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青檀绵叶蚜是危害青檀的蚜虫新种。该文报道了该虫的寄主和天敌,根据试验结果:青檀是该虫的唯一适合寄主;调查到4科6属8种捕食性天敌,以异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas)、中华草蛉Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder、大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)、黑带食蚜蝇Epistrophe balteata DeGeer、中华狼蛛Lycosa sinensis Schenkel数量大,捕食量大。除1种寄生螨外,未发现其他寄生性天敌。 相似文献
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《林业科学》2016,(5)
【目的】对青檀绵叶蚜的有效积温、温度对体型大小的影响、种群动态和趋性等生态学特性进行研究,为该害虫的综合防治奠定基础。【方法】有效积温:设置5个处理温度,将若干头无翅孤雌成蚜放入置好青檀叶的培养皿内,采用改进的树叶圆片法饲养,观察并记录不同温度处理下的发育历期,通过回归直线法计算出发育起点温度和有效积温;温度对体型大小的影响:设置不同的温度梯度,将若干头无翅孤雌成蚜放入置好青檀叶的培养皿内,采用改进的树叶圆片法饲养,观察、测量并记录每头成蚜的体长和体宽,所得数据用SPSS软件分析不同温度间蚜虫体型是否有显著性差异;种群动态:定期观察青檀绵叶蚜从越冬卵的孵化至叶片完全脱落的种群动态,然后绘制青檀绵叶蚜种群动态图表以及有翅蚜与无翅蚜数量及动态图表;趋性:根据蚜虫趋黄的特性,用黄色诱虫板在林间进行诱捕,在试验地树冠的不同高度悬挂黄板,每天定时统计蚜虫数量,最后进行数据汇总和处理。【结果】青檀绵叶蚜的发育起点温度(C)和有效积温(K)分别为(6.40±1.01)℃和(223.11±13.12)日度,计算得出K'/K=15.89,预测青檀绵叶蚜在山东枣庄地区1年可发生15～16代;在一定温度范围内,温度越高发育历期越短,相同龄期体型越小;在山东枣庄该虫有3个高峰期,分别是6月上旬(10日左右)、7月下旬(30日左右)和9月中旬(20日左右),种群动态受风雨等环境因素影响较大;在树冠中下层设置黄板对该虫的诱杀效果较好。【结论】在17～29℃温度范围内,青檀绵叶蚜的发育速率随温度升高而加快,发育历期随温度升高而缩短;对该虫在林间的发生规律及消长趋势进行总结,可为预测预报及综合防治提供理论依据;在实际生产推广黄板诱杀应用中,黄板应悬挂于树冠的中下层,诱捕时间应避开天敌瓢虫的高发期。 相似文献
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禹州市苹果绵蚜综合防治试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
苹果绵蚜是国内外重要的林业有害生物之一.2004年全省林业有害生物普查时发现禹州市有苹果绵蚜危害.通过近几年的观察和试验,对其危害分布、发生规律及防治方法进行了研究,结果表明,用48%毒死蜱或10%吡虫啉、50%抗蚜威交替使用等综合防治效果较好. 相似文献
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苹果绵蚜的综合防治技术 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
苹果绵蚜又名苹果绵虫 ,血色蚜虫 ,俗称白毛虫 ,白絮虫。原产于北美洲 ,是世界性的害虫。主要借苗木、果实、接穗及包装物的运输作远距离传播。是一种国际国内检疫对象。在我国的山东、辽宁、天津的部分地区及秦皇岛的山海关地区有分布 ,1 995年 ,在丰润县发现。1 寄主及为害苹果绵蚜的寄主植物以苹果属、梨属、李属为主 ,群集寄主的枝干伤口、剪锯口、病疤边缘、果实梗洼及萼洼等处 ,通过吸取树木的汁液生活。树木被害部位膨大 ,成畸形 ,阻碍树木养分和水分的运输 ,使树体衰弱。特别是老果园和管理粗放的果园 ,受害更重 ,不仅影响果树产量… 相似文献
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苹果绵蚜的生物学特性及无公害防治技术 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
苹果绵蚜又叫蚜虫、赤蚜、血蚜，是苹果树的危险性害虫，主要为害苹果属，还为害梨属、山楂属、花楸属、李属、桑属、榆属等植物。该虫繁殖快，为害重，难防治，是国内外重要的检疫对象。沧州市自1999年发现苹果绵蚜以来，发生范围逐渐扩大，呈零星分布。 相似文献
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苹果绵蚜是一种检疫性害虫，在西藏分布较广，危害很大，年发生代数为７～２３代，平均１５代，在林芝地区，树体地上部分和地下根部均可越冬。绵蚜的危害有群集性，种群增长曲线为直三角形，３～１０月迅速增长，１１月早霜来临迅速下降，传播途径有主动型、被动型２类，主要天敌有食蚜蝇４种，草岭２种，瓢虫３种，食虫鸟及蚜霉菌。尚未发现日光蜂寄生现象。主要防治措施有检疫，农业防治、农药防治，目前生产上使用的农药避蚜雾，氧化乐果，敌杀死等。苹果绵蚜综合防治应加强检疫，保护新果园，结合老果园改造，引进抗蚜、耐蚜新品种；加强新农药引进，试验。把虫口基数压到危害允许水平之下。 相似文献
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苹果绵蚜的发生规律与防治对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
苹果绵蚜又名赤蚜、血色蚜虫 ,是国内外的检疫对象。在泊头地区的苹果树上 2 0 0 0年春首次发现该虫 ,随后对其进行了近 3a的观察和防治 ,比较有效地控制了其为害。现将其发生特点和防治对策介绍如下。1 为害特点绵蚜以无翅胎生成虫、若虫群集于苹果树的剪锯口、旧伤口、1～ 2a生枝的背阴面、新梢、叶腋、根颈及浅层根系等处寄生危害。被害部位皮层逐渐肿胀 ,形成瘤状突起 ,这在 1a生枝和根上表现最明显。瘤体多呈长椭圆形 ,日久破裂 ,造成众多的小伤口 ,更有利于绵蚜的继续为害和越冬。该虫为害 ,可使小枝大量枯死 ,严重削弱树势 ,影响果… 相似文献
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西藏高原苹果绵蚜生物学研究初报 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
苹果绵蚜是一种检疫性害虫，在西藏分布较广，危害很大，年发生代数为７－２３代，平均１５代，在林芝地区，树体地上部分和地下根部均可越冬，绵蚜的危害有群集性，种群增长曲线为直三角形，３－１０月迅速增长，１１月早霜来临迅速下降，传播途径有主动型，被动型２类，主要天敌有食蚜蝇４种，草蛉２种，瓢虫３种，食虫鸟及蚜霉菌，尚未发现日光蜂寄生现象，主要防治措施有检疫，农业防治，农药防治。目前生产上使用的农药避蚜雾， 相似文献
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Intense applications of synthetic insecticides for the control of adult Musca domestica have led to the insects developing resistance to most of them. In consequence, there is interest in new active ingredients as alternatives to conventional insecticides. Essential oils (EO) are potential tools for controlling M. domestica because of their effectiveness and their minimal environmental effects. In a fumigant assay, M. domestica adults treated with Minthostachys verticillata EO [LC(50)=0.5 mg/dm(3); majority components by SPME-GC: (4R)(+)-pulegone (67.5%), menthone (22.3%) and (4R)(+)-limonene (3.8%)], died within 15 min or less. The terpenes absorbed by the flies and their metabolites, analyzed using SPME fiber, were (4R)(+)-limonene (LC(50)=6.2 mg/dm(3)), menthone (LC(50)=1.9 mg/dm(3)), (4R)(+)-pulegone (LC(50)=1.7 mg/dm(3)) and a new component, menthofuran (LC(50)=0.3 mg/dm(3)), in a relative proportion of 12.4, 