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1.
我国与欧美化肥重金属限量标准的比较和启示 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
本文介绍了欧盟各国以及美国部分州的化肥重金属限量标准的制定过程和阈值,分析了我国相关标准制定中存在的不足。我国化肥重金属限量标准是针对肥料种类来制定的,肥料种类之间重金属限量值及限制的重金属种类均存在很大差异。限量标准有国家标准,也有行业标准。不少单质化肥及复合肥标准中没有重金属限量指标,但对由单质化肥配制的水溶性复混肥料则制定了非常严格的限量标准。我国重金属限量标准的制定缺乏理论依据和试验数据支撑,标准公布后也缺少制定依据的说明和解释。美国是根据磷肥及微量元素肥料种类和用量两方面来设定重金属限量标准,该标准由美国环保局(USEPA)等机构根据化肥中有害元素对人类健康风险评估模型制定的,并参考了长期的田间定位试验数据和食物中重金属的风险评估调查数据。美国植物食品控制管理协会(AAPFCO)根据上述风险评估结果提出了化肥中重金属的限量标准,美国各州则在参考该标准的基础上根据各州法律法规实施。欧盟目前没有统一的化肥重金属限量标准,各国各自规定了相关标准。建议我国参考发达国家的标准制定方式建立重金属的危害风险评价体系;根据大量、中量与微量元素肥料类别及施用量,区分不同重金属的限量,且所有化肥所含的重金属进入农田的限量标准应保持一致。建议制定标准应进行环境、食品安全等调查与长期定位试验,以科学数据为依据,制定适合我国国情的化肥重金属限量标准。 相似文献
2.
基于CiteSpace可视化分析有机肥料研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从Wo S数据库核心合集中检索出1900—2019年相关文献4473篇,运用CiteSpace知识图谱分析工具,对合著国家、机构、作者、学科领域、关键词、文献共被引网络等进行可视化分析,对有机肥料的研究进展及演变趋势进行图谱解读与分析:①有机肥料对改善土壤理化性状、抑制土传病害、提高作物产量品质的作用及其机理依然是研究重点;②最新的基因测序等分子生物学技术在有机肥料研究中将得到更加广泛应用;③添加天然沸石、生物质炭等物质制造有机类肥料是未来有机肥料加工的重要方向;④有机肥料研究具有很强的学科交叉性,涉及农业、化学、环境生态学、环境科学、工程学等众多学科领域;⑤中国有机肥料研究发展迅速,国际上合作发表有机肥料学术论文数量前三的研究机构分别是中国科学院、南京农业大学、中国农科院,具有重要的学术影响力。 相似文献
3.
Hafedh Rigane 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(4):249-254
The amounts of olive husks produced in Mediterranean countries are very significant. Their treatment and disposal are becoming serious environmental problems. Increasing attention has been paid to finding a use for olive husks. A technological treatment is available to reduce their pollutant effects and to transform them into valuable products. The most suitable procedures are recycling instead of the detoxification of these wastes. It is possible to transform olive husks into organic fertilizers (composts) by composting with poultry manure. The compost has no phytotoxicity and may improve soil fertility and plant production. The composting process involves the microbial degradation of the polluting load of the solid wastes. Results of experiments using olive husk composts in crop production have shown that yields obtained with organic fertilization are similar, and sometimes higher, than those obtained with classic manure. Their bioavailability may be linked to the soil humic complexes originated by these organic fertilizers and to mineral components (active lime and clay). The composition of vegetable leaves improved similitude between compost and manure, normal concentrations but with deficiency in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. 相似文献
4.
Effects of long-term fertilization with different substitution ratios of organic fertilizer on paddy soil 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Weifeng SONG Aiping SHU Jiai LIU Wenchong SHI Mingcong LI Wenxue ZHANG Zuzhang LI Guangrong LIU Fusheng YUAN Shuxin ZHANG Zengbing LIU Zheng GAO 《土壤圈》2022,32(4):637-648
In recent years, the abuse of chemical fertilizers has caused numerous environmental problems, such as soil acidification and compaction. Replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can effectively alleviate these problems. However, the effects of alternative organic fertilizers remain unclear. To explore the effects of organic fertilizer substitution on rice yield and paddy soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure, we conducted a 5-year experiment using different proportions of organic fertilizer substitution in a double-cropping rice field in Jiangxi, China. Our results showed that replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can reduce soil acidification, increase soil organic matter content, nutrient contents, and enzyme activities, improve soil physicochemical properties and microbial community, and enhance soil metabolism. Appropriate organic substitution also had positive effects on rice production. These findings enhance our understanding of the effects of different alternative organic fertilization methods and have important theoretical significance for the promotion of the use of organic fertilizers in the future. 相似文献
5.
