the agile wallaby (Macropus agilis) and the dusky pademelon (Thylogale brunil) to infection with Trypanosoma evansi. METHOD: Two agile wallabies and three dusky pademelons were experimentally infected with between 5 x 10(4) and 10 x 10(4) T evansi from a cryopreserved stabilate isolated from an indonesian buffalo. Animals were observed twice daily for clinical signs and blood was collected every 3 days to determine parasitaemia. Necropsy was conducted on animals that died or were euthanised when in extremis and representative tissue sections examined. RESULTS: All wallabies developed a high parasitaemia by 6 days after infection, which persisted until death or euthanasia in extremis, between days 8 and 61. Clinical signs included anorexia, weakness and ataxia. Anaemia occurred in one wallaby that survived for 61 days. Gross pathological changes varied between animals. They included pericarditis, serous atrophy of fat, splenomegaly, ulcerative gastritis and enteritis. Histological changes were characterised by a mononuclear cell infiltration of the connective tissue of most organs with little cellular destruction. Striking lesions were seen in the choroid, heart, stomach and small intestine. CONCLUSION: Agile wallabies and pademelons are highly susceptible to infection with T evansi. Wallabies, therefore, have the potential to spread T evansi within New Guinea and Australia if infection is introduced. Mortality is likely to be high thereby acting as an indicator of recent introduction. Histological changes seen in wallabies infected with T evansi are diagnostic for infections occurring in Australia and Papua New Guinea. 相似文献
4.
Basso W Venturini MC Moré G Quiroga A Bacigalupe D Unzaga JM Larsen A Laplace R Venturini L 《Veterinary parasitology》2007,144(1-2):157-161
Wallabies and other Australian marsupials are among the most susceptible species to Toxoplasma gondii. Fatal generalized toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in two captive 3 year-old female Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) from Argentina (w 1 and w 2) with a history of sudden death. Both animals had internal joeys which died 2 days after their mothers. Serologically, both females and one adult male without clinical signs from the same enclosure (w 3) had antibody titers for T. gondii>or=800 by the modified agglutination test (MAT); another adult male (w 4) was negative (MAT titer<25). Microscopically, tachyzoites were observed associated to non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, hepatitis, myositis, myocarditis and severe enteritis in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections from both w 1 and w 2. Immunohistochemically, parasites in heart, brain and liver sections of both female wallabies reacted with T. gondii antiserum. T. gondii was isolated from brain tissues of w 1 and w 2 by bioassay in mice and by culture in bovine monocytes and both isolates were cryopreserved. Genomic DNA was isolated from tachyzoites grown in cultures derived from both animals. The primer pair B22/B23 specific for T. gondii produced 115bp amplicons on poliacrylamide electrophoretic gels. Stray cats were suspected as the possible source of infection. Not all infected macropods were ill, showing that the infection may be asymptomatic and is not always fatal. A vertical infection could not be proved in the joey from w 2. As far as we know, this is the first confirmed report of toxoplasmosis in Bennet's wallabies in Argentina. 相似文献
5.
Burgdorf-Moisuk A Pye GW Smith JA Papendick R Ivy JA Hamlin-Andrus C 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2012,43(1):89-94
At the San Diego Zoo (California, USA), 22 cases of megaesophagus were diagnosed in the parma wallaby (Macropus parma); a prevalence of 21.1%. Parma wallabies often have no clinical signs until severe and chronic dilation of the esophagus is present. Clinical signs of advanced disease include weight loss, swelling of the cervical region, regurgitation without reswallowing of ingesta, short flight distance, depression, collapse, dyspnea, and sudden death. Retrospective and prospective studies at the San Diego Zoo and a multi-institutional survey in the United States were used to try to determine the cause of megaesophagus. The retrospective study did not identify an etiology. The prospective study revealed megaesophagus and severely delayed esophageal transit time in eight of eight animals. Myasthenia gravis, lead toxicosis, toxoplasmosis, and thyroid disease were eliminated as possible causes. Of 286 living and dead parma wallabies surveyed at other institutions, three cases of esophageal diverticulum and one case of megaesophagus were reported. The cause of megaesophagus in parma wallabies was not determined. 相似文献
6.
