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1.
Two-year-old Picea sitchensis (Queen Charlotte Islands and Oregonprovenances), Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix kaempferi, Larixeurolepis, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra var. maritima werelifted at intervals during two winters and planted within 24h on a nearby second rotation site. Physiological conditionat planting, measured by root growth potential and fine rootelectrolyte leakage, and outplanting performance were significantlyinfluenced by lifting date. There were consistent differencesin the species' response to lifting date. Planting out in Septemberresulted in poor survival. Survival of P. sitchensis liftedin October until April was >90 per cent. Pinus sylvestrisand P. nigra had survivals of >90 per cent when lifted inNovember and January respectively until March. There was noclear pattern in P. menziesii performance. Both L. kaempferiand L. eurolepis had two periods of good survival—Octoberand March—with significantly poorer survival and growthassociated with mid-winter planting. The double peak in larchperformance was closely related to root growth potential; lowmid-winter establishment was associated with root growth potentialsof <5 even though the nursery root systems were in excellentcondition as assessed by electrolyte leakage. 相似文献
2.
At two English forest nurseries, transplants of five coniferspecies—Picea sitchensis, Picea abies, Tsuga heterophylla,Abies grandis, and Pinus contorta—were grown with fertilizersupplying N, P, K, and Mg in amounts intended to be adequatefor producing healthy green trees with nutrient concentrationsin the ‘sufficiency range’ as determined by earlierexperiments. ‘Luxury uptake’ of nitrogen was obtainedwith top-dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ applied in thenursery during early September, when top growth had nearly ceased.Tests of the effect of this extra N on forest establishmentwere repeated in four successive years under a wide range ofsoil and climatic conditions, keeping the trees in a cold storeduring each winter and planting them on forest sites in England,Scotland, or Wales during the following spring. Except for Grandfir, nitrogen advanced bud-break of all species during the firstsummer after planting and had no deleterious influence on survival.It tended to increase growth of Sitka spruce during the seasonafter planting, but in later years the differences became smallin relation to tree size. The effects on other species weresmall, except for one considerable decrease in the growth responseof Grand fir at a single site. Frost damage of Sitka spruce of Washington origin was severeon a Welsh and a Scottish site where this frost-sensitive provenancewould not normally be grown. At the Welsh, but not the Scottishsite, the nitrogen treatment increased the damage. In the few experiments (confined to Picea sitchensis) whichtested late-season potassium in the nursery, K concentrationswere increased from deficiency to barely sufficiency level;growth in the forest was increased in two of the four experiments.The extra K had no effect on frost damage. 相似文献
3.
Nutrient Concentrations of Healthy Seedlings and Transplants of Picea sitchensis and Other Conifers Grown in English Forest Nurseries 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn were determined in whole-plantsamples of healthy one-year seedlings and one-plus-one transplantsof Picea sitchensis, Picea abies, Abies grandis, Tsuga heterophylla,and of seedlings only of Pinus nigra var. maritima. The sampleswere taken at the end of each of three consecutive growing seasonsfrom plants grown in nursery beds on several contrasted soilsin south-east England. Tops and roots were analysed separatelyin the last of the three years. The sampling formed part ofa large experimental programme on nutrition problems in forestnurseries, and most of the data are supported by evidence frompast detailed experiments. N, P, Ca concentrations in Picea abies tended to be larger thanin Picea sitchensis, and K concentrations smaller. Concentrationsof all nutrients, except Mg, were larger in tops than in roots,those of N, P, and K larger in seedlings than in transplants.With few exceptions our analytical data agree well with thosepublished elsewhere, either for nursery-grown trees or for treesraised in culture experiments, but there is not yet sufficientevidence that these nutrient ranges have any general validity. 相似文献
4.
The writer traces the history of tree species and woodland inIreland from early times down to the start of state forestryabout 1906. He then considers the influence which the availablityof land, the geology, the distribution of forest types, andthe climate have had on silviculture since. He discusses themain species used, pure and in mixture, and notes that the typeof ground available is the main limiting factor in the choiceof species and that the tendency today is towards a very limitedrange of species in which Picea sitchensis and Pinus contortahave an important part to play. 相似文献
5.
Four nursery experiments were carried out between 1984 and 1989to investigate ways of improving the germination and growthof Pinus peuce seedlings. In each of three germination experiments,the highest germination percentage was achieved with the longestduration of stratification. In the same experiments, bettergermination was usually achieved using alternating warm (c.20°C) and cold (2°C) pretreatments rather than coldpretreatment alone. The treatments that gave the best germinationwere generally those which provided the best height growth.In an experiment examining the effect of different nutrientsupon the growth of 1-year-old seedlings, height and root collardiameter were increased in the presence of nitrogen. However,these parameters were depressed by the presence of phosphate,potassium and magnesium. 相似文献
6.
