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1.
Cunninghamia lanceolata wood meal samples with different lignin contents after delignification with an acidic NaClO2 system were carboxymethylated, and the degree of substitution (DS) and the distribution of the carboxymethyl (CM) groups were investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Cellulose samples prepared from bleached kraft softwood pulp, food-grade konjac mannan, and commercial oat xylan (containing 10% arabinosyl and 15% glucosyl residues) were also investigated. The chemical shift of methylene protons in 1H NMR spectra of CM groups of carboxymethyl konjac mannan and commercial oat xylan appeared in the same region as those of carboxymethylcellulose. The DS of carboxymethyl lignocellulose (CMLC) increased slightly from 1.36 to 1.48 with decreasing lignin content, but the water solubility of CMLC clearly increased with decreasing lignin content. It was suggested that the covalent linkages between lignin and cell-wall polysaccharides play the role of cross-linker in CMLC. Water absorbents were synthesized by graft-copolymerization of acrylic acid onto CMLC samples with different lignin contents. The highest level of water absorbency was obtained from CMLC containing 14% of lignin, suggesting the importance of lignin as the cross-linker.  相似文献   

2.
The steam explosion (SE) pretreatment associated with the organosolv process was investigated to produce dissolving pulp from eucalyptus. Prehydrolysis Kraft (PHK) pulping was also done to produce viscose and acetate grade pulps as reference. The organosolv pulps were delignified in two steps with sodium chlorite. Viscose and acetate grade PHK pulps were bleached by OD0(EH)D1P and OD0(EP)D1PCCE sequences, respectively. Dilute acid-catalyzed (with acid addition) SE pretreatment dissolved more xylan than auto-catalyzed (no acid addition) SE pretreatment. Steam-exploded unbleached organosolv pulps showed lower residual lignin content and screened yield than unbleached organosolv pulps without SE pretreatment. Steam explosion pretreatment helped to decrease lignin content and damaged fiber length of unbleached organosolv pulps. The 1.0% H2SO4 organosolv pulp (organosolv dissolving pulp at bioconversion conditions) showed the highest reactivity. Even showing low viscosity for some applications, in general, the organosolv dissolving pulps produced in this study can be used for making lyocell fibers.  相似文献   

3.
myo-Inositol-[2-3H] and d-glucuronic acid-[6-14C] were administered simultaneously to a growing stem of magnolia (Magnolia kobus DC) to label xylan and pectin, respectively, in the cell wall. Determination of the radioactivity of nitrobenzene oxidation products and sulfuric acid hydrolysates of the newly formed xylem indicated that xylan and pectin were labeled with 3H and 14C, respectively. The doubly labeled wood tissue was treated to kraft pulping, and the radioactivity of the pulping black liquor and treated wood tissue were determined at various stages of the pulping to compare the dissolving behavior between pectin and xylan during the pulping. The results showed that pectin was not dissolved as easily as xylan and was not redeposited on pulp fiber at the late stage of the pulping.Part of this report was presented at the 40th Lignin Symposium at Tsukuba, October 1995  相似文献   

4.
The importance of eucalypt as a raw material for pulping is steadily growing. Eucalyptus globulus was compared with European hardwood species using two alkaline pulping processes, kraft and alkaline sulfite, anthraquinone pulping (ASA), which is a recently developed modified alkaline sulfite process. All cooks were performed to similar kappa numbers. Poplar cooks resulted in the highest yields followed by eucalypt and birch which were on the same level. Yield of beech pulps was definitely lower. ASA pulps show a moderate higher yield due to the less alkaline pH-profile of the cooking liquor. This yield advantage was maintained and even enhanced after TCF-bleaching. The bleaching response of all pulps was excellent. The birch pulps had the highest tensile strength followed by the poplar and beech pulps. Surprisingly eucalypt pulps had the lowest tensile strength. But this was compensated by the very good tear index of eucalypt pulps. The runnability factor, as an index for the overall strength potential, was on the same level for all pulps. Due to the higher hemicellulose content of the ASA pulps their tensile strengths were higher, but tear strengths lower compared to the kraft pulps. The different morphology of the hardwoods investigated resulted in different volumes and light scattering coefficients of the corresponding pulps. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult.Walter Liese on the occasion of his 80th birthday.  相似文献   