稳定性肥料发展与展望 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8
稳定性肥料的核心是脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂，是指在肥料的生产过程中添加脲酶抑制剂或硝化抑制剂，或者同时添加两种抑制剂的肥料。其良好的农学效应和环境效益为实现农业节本增效提供重要途径。近年来稳定性肥料在基础科研和生产应用领域均发展较快，本文对国内外相关研究进行系统总结，并指出未来的发展方向。首先，回顾了抑制剂的研发、作用机理等方面的进展；其次，概述了稳定性肥料的品种、生产工艺、产能及推广应用情况；最后，对稳定性肥料应用后的作物产量和环境效应进行了阐述。为了促进稳定性肥料产业的健康持续发展，未来需要进一步加强环境友好型抑制剂品种的研发；重视抑制剂保护技术的研究，以解决抑制剂作用效果持久性和稳定性的问题；加强不同抑制剂配伍协同，抑制剂与增效剂复合作用机理与技术的研究；研究开发针对不同区域、不同作物的稳定性专用肥料。 相似文献
6.
中国化肥使用带来的环境问题 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
CAO Zhi-Hong 《土壤圈》1996,6(4):289-303
The current status of chemical fertilizers production and consumption in China as well as their important roles in Chinese modern agriculture are discussed with special concerns to the environmental issues related to chemical fertilizer use.On the one hand.the total amount of chemical fertilizer produced is insufficient to meet the agricultural needs.On the other hand.the production and consumption of chemical fertilizers in China are obviously not balanced.In some areas over application of nitrogen fertilizers and loss of phosphate fertilizer due to soil erosion have resulted in some undesirable environmental problems such as increase of nitrate in water and eutrophication of water bodies.Maximum scientific uses of organic manures in combination with reasonable use of chemical fertilizers are part of good practices not only in increasuing soil productivity and keeping sustainable agriculture development but also in minimizing their detrimental effects on the environment. 相似文献
7.
长江三角洲地区地表水污染的模式与对策 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
On the basis of field investigations, observations and experimental data combined with environmental monitoring information, the status and the spatial and temporal patterns of surface water pollution over thepast ten years in the Yangtze River Delta have been assessed. The water quality of large rivers is still verygood but most of the medium-sized and small rivers have been very seriously polluted. The appearance of black and odorous conditions in rivers in the urban areas has increased due to serious pollution by organic matter with consequent high oxygen demand. Annual increases in N and P concentrations in lakes haveaccelerated eutrophication. The water quality of rivers in small towns is rapidly deteriorating. The mainsources of surface water pollution include industrial and domestic sewage, animal manures, chemical fertilizersin farmland, and polluted sediments in rivers and lakes.Counter measures against these sources of pollution are presented. Regional laws and regulations for protection of surface waters and their enforcement are urgently required. A regional water environmental management agency should be established. The construction of sewage treatment plants of varying capacity must be accelerated to increase the proportion of sewage treated and to improve the quality of treated effluent. Animal wastes must be recycled effectively and efficiently, and the application rates of fertilizers and manures must be balanced with crop nutrient requirements to prevent diffuse pollution from agriculture. The comprehensive rehabilitation of medium-sized and small rivers should be intensified, and the delimitation and protection of the areas used as sources of drinking water should be strengthened. 相似文献
8.
