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抗微生物药的残留危害及其合理应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
文章对抗微生物药在环境中的残留现状,在环境中的迁移、蓄积、降解及其对动物、植物、微生物的影响等研究进展进行了概述,在此基础上对今后研究重点进行了展望.针对抗微生物药的合理应用提出了如下基本原则:①严格掌握适应症和抗菌谱选用抗菌药;②掌握药物动力学特征,制定合理的给药方案;③避免耐药性的产生;④防止药物的不良反应和药物残留;⑤抗菌药的联合应用. 相似文献
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采用高效液相色谱法,在(23.1±0.8)℃水温条件下,对环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶两种抗菌药物在健康大菱鲆体内的代谢动力学规律进行了比较研究。结果显示,单次口服环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶后,药物在血浆中的经时过程均符合一级吸收二室开放模型,表达方程分别为CCIP=14.811e-0.337t+4.028e-0.063t-18.839e-0.616t、CSM2=64.981e-0.141t+4.59e-0.004t-69.571e-0.19t;静脉注射这两种药物后,药物在血浆中经时过程均符合无级吸收二室开放模型,表达方程分别为CCIP=21.784e-1.098t+1.514e-0.043t、CSM2=33.028e-5.687t+8.674e-0.013t。口服相同剂量(20 mg/kg)药物后,对血浆的药代动力学参数进行比较,环丙沙星的Tmax(6 h)、Cmax(5.385μg/mL)、t1/2Ka(1.125h)、t1/2α(2.057 h)和t1/2β(11.028 h)均小于磺胺二甲嘧啶给药(8 h、13.990μg/mL、3.647 h、4.923 h和173.407 h),且F(60.57%)大于磺胺二甲嘧啶给药F(47.13%)。证实环丙沙星在大菱鲆体内的吸收、分布、消除速度,达峰时间均快于磺胺二甲嘧啶给药,且比磺胺二甲嘧啶给药吸收完全。根据本实验的结果,环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶的合理给药方案分别为28.01 mg/kg和18.32 mg/kg,均为每日1次给药,连用3～5 d。 相似文献
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应用药物累积法研究复方中药Ⅱ的药代动力学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中药药代动力学的研究对指导新药设计,改进药物剂型,改进给药方案,筛选高效、长效、低毒副作用的药物及指导临床用药等方面发挥重大作用。中药药代动力学的研究可分两部分:一部分为中药有效成分明确的药代动力学研究,另一部分是有效成分不明确的中药和中药制剂的药代动力学研究[1],方法有两种。第一种是药理效应法。第二种是药物累积法。用药物累积法研究药代动力学的方法有两种。第一种是以动物死亡率作为观察指标的“累积法”:即多组动物按不同间隔时间给药,求出不同时间体存百分率的动态变化情况,从而计算药动学参数[1]。赫梅生用此法对… 相似文献
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3．1化药代谢动力学方面涉及药动学模型、动物或组织器官的药动学和群体药动学（药物代谢动力学）。刘雅红报告“群体药动学”进展并综述其具体流程和方案,评价群体药动学表达的（包括动物群体和个体及群体中不同患病个体的年龄、体重、性别、疾病与剂量状况及合并用药等因素）的平均参数,在优化给药方案、药物残留及新药研发中的重要意义。 相似文献
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鸡球虫病药物防治的研究现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鸡球虫病是一种对养鸡业造成严重危害的寄生性原虫病,其防治已成为养鸡业的重要课题。目前,对鸡球虫病的防治主要还是依赖药物。本文综述了鸡球虫病药物防治的研究现状,主要阐述了聚醚类载体抗生素、化学合成类抗球虫药研究情况,同时分析了目前药物防治存在的问题,诸如耐药性、药物残留、防治费用支出较大等,最后简单综述了制定合理给药程序、开发中草药、应用疫苗免疫等解决方案与对策。 相似文献
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Wyse CA Skeldon K Hotchkiss JW Gibson G Yam PS Christley RM Preston T Cumming DR Padgett M Cooper JC Love S 《The Veterinary record》2005,157(14):408-412
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of changes to the stable environment on exhaled markers of respiratory inflammation in six horses with clinical histories of recurrent airway obstruction. The horses were maintained for two weeks under conventional stable management (straw bedding and hay) and for two weeks on a reduced-dust regimen (paper bedding and ensiled grass), in a crossover study design. Exhaled ethane and carbon monoxide (CO) and exhaled breath condensate hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) were measured every three days under each regimen. The presence of clinical signs of airway inflammation (nasal discharge and cough) was monitored daily. The reduced-dust regimen was associated with fewer clinical signs of airway inflammation than the conventional regimen. Exhaled ethane and CO were significantly lower on the reduced-dust regimen and these markers were correlated with clinical signs of respiratory inflammation, but exhaled H(2)O(2) was not affected by the management regimen. 相似文献
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The overall objective was to compare reproductive performance through 4 parities of gilts developed with ad libitum access to feed or with restriction of energy to 75% of ad libitum intake. Effects on growth and pubertal development are reported. The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial with 661 gilts. One-half of the gilts (n = 330) were allowed ad libitum access to feed from weaning to breeding at 235 d of age (AL), and 331 littermates were developed with ad libitum access to feed to 123 d of age and then restricted to 75% of ad libitum intake to 235 d of age (Res). Diets for gilts on regimen AL were formulated to meet requirements for growth. All nutrients except energy and selenium were increased in the