5.
以蓝花楹为原料提取木质素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC),并对LCC的结构进行分析,同时模拟硫酸盐法蒸煮过程,采用蒸煮的方法对LCC进行处理,并对处理后的产物进行红外光谱和核磁共振分析,研究蓝花楹LCC的结构变化,探讨其在硫酸盐法蒸煮过程中LCC的形成和降解情况。研究发现:蓝花楹LCC中的碳水化合物在蒸煮过程中非常不稳定,大部分发生降解,而蒸煮产物中含有对碱稳定的LCC结构,也含有新形成的LCC结构,这种新形成的LCC是5-5缩合型木质素结构与木聚糖形成的以化学键连接的LCC结构,且其对碱也非常稳定。  相似文献   

6.
Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRRS) was used to study the formation of aromatic and/or lignin-carbohydrate (LC) structures at the reducing end groups of O-alkyl-substituted cellulose under conditions simulating the initial phase of kraft pulping. The derivatives studied were methyl cellulose (MC) with degree of substitution (DS) of 1.64–1.95, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with DS ∼0.6, and a lignin model compound, creosol. The total alkali concentrations in the treatments were 0.1 M and 0.5 M and the sulfidities were 1%, 10%, and 30%. HS− ions and creosol are both strong nucleophiles and they compete for the hot-alkali-generated unsaturated electrophilic reaction sites in the reducing end groups of the polysaccharides. The results indicated that conditions similar to those in the initial phase of conventional kraft cooking (high OH− and low HS− ion concentrations) increased the aromatic nature of the end groups and conditions similar to those in the initial phase of super batch cooking (low OH− and high HS− ion concentrations) partly inhibited the formation of aromatic and LC end groups.  相似文献   

7.
In order to understand the structural characteristics of lignin in triploid clones of Populus tomentosa and its changes in the processes of pulping and bleaching, milled wood lignin (MWL), lignin carbohydrate complex (LCC) and the residual lignin from kraft pulp (KP) and sulfite pulp (SP) were isolated and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and the differences were discussed. The spectral patterns reveal that triploid P. tomentosa shows the specific features of hardwood from temperate areas, but in the spectrum of FTIR, the strength ratio of A 1270 cm−1 to A1226 cm−1 is 0.88, higher than the average of hardwood from temperate areas, which will make the lignin delignification more difficult during pulping and bleaching. The LCC from triploid P. tomentosa is mainly composed of xyloglucan and glucuronic acid, and other glucides have much lower ratio. In LCC FTIR, there are three peaks at 1 427, 1 329 and 1 046 cm−1, indicating that both semi-cellulose and cellulose could exist in LCC, and that there might be relationships between cellulose and lignin. Compared with the residual lignin from KP and SP, the condensed structure in KP is more than that in SP.  相似文献   

8.
The present study contributes to the controversial discussion in the literature whether Si–O–C bonds in wood–silica–gel composites exist. 13C NMR is a suitable method to proof such bonds. Because of the low concentration of 13C isotopes in natural wood, 13C cellulose was used as 13C-enriched substitute. A tailored sol for the impregnation of that cellulose was chosen by liquid 29Si NMR pre-investigations of various sols whose reactivity and stability were time-dependently analysed. It is based on a sub-stoichiometric hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with 1 mol water per mol TEOS. Thermal analyses were performed to show a comparability of the thermal behaviour of wood–silica–gel and cellulose–silica–gel composites. There are two strong hints of the existence of stable Si–O–C bonds: (1) by thermal analysis, a shift in the fire behaviour of 100 K can be observed with a change in pyrolysis behaviour of the composite and (2) the proof by REDOR NMR that a dipolar coupling between 29Si and 13C nuclei exists.  相似文献   