Doing more good than harm - Building an evidence-base for conservation and environmental management 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The problems of environmental change and biodiversity loss have entered the mainstream political agenda. Given the call from an increasingly influential environmental lobby for government and wider society to make both financial and personal sacrifices to address these problems, it seems likely that conservation biologists and environmental managers will be asked tough questions of the general form ‘are conservation interventions effective?’ and, ‘are they doing more good than harm?’ Science constantly advances and must remain open to challenge, but managers and policy formers require an interim product (an evidence-base) to underpin their current decision-making. The health services have been using the objective and transparent methodology of systematic review to summarise the evidence-base relating to the effectiveness of interventions. Environmental management has, up until now, had no formal shared evidence-base of this kind. Reviewing recent developments in evidence-based practice, this paper introduces a ‘systematic review’ section for this journal and argues that constructing an evidence-based framework for environment management is possible, the challenge is scaling it up to engage the global scientific community. We draw on the history of evidence-based healthcare, but also on the differences between healthcare and conservation, to set out the challenges in creating a Collaboration for Environmental Evidence that develops a library of systematic reviews on the effectiveness of conservation and environmental interventions. 相似文献
9.
螯合肥料在农业上的应用效果研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在分析我国肥料利用现状的基础上,综述了当前市场上主要螯合肥料的肥效研究现状。综合研究表明:氨基酸螯合肥、EDTA螯合肥、腐殖酸螯合肥、糖醇螯合肥的肥效明显高于普通无机肥料,不仅可以增加作物产量,而且在改善品质等方面具有显著的优势,其中,糖醇螯合肥具有易螯合的多齿结构,在植物体内输送能力强且肥料效果好,相比其它螯合肥料具有明显的优势。分析了当前螯合肥在合成与施用上存在的问题,并指出目前我国开展螯合肥料研制的重要性和必要性,积极发展糖醇螯合肥料是实现我国化肥用量零增长的有效途径。 相似文献
10.
In the 21st century, nutrient efficient plants will play a major role in increasing crop yields compared to the 20th century, mainly due to limited land and water resources available for crop production, higher cost of inorganic fertilizer inputs, declining trends in crop yields globally, and increasing environmental concerns. Furthermore, at least 60% of the world's arable lands have mineral deficiencies or elemental toxicity problems, and on such soils fertilizers and lime amendments are essential for achieving improved crop yields. Fertilizer inputs are increasing cost of production of farmers, and there is a major concern for environmental pollution due to excess fertilizer inputs. Higher demands for food and fiber by increasing world populations further enhance the importance of nutrient efficient cultivars that are also higher producers. Nutrient efficient plants are defined as those plants, which produce higher yields per unit of nutrient, applied or absorbed than other plants (standards) under similar agroecological conditions. During the last three decades, much research has been conducted to identify and/or breed nutrient efficient plant species or genotypes/cultivars within species and to further understand the mechanisms of nutrient efficiency in crop plants. However, success in releasing nutrient efficient cultivars has been limited. The main reasons for limited success are that the genetics of plant responses to nutrients and plant interactions with environmental variables are not well understood. Complexity of genes involved in nutrient use efficiency for macro and micronutrients and limited collaborative efforts between breeders, soil scientists, physiologists, and agronomists to evaluate nutrient efficiency issues on a holistic basis have hampered progress in this area. Hence, during the 21st century agricultural scientists have tremendous challenges, as well as opportunities, to develop nutrient efficient crop plants and to develop best management practices that increase the plant efficiency for utilization of applied fertilizers. During the 20th century, breeding for nutritional traits has been proposed as a strategy to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use or to obtain higher yields in low input agricultural systems. This strategy should continue to receive top priority during the 21st century for developing nutrient efficient crop genotypes. This paper over views the importance of nutrient efficient plants in increasing crop yields in modern agriculture. Further, definitions and available methods of calculating nutrient use efficiency, mechanisms for nutrient uptake and use efficiency, role of crops in nutrient use efficiency under biotic and abiotic stresses and breeding strategies to improve nutrient use efficiency in crop plants have been discussed. 相似文献
11.
施肥与土壤健康质量论施肥对环境的影响（3） 总被引：23，自引：3，他引：23
就施肥与土壤健康质量而言,有机肥的问题比无机肥的更严重。无机的N肥、K肥是化学晶体,比较洁净,导致污染的可能性不大。国产P矿为原料的P肥和钙镁磷肥的Cd含量也较低,但进口的磷矿粉以进口P矿为原料的P肥的Cd含量较高,是无机肥料对人畜健康的主要危险。有机肥有病原微生物,有机毒物及重金属污染的问题。从生态安全和充分利用自然资源看,有机堆肥、污泥堆肥是必须开发利用的。因其使用量特别大,所含污染物的危险性也就较大。制定相应的法规和有机肥产品的质量标准进行监督和控制是紧要的任务。建议其产品主要应用在林木、草坪、花草及木本经济作物上,蔬菜和一年生的粮食作物上应慎用。 相似文献
12.