The path of upward movement of acid fuchsin dye was traced inpole-size stems of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Murr.),European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparislawsoniana (A. Murr. Parl.)), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong. Carr.)), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), andScots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In all of these species amarked, preponderantly clockwise spiral pattern of dye ascentwas observed. In general the upward movement of the dye followedtracheid alignment, except at the sapwood-heartwood boundary.The characteristic patterns of dye movement indicated that spiralgrain was much commoner than was straight grain among the pole-sizegymnosperms investigated. Large differences in spiral grainwere found among species, among trees within species, in differentannual rings within trees, and at different stem heights. Patternsof dye uptake were influenced somewhat by the method of injection.Dye injections through tubes driven into the stem were foundmore suitable for determining tracheid arrangement than wereinjections through individual roots immersed in dye. Factorsinfluencing spiral grain development and applications of thedye injection technique to spiral grain determination are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Rootsystemstructureofseedlingsisoneoftheimportantbiologicalcharacte-risticsoftrees.Duringtheseedlingculture,rootsystemstructureisrelatedwithmanyculturingseedlingtechnologies(suchassoiltillage,applyingfertilizer,irrigation,etc.).Comparingthedifferenceoftherootsystemstructureofdifferentconiferousseedlingscanhelpintensivefarmingandmanagementinnursery.Therefore,westudiedtherootsystemstructureoftheannualseedlingsoffourmainconifers(Pinuskoraiensis,Pinussylvestrisvar.mongoIica,LarixolgensisandPicea… 相似文献
8.
THE RELATION BETWEEN DRY WEIGHT INCREASE AND LINEAR MEASURES OF GROWTH IN YOUNG CONIFERS 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The paper, which is in two parts, examines shortly a numberof measurements and dry weights of young crops of Pinus silvestrisL. and Picea sitchensis Bong. (Carr.) and concludes that, atany time before the canopy is closed, dry weight is more closelyrelated to basal diameter than to height. 相似文献
9.
Captan was found to have an inhibitory effect on the seedlinggrowth of Picea sitchensis, Pinus sylvestris, and Tsuga heterophylla.A single application of captan reduced the rate of shoot growthfor at least two weeks, with a further decrease after a secondtreatment. Seedlings grown in sand appeared to be more adverselyaffected than those grown in soil. Weights of root, shoot, andleaves were all reduced in treated plants grown in sand. Nophytotoxic effects were detected when captan was applied totomato, barley, or cress seedlings grown in either sand or soil. It is suggested that the use of captan should be avoided duringgrowth analysis experiments on conifer seedlings, or, if fungalproblems make its use desirable, experimentation should be delayedfor at least three weeks after treatment. 相似文献
10.
[目的]以北方干旱区常用的3种松科植物沙地赤松、樟子松和青海云杉为研究对象,分析其种子萌发特性及对干旱胁迫的响应。沙地赤松为辽宁省固沙研究所于2014年筛选审定的新品种,目前在辽宁省生长状况良好,尚未有过其抗旱能力的相关研究。青海共和是高寒沙区,将沙地赤松与青海省常见的两种松科植物青海云杉和樟子松进行对比,以期为沙地赤松在青海引种试种提供参考。[方法]采用不同浓度PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫的方法进行种子萌发试验,利用模糊隶属函数对干旱胁迫下3种松科植物的种子相对发芽率、相对胚根长、相对胚芽长、萌发胁迫指数、萌发抗旱指数和萌发活力指数等6项指标进行综合评价。[结果]低浓度的PEG-6000溶液对3种松科植物种子萌发和胚根生长发育均有促进作用;随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,3种松科植物的发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、活力指数、萌发胁迫指数、萌发抗旱指数均呈先上升后下降的趋势;种子萌发期耐水分胁迫能力为沙地赤松樟子松青海云杉。[结论]沙地赤松比樟子松和青海云杉的抗旱性强,适宜在青海引种试种。 相似文献
11.