9.
Dissolving pulps are the raw materials for the production of many different end-products. Jute is a very good source of cellulose. In this investigation, jute fiber was subjected to pulping in soda process in order to produce dissolving pulp under different prehydrolysis conditions and compared with prehydrolysed kraft pulp from jute. An increase of the prehydrolysis temperature or H2SO4 in prehydrolysis liquor increased the α-cellulose content and decreased the viscosity of pulp. The effect of ethylenediamine in soda liquor was also investigated when producing dissolving pulp. Jute fiber produced pulp having 90–97% α-cellulose. Ethylenediamine in soda liquor produced pulp of higher yield, viscosity and higher α-cellulose content than that of prehydrolysis soda or kraft pulp. The α-cellulose content and viscosity were increased with the increase of amine in soda liquor. The kappa number of dissolving pulp from jute was very low (9–5), which indicated that less bleaching chemicals are required for bleaching. The bleachability of soda-ethylenediamine pulp was lower than prehydrolysed soda and kraft pulp in ECF bleaching sequences. The bleachability of soda-ethylenediamine pulp was improved at the sacrifice of pulp yield when prehydrolysis was done prior to pulping. The alkali solubility S 10 and S 18 were 4–9 and 2–4%, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of lignin and carbohydrates in kraft pulps during sulfuric acid bleaching. Beech kraft pulp and red pine kraft pulp were bleached with dilute sulfuric acid at pH 1.3 with addition of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite at 100°C for 1 h. The pulps were then extracted with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 70°C for 1 h. Lignin and carbohydrates in the acid effluents and the alkali effluents were analyzed. The carbohydrate compositions of unbleached and bleached kraft pulps were also determined. The residual lignin in kraft pulp was degraded to a molecular size similar to that of milled wood lignin during sulfuric acid bleaching without additives, and it was further degraded to a much smaller molecular size during sulfuric acid bleaching with additives. It was found that the amount of carbohydrate dissolved in the bleach effluents were only about 1 of the dry weight of the kraft pulp under these bleaching conditions. The carbohydrates dissolved during bleaching were mostly of hemicellulose origin.Part of this report was presented at the 8th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Helsinki, July 1995  相似文献   

11.
《Southern Forests》2013,75(3-4):181-189
Near-infrared (NIR) scanning technology is regarded as a potential tool for rapid determination of wood properties, which can substitute time-consuming and costly traditional methods. Pinus patula is the most important softwood species in South Africa, and this study is aimed at developing NIR calibration models for quick prediction of its pulp yield and chemical composition. A total of 85 trees from 17 plots, covering the range of site conditions in the Mpumalanga escarpment area, were sampled. Two samples were taken from each tree: a 1 m billet above breast height and a 20 mm disc at breast height. The billet was pulped using the kraft pulping process to determine pulp yield. The disc was ground into sawdust and the chemical composition was determined using conventional wet chemistry. Sawdust was scanned on a NIR spectrophotometer to produce NIR spectra. Calibration models to predict pulp yield, cellulose and lignin content were developed by applying chemometrics and partial least squares regression. Validation and determination of prediction accuracy of the models were performed using independent data. The prediction of cellulose and lignin were acceptable with correlations of determinations (r 2) of 0.71 and 0.70 respectively. Standard errors of prediction were generally low (less that 0.86) for all the models. The prediction r 2 for both total and screened pulp yield were only 0.62. Although the cellulose and lignin models can be used with confidence, the expansion of the sample size for follow-up research must be considered in order to increase the variability of tested wood properties and improve the prediction strength of the models. The NIR calibration provided in this study can contribute to the efficient examination of forest site-to-wood quality relationships that would enhance precision forest management and wood processing efficiency.  相似文献   

12.
研究了PFI磨浆预处理对干、湿竹浆所制备的阳离子纳纤化纤维素(Q-NFC)物化特性和微观结构的影响规律。选用PFI磨浆处理前后的干、湿竹浆为纤维素原料,依次经过2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵化学预处理和高压均质机械拆解分离,制备了一系列Q-NFC水分散液;采用电导滴定、紫外-可见光分光光度计(UV-Vis)、旋转流变仪、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段对系列Q-NFC水分散液进行分析表征。试验结果表明,由湿竹浆所制备的Q-NFC较干竹浆所制备的Q-NFC具有更高的固体收率、表面电荷量、Zeta电位、纳纤化程度及更细的平均微纤直径;经PFI磨浆预处理后,干、湿竹浆纤维表面均发生大量分丝帚化现象,导致纤维在季铵盐化预处理过程中的反应可及性和反应活性增加,从而进一步提高了干、湿竹浆所制得Q-NFC固体收率、表面电荷量、纳纤化程度及透光度等物化特性,但减少了它们的微纤尺寸和聚合度。由此可以说明,PFI磨浆预处理能消除角质化给干竹浆在季铵盐化预处理中带来的不利影响,但是对Q-NFC的结晶指数无明显影响。  相似文献   