Burgdorf-Moisuk A Pye GW Smith JA Papendick R Ivy JA Hamlin-Andrus C 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2012,43(2):324-329
At the San Diego Zoo (California, USA), 22 cases of megaesophagus were diagnosed in the parma wallaby (Macropus parma), yielding a prevalence of 21.1%. Parma wallabies often have no clinical signs until severe and chronic dilation of the esophagus is present. Clinical signs of advanced disease include weight loss, swelling of the cervical region, regurgitation without reswallowing of ingesta, short flight distance, depression, collapse, dyspnea, and sudden death. Retrospective and prospective studies at the San Diego Zoo and a multi-institutional survey in the United States were used to try to determine the cause of megaesophagus. The retrospective study did not identify an etiology. The prospective study revealed megaesophagus and severely delayed esophageal transit time in eight of eight animals. Myasthenia gravis, lead toxicosis, toxoplasmosis, and thyroid disease were eliminated as possible causes. Of 286 living and dead parma wallabies surveyed at other institutions, three cases of esophageal diverticulum and one case of megaesophagus were reported. The cause of megaesophagus in parma wallabies was not determined. 相似文献
7.
McLelland DJ Barker IK Crawshaw G Hinds LA Spilsbury L Johnson R 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2011,34(2):160-167
McLelland, D.J., Barker, I.K., Crawshaw, G., Hinds, L.A., Spilsbury, L., Johnson, R. Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline and penicillin G in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 34 , 160–167. The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline and penicillin G was investigated in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). Groups of eight healthy tammar wallabies were administered i.v. oxytetracycline hydrochloride (40 mg/kg), i.m. long‐acting‐oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg), i.v. sodium penicillin G (30 mg/kg), or i.m. procaine/benzathine penicillin G (30 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations of oxytetracycline were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable to those reported for eutherians of equivalent size and suggest that the practice of adjusting allometrically scaled doses to account for the lower metabolic rate of marsupials may not be valid. Long‐acting oxytetracycline and penicillin G both demonstrated depot effects. However, the plasma concentrations achieved question the therapeutic efficacy of the long‐acting preparations. 相似文献
8.
9.
SUMMARY Thirteen Tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) were dosed orally with 500, 1000 or 10 000 oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii, as part of a vaccination trial. Eleven animals died of acute toxoplasmosis 9 to 15 days after challenge. The lesions were similar in all animals, consisting of foci of necrosis and inflammation in the intestines, lymphoid tissue, adrenal cortex, heart, skeletal muscle and brain, and severe generalised pulmonary congestion and oedema. Free and intracellular tachyzoites of Toxoplasma were associated with the lesions. The remaining 2 animals had shown no signs of disease when euthanased four months after challenge. Small, focal, non-suppurative inflammatory lesions were seen in brain, heart and skeletal muscle of these animals and chronic Toxoplasma infection was confirmed by mouse inoculation. 相似文献
10.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been used in studies of neutrophil morphology and function as a marker for identifying different granule populations. In human neutrophils, ALP is found within secretory vesicles, a rapidly mobilisable vesicle population important for upregulating membrane receptors during early activation. Intra-cellular ALP activity in the heterophils of rabbits and guinea pigs, in contrast, is found only in secondary granules. The neutrophils and eosinophils of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) have previously been reported to contain large amounts of ALP activity when stained using routine cytochemical techniques. To define the subcellular location of ALP in this species, cell suspensions were examined using cerium chloride cytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ALP was found in 2 distinct cytoplasmic compartments. One compartment displayed morphology consistent with a subpopulation of secondary granules while a second tubulo-vesicular population appeared similar to the secretory vesicles of human neutrophils. Thin tubular vesicles containing ALP were also identified within the cytoplasm of tammar wallaby eosinophils. Large numbers of ALP-containing vesicles have not been recognised previously in eosinophils and this may represent a novel cytoplasmic compartment. In both cell types, ALP-containing structures showed alteration in morphology following stimulation with N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and PMA. 相似文献
11.
Adkesson MJ Gorman ME Hsiao V Whittington JK Langan JN 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2007,36(1):97-100
Abstract A 2-year-old, male, red-necked (Bennett's) wallaby ( Macropus rufogriseus ) from a zoological facility was presented for peracute onset of severe depression, unresponsiveness, ataxia, and loose feces. Serum biochemical abnormalities included azotemia, hypoalbuminemia, increased alanine aminotransferase activity, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperkalemia, consistent with multi-organ system failure. Severe thrombocytopenia suggested possible disseminated intravascular coagulation. Peripheral blood smear examination revealed numerous ovoid, protozoal inclusions within monocytes and occasionally within neutrophils. Despite aggressive supportive therapy, the patent died within 5 hours of presentation. Gross necropsy and histopathologic findings included severe multifocal necrotizing lesions in multiple organs. Numerous intralesional protozoal organisms were observed and were identified as Toxoplasma gondii by immunohistochemistry. Macropods (wallabies and kangaroos) are known to be highly susceptible to toxoplasmosis, with high mortality rates; diagnosis most often is obtained at necropsy. Detection of protozoal organisms in peripheral blood leukocytes is reported rarely and has not been documented previously in a macropod. Parasitemia in this case was attributed to severe, disseminated disease. Careful examination of peripheral blood smears in macropods suspected of toxoplasmosis may be warranted. 相似文献
12.