diet fed to gilts on regimen Res so that nutrient intake per unit of BW was expected to be similar to that of gilts on regimen AL. Sires of all gilts were from an industry maternal line. Dams were either an industry Large White-Landrace cross, or Nebraska selection Line 45, producing gilts denoted as LW/LR and L45X, respectively. Traits were recorded every 2 wk. Recording of feed intake and BW began at 53 d of age, and recording of backfat (BF) and LM area (LMA) began at 123 d of age. Estrus detection began at 140 d of age to determine age at puberty (AP). The G:F ratio from 123 to 235 d of age for gilts on the AL regimen was greater (0.269 vs. 0.257, P < 0.01) than for gilts on the Res regimen; the greatest difference occurred in the first 2-wk period following feed restriction. The LW/LR gilts were heavier, had less BF, and had greater LMA than L45X gilts, but interactions with feeding regimen and period of development existed. Feed restriction reduced BW, BF, LMA, and ratio of BF to BW, but had little effect on ratio of LMA to BW. More L45X gilts than LW/LR gilts (98 vs. 93%, P < 0.01) and more gilts developed on regimen AL than regimen Res (98 vs. 91%, P < 0.01) expressed estrus. Mean age at puberty was 178.6 d for LW/LR and 173.0 d for L45X gilts (P < 0.01) and 174.1 d for regimen AL and 177.5 d for regimen Res (P < 0.05). The Res regimen delayed pubertal development. Subsequently, it will be important to determine effects on reproduction through 4 parities. 相似文献
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Schoonmaker JP Fluharty FL Loerch SC Turner TB Moeller SJ Wulf DM 《Journal of animal science》2001,79(5):1074-1084
One hundred forty-three Angus x Simmental crossbred steers (initial BW = 155.1 +/- 4.5 kg) were used in a 2-yr study (yr 1, n = 67; yr 2, n = 76) to determine the effects of weaning age, implant regimen, and the weaning age x implant regimen interaction on steer growth and performance, organ mass, carcass characteristics, and cooked beef palatability. Steers were early-weaned at an average age of 108 d (EW) or normally weaned at an average age of 202 d (NW) and allotted by weight to an aggressive or nonaggressive implant regimen. On their respective weaning dates, EW and NW steers were penned individually and fed a grain-based diet until they were slaughtered at a final BW of 546 kg. A subsample of steers (n = 2 per treatment) were slaughtered at 254 kg. At 254 kg, EW steers implanted with the aggressive implant regimen had 64% greater backfat depth than those implanted with the nonaggressive implant regimen; conversely, NW steers implanted with the aggressive implant regimen had 52% lower backfat depth than those implanted with the nonaggressive implant regimen (weaning status x implant regimen interaction; P < 0.01). A similar interaction was observed for empty visceral organ weights. Early-weaned steers were younger (354.7 vs 372.4 d; P < 0.01) at final slaughter but were in the feedlot longer (246.5 vs 169.6 d; P < 0.01) than NW steers, whereas the aggressive implant regimen decreased days fed (203.3 vs 212.7; P < 0.07) compared to the nonaggressive implant regimen. Overall ADG was greater for EW than for NW steers (1.61 vs 1.50 kg/d; P < 0.01) and for the aggressive compared with the nonaggressive implant regimen (1.59 vs 1.52 kg/d; P < 0.02). Early-weaned steers consumed less DM per day (7.4 vs 8.5 kg/d; P < 0.01) and were more efficient (0.217 vs 0.208 kg/kg; P < 0.02) but consumed more total DM (1,817 vs 1,429 kg; P < 0.01) than NW steers while in the feedlot. Implant regimen did not affect DMI (P > 0.37) or feed efficiency (P > 0.15). Weaning status did not affect carcass characteristics (P > 0.14), final empty body composition (P > 0.25), or final longissimus muscle composition (P > 0.18); however, steaks from EW steers had higher (P < 0.05) taste panel tenderness and juiciness ratings than steaks from NW steers. The aggressive implant regimen decreased yield grade (P < 0.02), but did not affect quality grade (P > 0.86) compared to the nonaggressive implant regimen. Placing early-weaned steers on an aggressive implant regimen is a viable management option. 相似文献