Several subjective and objective methods of sampling the averagevolume per tree in first and second thinnings were tested instands of Sitka spruce (Picea sitcbensis Carr.), Norway spruce(Picea abies Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Corsicanpine (Pinus nigra var. calabrica Schneid.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsugataxifolia Brit.), and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.).Altogether 7,000 thinnings were measured at Fernworthy in Devon,Thetford Chase in Norfolk, Forest of Ae in Dumfriesshire, andKinellar in Aberdeenshire. The subjective methods, consistingof visual estimates and the measurement of groups of trees selectedas appearing representative, tended to give biased results nomore precise than those obtained by the objective methods whichare unbiased. The objective methods tested were random groups,systematic sampling by trees, and systematic sampling by rows.The systematic sampling by rows was the most satisfactory incombining a reasonable degree of precision with simplicity inexecution. 相似文献
12.
One‐year‐old container‐grown seedlings were planted in spring on clear cut areas: the Norway spruce (Picea abies) on a moist upland site (Myrtillus‐type) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) on a dryish upland site (Vaccinium‐type). While still in the nursery, half of the seedlings of each species had been inoculated during the previous summer, with a uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp., a root dieback fungus. At outplanting all the seedlings appeared healthy and had a normal apical bud, although the height of the inoculated seedlings was less than that of the uninoculated control seedlings. At the end of the first growing season after planting, the mortality of inoculated Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings was 25 and 69%, respectively. After two growing seasons the mortality of inoculated seedlings had increased to 38% for Scots pine and 93% for Norway spruce. The mortality of control seedlings after two growing seasons in the forest was 2% for Scots pine and 13% for Norway spruce. After outplanting the annual growth of inoculated seedlings was poor compared with the growth of control seedlings. These results show that, although Rhizoctonia‐affected seedlings are alive and green in the nursery, the disease subsequently affects both their survival and growth in the forest. 相似文献
13.
Unsterilised nursery seedbeds, prepared in a conventional mannerand sown with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud,ssp contorta) were covered with clear polythene cloches, withor without the edges buried, from the date of sowing for 0,8, 16 and 21 weeks. Germination rate and numbers of seedlingsgerminating were increased by all the cloche treatments. Deathsof seedlings under cloches with unsealed edges were greaterthan for the cloche treatments with completely buried edges.Due to increases in both stem unit number and stem unit length,the cloche treatments increased height growth in proportionwith duration of cloche cover. Seedlings covered for 16 or 21weeks were over 3 times the height of the controls and almostall were over 10 cm but they were not sufficiently sturdy forforest use. The use of polythene cloches for the productionof seedlings suitable for lining-out or forest planting is discussed. 相似文献
14.
CANNELL M. G. R.; TABBUSH P. M.; DEANS J. D.; HOLLINGSWORTH M. K.; SHEPPARD L. J.; PHILIPSON J. J.; MURRAY M. B. 《Forestry》1990,63(1):9-27
Seedlings (transplants) of 2+1 Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr.) and 1 + 1 Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco) were grown in a nursery at the Bush Estate,Scotland. Batches were lifted and cold stored at 0.5°C inNovember, December and January. Changes in growth, shoot apicalmitotic index, root growth potential (RGP), carbohydrate content,bud dormancy and shoot frost hardiness were monitored throughoutthe winter by taking samples at intervals from the nursery andfrom cold storage. Frost hardening occurred during the later stages of bud development(as mitotic indices decreased); autumn hardening was arrestedwhen seedlings were put in cold store, and some dehardeningoccurred in cold storage, especially in spring. Bud dormancystarted, and was greatest, just after bud growth (mitotic activity)virtually ceased; chilling in cold store was almost as effectivein releasing dormancy as natural chilling. The concentrationof total nonstructural carbohydrates stayed more or less constantat 100–150mg g–1 from September to April in thenursery; in cold storage carbohydrates were depleted at 0.4–0.6mgg–1 d–1 (corresponding to respiration at 0.03–0.05mgCO2 g–1 h–1) until there was only 40–50mgg–1. Root growth potentials in the nursery increased in December,once the buds ceased growth, became dormant and had receivedsome chilling. Sitka spruce was ‘storable’ in November,before RGPs increased, but they then failed to achieve maximalfrost hardiness or ROP. Winter RGPs were high in Sitka spruceand were increased or maintained in cold storage, whereas RGPswere low in Douglas fir and decreased immediately after storage(except when stored in January). By the end of April, the RGPof cold stored Sitka spruce was much higher than that of directlifted plants. ROP changes in the nursery and in cold storagewere not consistently related to changes in seedling carbohydratecontents, shoot frost hardiness or bud dormancy. In practical terms, it was concluded that (1) the optimum dateto start lifting bare- rooted conifer transplants in the autumnis when their shoot apical mitotic indices have decreased tonear zero, and their RGPs have risen sharply; (2) high RGPsmay depend as much on the morphology of the roots (e.g. numberof undamaged root apices) as on the physiology of the shoots(e.g. carbohydrate status, dormancy and frost hardiness); and(3) in spring, transplants kept in cold storage since November,December or January are more frost hardy, slightly more dormant,and (in May) have higher RGPs than transplants lifted from thenursery. 相似文献
15.
