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本文综述了狂犬病病毒的分子生物学研究进展,并对人间狂犬病流行状况进行总结分析。通过收集1990～2006年的全国狂犬病疫情监测资料及部分省市的流行病学调查资料并进行分析,探讨中国的狂犬病流行状况及其趋势。从资料数据显示,我国的人间狂犬病目前又逐渐处于新的一个发病高峰。由于狂犬病的发病率有逐渐升高的趋势和狂犬病的高死亡率逐渐引起人们的关注,通过对狂犬病病毒与流行病学的总结分析,为狂犬病病原的研究与防制提供参考。 相似文献
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猪伪狂犬病是国家要求猪场开展净化的病种。为做好猪伪狂犬病的净化工作,对厦门市猪群伪狂犬病感染状况进行了流行病学调查,从而估计其血清学流行率。本研究使用猪伪狂犬病病毒g E-ELISA抗体检测试剂盒,检测了2 402份血清样品;另外实地调查了40个猪场的饲养管理和免疫等情况,分析伪狂犬病发生的风险因素。结果显示,厦门市猪伪狂犬病血清学的场真实流行率为71.8%(95%CI:62.3%~81.2%),个体真实流行率为59.0%(95%CI:57.3%~60.7%);外购种猪是猪场感染伪狂犬病的主要危险因素。 相似文献
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1伪狂犬病最新流行动态伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)是一个不可忽视的致病因子,造成伪狂犬病(PR)在全国大范围的传播流行,伪狂犬病病毒起到了推波助澜的作用,而且使猪病的感染流行复杂化。近年来一些猪场猪伪狂犬病免疫失败,猪伪狂犬病与其他疫病的混合感染不断涌现,使猪伪狂犬病的防控形势面临新的挑战。伪狂犬病并没有消失,而 相似文献
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目的:分析我市2007-2009年人间狂犬病流行特征和流行相关因素,探讨目前防制过程中存在的问题,提出狂犬病的防制对策。方法:对全市近三年来人间狂犬病病例个案资料和流行病学调查结果进行统计分析,同时采集疫点扑杀犬或疫情活跃县(区)市售犬脑组织及部分原疫点屯犬唾液进行病原检测,并采集未佩带有免疫标识屠宰犬血清进行狂犬病抗体检测。结果:我市人间狂犬病病例分布以农村为主,是犬饲养量大、免疫率低、部门间信息沟通不及时以及人间暴露后末进行疫苗接种等是我市人间狂犬病流行的主要原因。结论:搞好动物狂犬病的防治是防控该病的核心工作。 相似文献
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A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify ecologic and socioeconomic factors associated with dogs unvaccinated against rabies in Mexicali, the capital city of Baja California, Mexico (located across the US-Mexico border). A total of 1100 households were selected by random sampling from a list of all 180,000 households. A questionnaire was filled in during a personal interview with the household head or another adult person to gather information of epidemiological interest (such as canine ecology, social and economic factors that might influence owners' decision to allow their dog to be vaccinated). There were 910 dogs identified. The human-to-dog ratio was 4.3:1. The male-to-female dog ratio was 1.5:1. Out of 791 dogs > or = 3 months old, 577 (73%) were classified as vaccinated against rabies. Most dogs (95%) were not spayed. Neighborhood dogs had 25 times higher risk of nonvaccination compared to dogs owned by a family. Dogs 3-11 months old had three times higher risk of nonvaccination compared to dogs > or = 1 year old. Dogs that were obtained as a gift, born at home or found had two times higher risk of nonvaccination compared to dogs that were reportedly purchased. Crossbred dogs had 1.5 times higher risk of nonvaccination compared to purebred dogs. The canine-ecology structure is similar to that in regions were rabies is endemic. 相似文献
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本研究建立了检测狂犬病病毒抗原的夹心间接斑点酶联免疫吸附试验(SI-Dot-ELISA).本法检出狂犬病病毒抗原的最低浓度为:0.01IU/mL的标准抗原,1:100000 (相当于20 LD_(50))的狂犬病病毒CVS株和鹿8202株的鼠脑悬液,1:400(相当于7906TCID_(50)/mL)的狂犬病病毒SAG株的细胞培养物.对多种健康动物的组织、健康细胞培养物以及犬瘟热病毒、犬腺病毒等检测均为阴性.用SI—Dot—ELISA、夹心间接ELISA(SI—ELISA)和小鼠脑内接种3种方法,检测了388份材料,检出的阳性份数分别为173、171和179,经统计学处理,3种方法在狂犬病病毒抗原的检测上,可以相互代替.甲醛灭活病毒不影响本方法的检测,而加入氢氧化铝胶后的病毒悬液则不能用本法检测.本法适用于狂犬病的诊断、流行病学调查、疫苗效价的测定和实验研究中病毒抗原的测定. 相似文献
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In developing countries such as Brazil, where canine rabies is still a considerable problem, samples from wildlife species are infrequently collected and submitted for screening for rabies. A collaborative study was established involving environmental biologists and veterinarians for rabies epidemiological research in a specific ecological area located at the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The wild animals’ brains are required to be collected without skull damage because the skull’s measurements are important in the identification of the captured animal species. For this purpose, samples from bats and small mammals were collected using an aspiration method by inserting a plastic pipette into the brain through the magnum foramen. While there is a progressive increase in the use of the plastic pipette technique in various studies undertaken, it is also appreciated that this method could foster collaborative research between wildlife scientists and rabies epidemiologists thus improving rabies surveillance. 相似文献
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Kikuti M Paploski IA Silva MC de Oliveira EA da Silva AW Biondo AW 《Zoonoses and public health》2011,58(8):529-532