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Summary An oral high dosage regimen of sulphadimethoxine (SDM) was examined in pigs. The dose (50 mg/kg) in the therapeutic range, showed nonlinear pharmacokinetics, and administered by drench once a day for 4 days. The unbound plasma concentration‐time profile was compared with that of the dosage regimen based on nonlinear pharmacokinetics, where a pharmacokinetic model and parameters were used except for the first order absorption rate constant (ka) and bioavailability (F). F and ka were obtained from oral and intravenous administration of 20 and 10 mg/kg of SDM. The unbound plasma concentration was observed almost within the setting range by the dosage regimen through the experimental period. This result suggested that the dosage regimen, based on the nonlinear pharmacokinetic model, resulted in an appropriate effect in the clinical use. 相似文献
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An oral high dosage regimen of sulphadimethoxine (SDM) was examined in pigs. The dose (50 mg/kg) in the therapeutic range, showed nonlinear pharmacokinetics, and administered by drench once a day for 4 days. The unbound plasma concentration-time profile was compared with that of the dosage regimen based on nonlinear pharmacokinetics, where a pharmacokinetic model and parameters were used except for the first order absorption rate constant (ka) and bioavailability (F). F and ka were obtained from oral and intravenous administration of 20 and 10 mg/kg of SDM. The unbound plasma concentration was observed almost within the setting range by the dosage regimen through the experimental period. This result suggested that the dosage regimen, based on the nonlinear pharmacokinetic model, resulted in an appropriate effect in the clinical use. 相似文献
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Effect of maternal canthaxanthin and 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation on the performance of ducklings under two different vitamin regimens 
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下载免费PDF全文 Z. Z. Ren S. Z. Jiang Q. F. Zeng X. M. Ding S. P. Bai J. P. Wang Y. H. Luo Z. W. Su Y. Xuan K. Y. Zhang 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2017,101(2):359-368
This study investigated the effects of maternal canthaxanthin (CX, 6 mg/kg) and 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25‐OH‐D3, 0.069 mg/kg) supplementation on the performance of Cherry Valley ducklings under two different vitamin regimens. A total of 780 duck breeder females and 156 males were randomly allotted to two diets with or without the addition of the mixture of CX and 25‐OH‐D3 (CX+25‐OH‐D3) for 32 weeks. Ducklings (males and females separately) hatched from eggs laid at 24 weeks of the duck breeder trial were fed with a NRC vitamin regimen, and ducklings (males and females separately) hatched from eggs laid at 32 weeks of the duck breeder trial were fed with a HIGH vitamin regimen (had higher levels of all vitamins except biotin than NRC vitamin regimen), for 14 days. The results showed that, maternal CX+25‐OH‐D3 supplementation increased the shank pigmentation for 7‐days post hatch in ducklings under a NRC vitamin regimen, and for 14‐days post hatch in ducklings under a HIGH vitamin regimen. Growth performance, antioxidant status and serum phosphorus of ducklings under a NRC vitamin regimen were increased by maternal CX+25‐OH‐D3 supplementation; however, these positive effects were not observed in ducklings under a HIGH vitamin regimen. Males revealed increased growth performance in ducklings under both NRC and HIGH vitamin regimens. Sexual differences in shank pigmentation, antioxidant status, tibia strength and serum phosphorus were not consistent as they were dependent on maternal CX+25‐OH‐D3 status or dietary vitamin regimens. Data suggest that maternal CX+25‐OH‐D3 supplementation is important for starter ducklings under a NRC vitamin regimen, but not HIGH vitamin regimen. 相似文献