Effects of inoculations of nine fungi to prechilled and nonchilled seeds of Picea glauca and Pinus strobus were studied in unsterilized and sterilized nursery soils, and a peat-vermiculite-perlite mixture. All the fungi demonstrated weak pathogenicity to seeds. 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
17.
The Falkland Islands experience a cool, windy and relativelydry climate. The soil is typically shallow peat over clay, althoughdeeper peat is locally present, and the natural vegetation isgrass-heath with no native trees or large shrubs. Climatic andsoil conditions, lack of knowledge and inadequate protectionhave hampered past attempts to establish a wide variety of treespecies. Successful results have been largely confined to favourablesites near houses and gardens. A very few sizeable tree plotsexist, notably at Hill Cove, Roy Cove, Weddell Island and CarcassIsland. Tree planting prospects were appraised during a visitin 1983. The creation of effective shelterbelts appeared feasible,using modern establishment techniques developed in upland Britain,correct species choice, careful site selection, adequate beltwidth, protection against damage, good technical supervisionand patience. The most promising species are Cupressus macrocarpa,Picea sitchensis (Queen Charlotte Islands origin), Pinus contorta(coastal origins only), Pinus radiata and Nothofagus betuloides.Using the same species, limited planting for wood productionmay also be possible on a very few sheltered, moist, accessiblesites. Small scale amenity and shelter planting for houses andgardens is clearly practicable. Imported planting stock willbe necessary due to the impracticality of raising sizeable quantitiesin the Islands. 相似文献
18.
GROWTH STIMULATION OF FOREST TREE SEEDLINGS BY THE ACTIVITY OF FREE-LIVING MYCORRHIZAL MYCELIA 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Observations by the late Dr. M. C. Rayner on a field experimentand the results of subsequent pot-culture experiments demonstratethat the soil activity of mycorrhizal fungi can improve thedevelopment of forest tree seedlings (Picea, Pinus, Betula)before actual mycorrhizal infection takes place. Further experimentsshow that ectotrophic mycelia are capable of stimulating endotrophictree species (Fraxinus excelsior, Cbam?cyparis lawsoniana, Robiniapseudacacia), i.e. that these ectotrophic mycorrhiza-formersbring about growth stimulation of the plant although no infectionis formed at a later stage. It is suggested provisionally thatat least some ectotrophic mycelia, Boletus scaber and Rbizopogonluteolus, may influence seedling growth by attacking soil organicmatter and liberating ‘nutrients’ from which thehigher plant benefits. 相似文献
19.
Pinus nigra Arnold var. pallasiana Endl. and Abies equi-trojaniAschers-Sinten are indigenous species of Turkey. The area ofPinus nigra is very large (more than 2 million hectares) occurringin the west, south and north of Turkey. However, Abies equi-trojanioccurs only in the west of Turkey in the Ida Mountains (Kazdagi)and is of limited area (5500 ha).These two species naturallyform both mixed stands and pure stands in the Ida Mountains. When mixed stands of Pinus nigra and Abies equi-trojani areregenerated, if the seedlings of these two species regeneratesimultaneously, the Pinus nigra will be eliminated from thestand in 15 to 25 years because of the rapid growth of Abiesequi-trojani. In different site conditions, Abies equi-trojanireaches 22–30 m in height and 40–65 cm in diameterin 70 years, whereas Pinus nigra reaches 17–22 m in heightand 25–40cm in diameter in the same period in the sameforest sites. 相似文献
20.
The development of ploughing, draining, planting, and the useof turfs and of phosphate is considered in detail for each oftwo main types. For Molinia lands, the 1952 technique securesadequate drainage and a very considerable turnover of turf,and here the spruces Picea abies Karst. and P. sitcbensis Carr.remain the first choice. For Calluna lands, the developmentof methods and the choice of species is more difficult. Thespruces refuse to grow pure and unnursed on the poorer Callunatypes and the use of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), P. contortaDoug., the Mountain pine (P. uncinata Ramond), Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis Gord.), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifoliaBrit.) is discussed. The main requirements for successful afforestationof these ground types are summarized. 相似文献