The unsustainable use of phosphate-based fertilizers can lead to the depletion of accessible phosphorous reserves and cause environmental problems. As well as finding new phosphate supplies, we ought to be prioritizing sustainable phosphate-based fertilizers. By adopting microbial, physical and chemical modifications, low-solubility phosphate minerals could be used in an efficient way for nutrient supply and heavy metal immobilization. However, there are many obstacles to overcome in moving these sustainable approaches from the laboratory to the field. 相似文献
13.
本文应用电导法测定了12种化肥在纯水和三种土壤真溶液中的盐(度)指数。结果表明:①不同化肥的盐指数差别很大,以硝铵为100时,变化在8(ssp)到118(kc);②以实物计量比养分量更能表达不同化肥的盐指数差异;③不同化肥在纯水和土壤真溶液中的盐指数趋势相似。尿素应以土壤真溶液法测定为准;④电导法与渗透压法测得的盐指数值及其排列顺序相似。化肥盐指数是一个重要参数,对土壤持水量和有效水供应有明显影响,是选择种肥、确定复混肥配方、施肥量和施肥技术等的重要依据。 相似文献
14.
本文应用电导法测定了12种化肥在纯水和三种土壤真溶液中的盐(度)指数。结果表明:①不同化肥的盐指数差别很大,以硝铵为100时,变化在8(ssp)到118(kc);②以实物计量比养分量更能表达不同化肥的盐指数差异;③不同化肥在纯水和土壤真溶液中的盐指数趋势相似。尿素应以土壤真溶液法测定为准;④电导法与渗透压法测得的盐指数值及其排列顺序相似。化肥盐指数是一个重要参数,对土壤持水量和有效水供应有明显影响,是选择种肥、确定复混肥配方、施肥量和施肥技术等的重要依据。 相似文献
15.
为定量地综合评价不同施肥模式下温室黄瓜种植的效益,建立了包括社会、经济和生态环境3个方面共9项指标的多因素二级评价指标体系。本研究采用模糊评判的方法,定量评判6种施肥模式（不施肥、常规化肥、等养分专用肥、等养分有机肥、等养分专用肥减量20%、等养分专用肥减量40%）下温室黄瓜种植的社会效益、经济效益以及生态环境效益,以期为受试地区温室黄瓜种植找到最优化的施肥模式。结果表明：仅考虑社会效益时,不施肥模式的社会效益最好,常规化肥施肥模式的社会效益最差;仅考虑经济效益时,不施肥模式的经济效益最差,而等养分专用肥减量20%模式和等养分专用肥模式的经济效益都较好;仅考虑生态环境效益时,不施肥模式和等养分专用肥减量40%模式的生态环境效益均较好,而常规化肥模式不具有好的生态环境效益;而考虑综合效益时,等养分专用肥减量20%模式的综合效益最好,6种施肥模式中综合效益最差的是常规施肥模式。因此,应在受试地区大力推广等养分专用肥减量20%施肥模式,减少常规化肥的施用,以期获得较好的社会效益、经济效益与生态环境效益。 相似文献
16.
Long-term stationary field experiments revealed a poor supply of gray forest soils with available phosphorus, which provides no more than half the amount necessary for optimum nutrition of plants. It was found that agricultural crops with different capacities to assimilate phosphates from the soil and fertilizers have strong requirements for phosphorus fertilizers and abruptly increase their utilization in the production process with increasing level of nitrogen nutrition. Crops with the optimum level of nitrogen nutrition uptake a double amount of phosphorus compared to crops depleted in nitrogen. Clover and barley have an increased capacity to mobilize soil phosphates from the lower horizons at an extremely low content of available forms of them in the plow layer. Winter wheat and corn are characterized by an active uptake of phosphorus applied with fertilizer and its efficient utilization in the production process if the nitrogen supply is not a limiting factor. The level of phosphorus nutrition of subsequent rotation crops increases due to the enrichment of the root-inhabited soil layer with phosphorus from clover root and harvest residues. Based on the data about the unacceptably abrupt decrease in the application of mineral fertilizers in Russian agriculture (90% of fertilizers are exported now), it is shown that the export of fertilizers should be limited at the state level, because chemicals, and primarily phosphorus fertilizers, should be considered strategic resources for internal use only. 相似文献
17.