Beth A Valentine Wilson K Rumbeiha Terry S Hensley Richard R Halse 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2007,19(2):212-215
Over a 12-day period, 13 animals in a herd of 110 beef cattle developed ataxia with profound muscle fasciculations progressing to recumbency. Twelve animals (5 adults and 7 calves from 8-10 months of age) died, and 1 cow was euthanized. Hemorrhagic diarrhea occurred in some, but not all, animals. The onset of clinical signs was at least 12 hours after the cattle had gained access to contents of old buildings used for storage, and the majority of deaths occurred within 24 to 48 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Approximately 9 kg of unidentified pellets were found strewn in the barn area where the cattle had been. Autolysis considered more severe than expected for the postmortem interval, suggestive of high body temperature before death, and congestion of body tissues were the only significant findings detected in the cow that was euthanized and submitted for necropsy examination. The clinical history and lack of postmortem lesions were most consistent with toxicity. A toxic level of arsenic (6.18 ppm) was detected in the kidney, and metaldehyde was detected in the liver. The pellets were analyzed and found to contain both arsenic and metaldehyde, consistent with a discontinued molluscicidal product. 相似文献
13.
W.F. Robinson C.R.R. Huxtable D.A. Pass J. McC. Howell 《Australian veterinary journal》1979,55(8):351-355
Surviving puppies from three separate litters in which deaths had occurred from suspected viral myocarditis were examined clinically and electrocardiographically. Of 11 puppies examined, 5 subsequently died or were euthanised within 11 days of initial examination. ECG changes present in these puppies for 1 to 11 days prior to death were small R waves (less than 0.4 mV in lead II), S-T segment elevation, QRS notching and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (PVT). No clinical signs referable to the ECG changes were present before the terminal episodes of apparent sudden death or death following a brief period of dyspnoea. Multifocial subacute myocarditis was present on post-mortem examination. A sixth puppy with small R waves remained clinically normal for a further 4 weeks. It then developed severe dyspnoea which persisted for 24 hours before euthanasia. Extensive fibrosis of the left ventricle was present on post-mortem examination. 相似文献
14.
Ectoparasitic dermatitis in free-ranging swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) in New South Wales 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
We report extensive dermatological lesions in three, free-ranging, adult, male swamp wallabies ( Wallabia bicolor ), presented to Taronga Western Plains Zoo wildlife hospital. All three animals were moderately infested with the louse species Heterodoxus ualabati , and two were concurrently infested with a previously undescribed sarcoptiform mite of the genus Diabolicoptes . Histological changes included moderate to marked compact hyperkeratosis, focal deep pyoderma and superficial dermatophytosis. Mild to moderate hyperplastic perivascular and periadnexal dermatitis with marked superficial and follicular hyperkeratosis was evident in the skin of the inguinal region and lateral thigh of the two wallabies infested with the Diabolicoptes species. This is the first report of ectoparasitic dermatitis in free-ranging swamp wallabies and the first report of mites of the genus Diabolicoptes from a macropodid. 相似文献
15.
W. R. Cook 《Equine Veterinary Education》2016,28(7):405-409
The prevention of sudden death requires removal of its cause and this is unknown. The author's hypothesis is that bit‐induced asphyxia, partial or complete, is a cause of sudden death. Antemortem data on bit‐induced asphyxia were compared with post mortem data on sudden deaths to explore a possible cause‐and‐effect relationship. Causal categories from sudden death necropsy data were reclassified. Those causing a horse to fall (cardiopulmonary failures) were considered primary effects and those resulting from a fall (CNS trauma and haemorrhagic shock) secondary effects. Cardiac failure from negative pressure pulmonary oedema caused by bit‐induced obstruction of the nasopharynx was consistent with the hypothesis. In 1988, asphyxia from recurrent laryngeal neuropathy was posited as a cause of exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). It is now suggested that the bit is another cause of asphyxia; EIPH is a sign of negative pressure pulmonary oedema which, in turn, causes cardiac failure and sudden death. By breaking the airtight lip‐seal at exercise, a bit dissipates negative pressure in the oral compartments, destabilises the soft palate and obstructs the nasopharynx. Bitted rein pressure, kinking the airway and rendering parts of it flaccid, is a further cause of asphyxia. The data comparison supports a unifying hypothesis on 4 problems currently considered idiopathic; that the bit is an ultimate cause of palatal instability, dynamic collapse of the upper respiratory tract, EIPH and sudden death. Bitless training and racing trials are recommended as a means of demonstrating that bitless racing is possible, preferable and predicted to reduce the prevalence of all 4 problems. 相似文献
16.