6.5, 35.9 and 44.2% respectively. Menthofuran was formed by oxidation of either (4R)(+)-pulegone or menthone mediated by cytochrome P450, as demonstrated by a fumigation assay on flies previously treated with piperonyl butoxide, a P450 inhibitor, which showed a decrease in toxicity of the EO, (4R)(+)-pulegone and of menthone, supporting the participation of the P450 oxidizing system in the formation of menthofuran. The enzymatic reaction of isolated fly microsomes with the EO or the (4R)(+)-pulegone produced menthofuran in both cases. Contrary to expectations, the insect detoxification system contributed to enhance the toxicity of the M. verticillata EO. Consequently, resistant strains overexpressing P450 genes will be more susceptible to either M. verticillata EO or (4R)(+)-pulegone and menthone. 相似文献
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The essential oil obtained from different parts of Ferula glauca L. (formerly considered as a subspecies of F. communis) growing in Marche (central Italy), was analyzed for the first time by GC-FID and GC-MS. The major volatiles were (E)-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide in leaves, alpha-pinene, myrcene and germacrene D in flowers, alpha- and beta-pinene in fruits, (E)-beta-farnesene, myristicin and elemicin in roots, respectively. The differences in composition detected with respect to F. communis, made the volatile fraction a reliable marker to distinguish between them, and confirm the botanical data at the base of their discrimination. Furthermore, the oil was assayed for its antimicrobial activity by the broth microdilution method. B. subtilis was found to be the most sensitive microorganism, with the lowest MIC values. 相似文献
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We quantified species diversity of birds in mangroves at Kundapura from April-2010 to March-2013. We recorded 79 species of 36 families and 14 orders. Of these 71% are resident species, 22% are residential migrants and 8% are migratory. One endangered species, three near threatened species, and a few occasional visitors were re-corded. Species diversity and abundance of birds were greater during from October through May as there was availability of food, increased vegetation and the arrival of migratory birds. Minimum diversity was recorded from June through September owing to heavy rains, increased flow of water, limited availability of food and return of migratory birds. 相似文献
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We used GIS on a regional scale to estimate and compare supply potentials and costs of small-scale logging systems, a mini-forwarder and a 4-ton truck operated by private logging contractors, and manual logging and a light truck operated by individual forest own- ers, with the mechanized operational system of the Forest Owners＇ Asso- ciation. Total potential yields of timber and logging residues were esti- mated as 418,895 m3 and 254,962 m3, respectively. The economic bal- ances were estimated and available amounts were projected as supply potentials from profitable sub-compartments. As a result, available amounts of timber and logging residues were estimated at 375,466 m3 （89.9%） and 203,850 m3 （80.0%）, respectively. Because their transport expenses were lower than for other systems the most profitable sub-compartments were operated by private logging contractors who sold logging residues at a plant. The profitable sub-compartments operated by individual forest owners were few because the extracting distances were usually greater than 20 m. Raising logging residue prices from 3,000 yen·m-3 to 4,080 yen·m-3 or 6,800 yen·m-3, and establishing forest roads, which reduced some extracting distances to less than 20 m, increased the number and area of profitable sub＊compartments, and increased available amounts of logging residues. 相似文献
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B.J. Browning G.J. Jordan P.J. Dalton S.J. Grove T.J. Wardlaw P.A.M. Turner 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