Guaraqueçaba city is a rain forest environmental protected area located on the southern coast of Brazil. Recently, the local Animal Health Service has noticed haematophagous bats feeding from humans and domestic animals, as well as bat colonies located in houses and public schools. In 2007, two non‐haematophagous bats were tested positive by direct immunofluorescence for rabies in a nearby city. Native fauna and environmental laws protect non‐haematophagous bats in Brazilian preserved areas such as Guaraqueçaba, making non‐haematophagous bat population control almost impossible. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate a simple and feasible educational protocol applied by a multi‐institutional task force in local elementary schools to prevent rabies transmitted by bats. Information was transmitted to children by video, lectures and oral question–answer section; evaluation was made by written questionnaires to teachers and students. Interinstitutional task force included public and animal health public services, a federal university and the city secretary of environment, of education, of agriculture and of animal health, and also participation of local community. Information was effectively absorbed by children when evaluated just after being given. As important, questionnaires showed that handling and playing with bats at day time was common in several elementary school students, exposing themselves to what may represent higher risk of rabies transmission than haematophagous bat feeding directly from humans. Training of teachers and students may effectively prevent rabies by bats in such communities. Insertion of this subject into science content of local elementary school educational programme was proposed in order to establish a continuing education programme on rabies transmitted by bats in environmental preserved areas. 相似文献
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Selhorst T Freuling CM Blicke J Vos A Larres G Zimmer K Fröhlich T Bätza HJ Müller TF 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2012,125(5-6):191-196
In 2005, the final phase of terrestrial rabies eradication in Germany was put at risk by a severe setback due to re-introduction of the disease in Rhineland-Palatinate from neighbouring Hesse after seven years of absence. The rapid westward spread of the disease prompted veterinary authorities to react swiftly and apply a new yet unproven vaccination strategy to rapidly increase herd immunity in an almost unprotected fox population to stop the epidemic. The cornerstones of this emergency oral rabies vaccination strategy, i. e. vaccination intervals, identification of high risk spots, real time epidemiological assessment, capable to eliminate rabies within 13 months after incursion are described here. This strategy may be used as a template to tackle similar emergency situations in Europe in the future. 相似文献
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El-Neweshy Mahmoud S. Al Mayahi Nada Al Mamari Wafa Al Rashdi Zahra Al Mawly Julanda H. 《Tropical animal health and production》2020,52(6):3069-3076
Successful preventive and control measures of zoonotic diseases require updated epidemiological data. Sylvatic rabies is endemic in Oman since 1990. Studying of the prevalence of animal rabies in Oman (2017–2019) was the goal of the current study besides the clinical–histopathological investigations of rabies in different animal species. A total of 117 whole brains of different animal species from different regions of Oman were examined by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and histopathology for rabies during 2017–2019. Sixty-four samples (54.7%) were positive for rabies by FAT. The most affected species were goat (53.1%) followed by camel (18.8%), which pose a great risk to farmers and veterinarians. Positive fox cases were (10.9%). Most confirmed cases of animal rabies were submitted from Northern regions of Oman. Rabies was reported recently in Al Wusta among wild ruminants, Central Oman. The seasonal cycle of animal rabies in Oman was year-round with the peak from December to April. The clinical signs and neuropathological findings were nearly similar in different animal species. Histopathology-positive cases had Negri bodies in pyramidal and purkinje neurons, non-suppurative encephalitis features, and neuronal degeneration and necrosis. The sensitivity and specificity of histopathological diagnosis of rabies in different animals were 76.47% and 100.00%, respectively. Finally, sylvatic rabies remains a major challenge to the public and animal health in Oman. Although of the value of histopathological diagnosis of rabies if no other technique is available, other complementary tests must be employed to confirm negative results.