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抗菌药物使用对耐药菌富增影响的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为制定更为合理的给药方案,防止细菌耐药性的过快增长,介绍了近年来给药方案对细菌耐药性选择性富增的影响的研究进展,认为防突变浓度和突变选择窗可能成为制定合理给药方案的新标准以及今后兽用抗菌药物研究的一个方向. 相似文献
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A single versus a divided dose regimen of danofloxacin was evaluated in treatment of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection using clinical observations combined with biochemical infection markers: C-reactive protein, zinc and ascorbic acid. Twenty hours after experimental infection, the 18 pigs received danofloxacin intravenously as a single dose of 2.5mg/kg or four doses of 0.6 mg/kg administered at 24h intervals. These dosage regimens resulted in similar AUCs of the plasma danofloxacin vs time curve. The maximum concentration was 3.5-fold higher using the single dose regimen, while the time with concentrations above the MIC was 2.5-fold longer using the fractionated regimen. Using the single dose regimen, temperature was normalised 32 h post-infection. In contrast, normalisation was delayed until 44 h post-infection using four low doses and a relapse with elevated temperatures at 52 and 68 h was observed. No other significant differences between the treatments were found, neither regarding clinical, haematological nor biochemical observations. The use of the more convenient single dose regimen was appropriate, as it was at least equivalent to the fractionated regimen. 相似文献
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Two experiments were conducted to investigate a feeding regimen in which a programmed amount of feed was offered daily to control growth rate of steers. In Exp. 1, steers (n = 107, 309 +/- 3 kg) were used to determine effects of offering ad libitum access to feed (AL) vs a programmed intake feeding regimen (PI) and the number of days steers were fed (168 vs 203) on performance and carcass characteristics. Steers in the programmed intake feeding regimen were fed to achieve a predicted gain of 1.13 kg/d for the first 78 kg of gain, 1.36 kg/d for the next 124 kg of gain, and were given ad libitum access to feed for the final 54 or 103 kg of gain before slaughter (for steers fed for 168 d or 203 d, respectively). Feed efficiency was greater (P < 0.02) for steers in the PI than for those in the AL feeding regimen (0.193 vs 0.183 kg gain/kg feed, respectively). From d 169 to 203, steers in the PI feeding regimen had greater (P < 0.06) ADG (1.60 vs 1.38 kg/d) and similar (P = 0.38) feed efficiency than steers in the AL regimen. In Exp. 2, steers (n = 96; 308 +/- 3 kg BW) were offered feed ad libitum throughout the experiment (AL) or were programmed to gain at a high (PI-H) or low (PI-L) growth rate. For the first 78 kg of gain, intake was restricted to achieve predicted gains of 1.13 kg/d (PI-L) or 1.25 kg/d (PI-H). For the next 124 kg of gain, intake was restricted to achieve predicted gains of 1.36 kg/d (PI-L) or 1.47 kg/d (PI-H). Feed was offered ad libitum for the final 58 kg of gain. Overall ADG was similar (P > 0.37) among feeding regimens despite lower DMI for the steers in the PI-L and PI-H feeding regimens than for those in the AL regimen. Feeding regimen did not affect (P < 0.22) carcass characteristics. Programmed intake feeding regimens sustained growth rate and feed efficiency for an extended period of time without detrimental effects on carcass characteristics. 相似文献
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C. R. E. HALNAN 《The Journal of small animal practice》1976,17(10):685-691
Three principal methods of treatment were described: a medical regimen in which supervised administration of parenteral drugs and manual emptying of the sacs was performed over a 2-week period–suitable in mild cases; a surgical regimen based on the well-known methods of excision with special attention to the surgical approach, and a pseudoradical method in which the sacs were sclerosed by a method of irrigation with suitable fixative solutions. A reference is made to the concomitant dermatoses and their simultaneous treatment. 相似文献