In managed forest landscapes, understanding successional processes is critical to management for sustainable biodiversity. Coarse woody debris is a key substrate for forest biodiversity, particularly because it undergoes complex succession reflecting the effects of changes in both forest structure and substrate characteristics. The present study used a chronosequence approach to investigate succession of mosses, liverworts and ferns on coarse woody debris following clearfell, burn, sow native forest silviculture in wet eucalypt forest in Tasmania, focussing on discriminating between the effects of forest age and log decay. It also compared successional processes following wildfire with those following clearfell, burn, sow silviculture. Forest regenerating after the latter form of regeneration showed clear ecological succession up to 43 years (the limit of available sites), characterised by increasing diversity and cover, and clearly delineated specialisation among species with regard to successional stage. Analyses of subsets of the full data-set indicated that the effects of forest age dominated this succession, with minimal effects of substrate change independent of forest age. Analysis of within forest microenvironments were consistent with the inference that microenvironmental changes related to forest age drive major successional changes in these forests. Comparative analysis indicated similarity between successional states in post-wildfire and post- clearfell, burn, sow regeneration after 43 years for logs of the same decay stages, and continuing succession on post-wildfire sites to at least 110 years. Overall, these data suggest that management to sustain fern and bryophyte diversity should ensure that areas of forest beyond 110 years are represented in the landscape at appropriate spatial scales. 相似文献
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More attention was paid to the anti-tumor activity of Rhizoma Paridis (RP) recently, of which the wild resource was decreased significantly. This study was aimed to elucidate the chemical characteristics of Paris fargesii var. brevipetala (PFB) that may be administrated as alternate resource of legal RP. A HPLC-ELSD method was established to characterize the steroid saponins in rhizomes of PFB and two legal Paris species [Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (PPC) and P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis (PPY)] in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (CP). Ten saponins (paris saponins I, II, V, VI, VII, H, gracillin and other three paris saponins) were involved as standards. The results indicated that PFB contained pennogenyl saponins as the main components with small amounts of diosgenin saponins. The total contents of the detected saponins in PFB ranged from 9.12mg/g to 85.33mg/g. Nine of the twelve PFB samples own a total content of paris saponins I, II, VI, and VII more than 6.0mg/g (meeting the standard of CP 2010 edition). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares-Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA) both confirmed the fact that saponin profiles of PFB, PPC and PPY were different from each other. In addition, paris saponin H (Ps H), the predominant saponin of PFB (>50%), was tested in vitro to evaluate its cytotoxic activities on HepG2, A549, RPE and L929 cells with a positive control of Cisplatin. Ps H showed a remarkable cytotoxic activity on A549 cells with an IC(50) value of 1.53±0.08μg/mL. 相似文献
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Illicium verum is a well known spice in traditional Indian system for its therapeutic potential. The present study was aimed to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory (BChE) activity of standardized extracts of I. verum and its oil. Present study confirmed that anethole contributed to the anticholinesterase activity of I. verum, with more specificity towards AChE. IC50 for AChE and BChE inhibitory activity of anethole was 39.89 ± 0.32 μg/mL and 75.35 ± 1.47 μg/mL, whereas for the oil, 36.00 ± 0.44 μg/mL and 70.65 ± 0.96 μg/mL respectively. Therefore I. verum can be a good lead as anti-cholinesterase agent from natural resources. 相似文献