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Pfukenyi DM Pawandiwa D Makaya PV Ushewokunze-Obatolu U 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(4):565-572
To assess the epidemiological features of wildlife rabies in Zimbabwe, a retrospective study covering a period of 12 years
(1992–2003) was conducted using rabies records of the Central Veterinary Laboratories (CVL), Department of Veterinary Technical
Services at Harare. Records of monthly and annual wildlife rabies were perused with regard to total samples submitted to the
CVL and corresponding positive cases. Positive cases were analyzed in relation to the animal species involved, seasonal trends,
and land-use categories. A total of 2107 samples were submitted and 1 540 (73.1%) were positive. Jackals (Canis mesomelas and C. adustus), with a peak occurrence of rabies between January and March were the major maintenance host, representing approximately
91% of the total rabies cases confirmed. The Canidae family recorded the highest number of cases followed by the Viverridae,
Mustelidae, Felidae, Herpestidae and Hyaenidae families in that order. During the present study rabies cases were confirmed
in 7 additional wild animals. The majority of the positive cases (83.7%) were recorded in commercial farming areas in the
northeast parts of the country. 相似文献
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基于目前在我国人群和动物中流行的狂犬病病毒（RV）均属于基因Ⅰ型,在本室所建立的基因Ⅰ型RV荧光定量RT-PCR方法的基础上,组装了可以便捷使用的RV快速检测试剂盒。对4 577份临床样品的检测结果表明,该试剂盒的检测灵敏度达4.68个TCID50,与《狂犬病防治技术规范》规定的套式RT-PCR灵敏度相当,而且稳定性良好,可以冷冻保存8个月以上。所研制的荧光定量RT-PCR快速检测试剂盒具有操作简便、快速、特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好、稳定性强等优点,既适合单个临床样品的确诊,又适合RV流行病学监测的大规模筛查。 相似文献
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The epidemiological situation of rabies was investigated in Lithuania. Over the last decade, 2277 cases of rabies were registered among wild and domestic animals (mean number of cases per districts was 44). The highest distribution of rabies was found in the districts of Lazdijai and Utena (116 and 81 cases, respectively), and the lowest in the Svencioniai and Zarasai districts (one and eight cases, respectively). It was found that rabies among wildlife comprised 54% with the majority of cases being registered in foxes (626 cases, 27%) followed by raccoon dogs (470 cases, 21%). Within the last 3 years, cases of rabies among foxes and raccoon dogs increased significantly (three and six times, respectively), compared with the period from 1990 to 1997. Among domestic animals, 46% cases of rabies were registered, with cattle comprising 27%, and the cases among cats and dogs at 9 and 8%, respectively. During the period from 1993 to 1997 in Lithuania, 11,385 of humans were attacked by domestic and wild animals, and 21,173 humans were vaccinated against rabies for prophylactic reasons. Our survey has shown that, during the period from 1997 to 2000, the number of people attacked has increased drastically-31,348 (60%), but only 8021 (18%) of them were vaccinated. 相似文献