13.
Microcrystalline cellulose with minimal surface charge was prepared from softwood kraft pulp via hydrolysis by 4N hydrochloric acid instead of sulfuric acid. To this material, sulfate ester groups as surface charge were introduced by treating with 55% (w/w) sulfuric acid. A treatment at 60°C for 2h gave nearly the same level of surface charge as that of the H2SO4 -hydrolyzed microcrystal. The number of sulfate groups were controlled by changing the H2SO4 treatment conditions. Although the microscopic size and shape of the microcrystalline particles were the same irrespective of the preparation method, the introduction of surface charge drastically reduced the viscosity and removed its time dependence. These changes in viscosity behavior are considered to result from charge-induced dispersion of loose aggregates existing in the initial charge-free microcrystals prepared by HCl hydrolysis.Part of this report was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998  相似文献   

14.
In this study, the response of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium kraft pulp to different options of ECF bleaching was investigated. Oxygen-delignified pulps of both species having similar kappa number (c.a. 12) were used. Both the pulps were prebleached using conventional ClO2 stage (D0), combined use of ClO2 and O3 (DZ), hot acid treatment before D0 (AhotD0) and hot acid treatment before (DZ) i.e., Ahot(DZ), hot ClO2 treatment (DHT) and Ahot followed by DHT (AhotDHT). All prebleached pulps were finally bleached to 90%+ ISO brightness using D1 option. The overall benefits of other options were not considerable compared to D0 and (DZ). From the ClO2 consumption point of view, for a certain species, the option Ahot(DZ) was the best. Instead of D1 in final bleaching, pressurized hydrogen peroxide (PO) was also investigated in the case of D0 and (DZ) prebleached pulps. (PO)-bleached pulp produced higher brightness stability but lower viscosity compared to D1.  相似文献   

15.
Non-isothermal autohydrolysis treatments of Eucalyptus globulus wood were carried out in batch reactors in order to assess the kinetics of hemicellulose degradation, as well as the effects caused on cellulose and lignin. Experiments were carried out at a liquor to wood ratio of 8 g/g, and two heating profiles were explored. The maximum temperature considered was 224 °C, and the longest reaction time was 0.94 h. The experimental variables considered were solid residue yield, solid residue composition and composition of liquors. Up to 90.4% of the initial xylan was removed in treatments, which also caused some delignification (up to 13.8% of the initial lignin was removed), whereas cellulose was almost quantitatively retained in solid phase. The conversion of xylan into xylooligomers, with further hydrolysis to xylose and decomposition of this sugar into furfural was assessed by means of a kinetic model based on sequential, first order reactions involving kinetic coefficients with Arrhenius-type dependence on temperature. Received 23 November 1999  相似文献   

16.
  • ? The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using cellulose content, measured by the diglyme-HCl method, as a selection trait in breeding programs for kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus urophylla.
  • ? A total of 275 trees from sixty-two families were sampled from a thinned progeny trial of E. urophylla in northern Vietnam to evaluate cellulose content from breast-height increment cores. Among those, twenty unrelated trees were felled to evaluate cellulose content and pulp yield from breast-height disk samples.
  • ? The regression of pulp yield of disk samples on cellulose content was strong either from disks (R 2 = 0.83) or increment cores (R 2 = 0.69). There was no significant difference in cellulose content between the provenances. The narrow-sense within-provenance heritability of cellulose content was 0.50 and the coefficient of additive genetic variation was 3.9%. Genetic correlations between cellulose content and growth (0.28–0.45) or wood basic density (?0.02) were not significantly different from zero.
  • ? Breast-height increment core cellulose content measured by diglyme-HCl method is under strong genetic control and can be used to rank trees for pulp yield in E. urophylla plantations. Selection for increased cellulose content would have only minor effects on growth and wood basic density.
    •   相似文献   