缓控释肥料是采用物理、化学或物理化学的方法对速效性化肥进行改性,从而实现养分缓慢释放或控制释放的新型肥料,不仅能满足植物整个生长期的养分需求,还可以提高肥料利用率、降低环境风险,是农业绿色发展的重要保障。纳米材料具有尺寸小、表面积大以及界面效应显著等特性,其在缓控释肥中的应用已成为当前缓控释肥料领域的研究热点。本文分别综述了纳米氧化物、纳米纤维素、纳米碳和纳米粘土等主要纳米材料在缓控释肥中的添加技术和应用效果。物理共混、化学接枝、浸渍吸附等是纳米材料改性缓控释肥的常用技术手段,纳米材料发挥的最重要功能是疏水性、吸附性、保水性、环境响应性和自修复性。纳米材料表面丰富的官能团、物理交联点或微纳米凸起的形成等是提高缓控释效果的关键因素。拓展天然有机纳米材料、探寻简单高效的改性方法、明确相应缓控释肥的养分释放及性能调控机制是今后研究的重要方向。 相似文献
18.
DMPP减少稻田土壤氮素损失的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以追求高产为目标的过量施肥不仅造成养分资源的浪费,而且由于养分流失导致对周边水体的污染。利用硝化抑制剂与氮肥配施被认为是减少农田氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率的有效途径。本文以新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(简称DMPP)为研究对象,就其特性与优势,结合稻田氮素循环的自身特点,重点介绍了DMPP对稻田氮素损失各主要环节的影响。从DMPP对稻田硝化与反硝化的作用机理、微生物影响及作用效果等方面,综述了其在减少稻田氮素损失、提高氮素利用率,降低农业面源污染风险,促进环境保护方面的作用。同时对目前研究中存在的问题和争议进行了分析讨论,对今后关于DMPP应该深入的研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
19.
The burgeoning global market for soil microbial inoculants for use in agriculture is being driven by pressure to increase sustainable crop production by managing pests and diseases without environmental impacts. Microbial inoculants, based predominantly on bacteria and fungi, are applied to soil as alternatives to conventional inorganic fertilizers (biofertilizers) or to carry out specific functions including biocontrol of pests and diseases (biopesticides), or for bioremediation and enhancement of soil characteristics. While some soil inoculants such as rhizobia have a long and successful history of use, others have performed inconsistently in the field and failed to live up to their promise suggested by laboratory testing. A more precise understanding of the ecology and modes of action of inoculant strains is key to optimizing their efficacy and guiding their targeted use to situations where they address key limitations to crop production. This will require greater collaboration between science disciplines, including microbiology, plant and soil science, molecular biology and agronomy. Inoculants must be produced and formulated to ensure their effective establishment in the soil and practicality of implementation alongside existing cropping practices. New approaches to strain selection and construction of beneficial microbial consortia should lead to more efficacious inoculant products. Extensive and rigorous field evaluation of inoculants under a range of soil and environmental conditions has rarely been undertaken and is urgently needed to validate emerging inoculant products and underpin successful implementation by growers, especially in a market that is largely unregulated at present. 相似文献
20.
Chelates are compounds that are applied to improve nutrition, especially the micronutrients status of plant tissues. During past decades, various chelating agents have been synthesized and introduced to agricultural systems. The recent formulas are aminochelates that are synthesized using various amino acids and a single or several nutrient ions aimed at improving fertilizer use efficiency and more adaptation to environment protection. Apart from their primary use as a micronutrient source, aminochelates represent an effective nitrogen (N) fertilizer in plant nutrition that can avoid negative effects from simple N fertilizers, such as urea. In various studies, higher yield and quality as well as higher concentration of nutrient elements have been obtained by application of aminochelates rather than simple chemical fertilizers. These compounds claimed to be more natural and safer forms of chelating agents, with higher use efficiency and without environmental side effects. However, there is lack of sufficient knowledge especially regarding their detailed impacts and their fate within the soil and plant system. This review provides information concerning the role of aminochelates in plant nutrition and to summarize the previous recent studies that have been done using these fertilizers. 相似文献