David M. Brust 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2013,22(2):132-140
This article focuses on gastrointestinal diseases that affect 3 of the most common marsupials treated by veterinarians: the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus), and the sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). Other marsupial species maintained in captivity include the eastern gray kangaroo (Macropus gigantus), the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), and the wallaroo (Macropus robustus). Most all of the disease conditions discussed in this article are also diagnosed in the lesser species listed earlier. Marsupials derive their name from the presence of the marsupial bones (ossa marsupialia), which serve as the surface for the attachment of several abdominal muscles. The ossa marsupialia were once thought to support the marsupium (pouch), although this was an incorrect assumption. The metabolic rate of marsupials is generally considered to be approximately two-thirds that of eutherian or placental mammals. Marsupials belong to a unique group of animals whose development is characterized by a very short gestation, the birth of relatively underdeveloped young (joeys), and a lengthy period of lactational development that typically occurs in a pouch. The physiologic differences that exist between marsupials and eutherian mammals should be considered when managing disease conditions in these animals. 相似文献
17.
An orbivirus of the Palyam serogroup was isolated from Culicoides oxystoma collected in a cowshed in Kagoshima, Southern Kyushu Island, Japan. This is the first isolation of an orbivirus of the Palyam serogroup in Japan. The virus was a spherical non-enveloped RNA virus, approximately 60 nm in diameter. The virus was resistant to ethyl ether, sodium deoxycholate and freezing-thawing, but readily inactivated by trypsin. The virus was not stabilized by 1 M MgCl2, was labile at pH 3.0 and was not precipitated by protamine sulfate. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of infected Vero cells indicated the virus to be antigenically related to D'Aguilar and Bunyip Creek viruses of the Palyam serogroup. Neutralization tests showed the virus to have no relationship with D'Aguilar virus, but to have a one-way cross-reaction with Bunyip Creek virus. The virus was tentatively designated as Kagoshima virus. A serological survey indicated dissemination of the virus in cattle populations in Kagoshima Prefecture. 相似文献
18.
Successful protection against lumpy jaw disease in a colony of captive wallabies (Macropus eugenii) was induced by vaccination with a commercial ovine footrot vaccine. No mortalities attributable to lumpy jaw were observed in 69 vaccinated animals while six of 42 unvaccinated control wallabies died of the disease. Vaccinated animals exhibited significant increases in antibody titres to Bacteroides nodosus after the first and second doses of vaccine. Titres were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 相似文献
19.
Skin lesions on the ears and inguinal and axillary regions of a number of adult animals within a captive population of the endangered bridled nailtail wallaby ( Onychogalea fraenata ) were associated with the trombiculid mite, Eutrombicula hirsti . The local inflammatory response of these Australian marsupials is described. 相似文献
20.
OBJECTIVE: To confirm serological evidence that Trypanosoma evansi is present in Papua New Guinea. DESIGN: Three surveys were undertaken in PNG during 1997/1998. Animals were selected for sampling on the basis of convenience. Samples of blood were examined for the presence of T evansi by the haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and mouse inoculation test (MI). Sera were tested in the field using the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis/T evansi (CATT). Bovine sera were tested at James Cook University using an antibody-detection ELISA (Ab-ELISA). Results from testing bovine sera with the Ab-ELISA and sera from wallabies with the CATT were analysed using FreeCalc to determine the probability that animals in these populations were infected with T evansi. RESULTS: A total of 545 serum samples were collected, during the three surveys of which 39 cattle, two pig and three agile wallaby samples were positive with the CATT. All bovine sera collected were negative when tested with an Ab-ELISA. T evansi was not isolated using the HCT or the MI from any of these animals. CONCLUSION: Based on the Ab-ELISA results it was concluded that T evansi infection was not present in cattle in villages around Balimo at a minimum expected prevalence of 10% (P < 0.05) and, based on the CATT results, that infection was not present in wallabies on the Bula plain at a minimum expected prevalence of 10% (P < 0.1). These results indicate that it is unlikely that T evansi is endemic in PNG. 相似文献