    17.
    Effects of pulp freezing and frozen pulp storage on fibre characteristics   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
    Summary A requirement of long-term research on pulp fibres in that the material for study be stored for prolonged periods without deterioration and without changes in properties. In this paper effects of pulp freezing and thawing and of frozen pulp storage on fibre, wet web, and handsheet properties are discussed. A variety of radiata pine kraft pulps, a radiata pine sodium bisulphite pulp, and silver beech and hard beech (Nothofagus species) kraft pulps are examined.The expanded walls and diameters of beaten fibres were contracted by pulp freezing. This behaviour made fibres less flexible and less able to collapse during papermaking operations. The freezing treatment also caused fibre kinks and other fibre configurations which existed in a pulp before freezing to be fixed into position and made somewhat resistant to straightening when in strained wet webs. It was found that extents of fibre kink can be varied depending on the degree to which fibre configurations are forced into a pulp network before freezing. Increasing periods of frozen storage caused the intensity and distribution of bonds redeveloped by the freezing treatment to be progressively modified. Fibre walls were, however, not contracted further by increasing periods of frozen storage.The technical assistance of Miss D. Brookes is gratefully acknowledged  相似文献   

    18.
    Summary The same material was used as in Part I of this study. Fibril angle decreased with age from over 30 degrees to 7 degrees at about age 30. Accelerated growth by fertilization and thinning at about 20 years caused a slight increase in angle but only for a few years. The semilog correlation with age was very high, r=0.96. Tracheid length was highly correlated with fibril angle, r=0.94. Growth rate and percent latewood were minor causes of changes in fibril angle. Extractive content did not change significantly with plot treatment. Lignin percent was highest near the pith and decreased to about age 20; r was-0.94 for the controls using the log of age. Accelerated growth increased lignin compared to the control trees by about 0.7%. Holocellulose and alpha cellulose increased from the pith to about 20 years of age. Accelerated growth caused a small decrease of 0.9% for both constituents during the next 6 years compared to uniform-growth trees, then the differences became much less.The research was financed by funds from the State of Washington Initiative 171, the Institute of Forest Products, and the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle.  相似文献   

    19.
    Eight different residual lignins isolated from unbleached chemical pulps [sulfite, kraft, alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone-methanol (ASAM), soda/AQ/MeOH] of spruce and beech were characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thioacidolysis, and desulfurization to determine average molecular weight, amounts of uncondensed β-O-4 linkages, and dimeric linkage patterns, respectively. The total amounts of G-CHSEt-CHSEt-CH2SEt and S-CHSEt-CHSEt-CH2SEt were markedly reduced in residual lignins to 40% to 80% of the values for the corresponding milled wood lignins (MWLs). The number of dimeric units determined by thioacidolysis and desulfurization of the residual lignins was decreased by onehalf to one-fifth compared to the MWLs. Among the diverse types of dimeric units, reduction of β-1 and β-5 units was significant in most of the residual lignins, with the exception of beech ASAM residual lignin. Compared to beech MWL, 40% more C6–C3 main monomers were detected, whereas the relative composition of the dimeric units in the beech residual lignin was very similar to that in the beech MWL. The average molecular weights of residual lignins were less than those of the MWLs. However, the average molecular weights of the spruce kraft and soda residual lignins were determined to be higher than those of the corresponding MWLs.  相似文献   

    20.
    To develop a new nonchlorine bleaching technology, hardwood and softwood kraft pulps, before and after oxygen-alkali predelignification, were treated with dilute sulfuric acid solutions (pH 1.0-1.8) at 100°C for 1 h and then extracted with aqueous sodium hydroxide at 70°C for l h. Hardwood kraft pulp was successfully bleached. The delignification selectivity was similar to that seen with oxygen-alkali bleaching; and it was greatly enhanced by the addition of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite. The sulfuric acid bleaching can replace the presently adopted oxygen and chlorine stages if the additives are allowed. This bleaching process was also effective for oxygen-bleached hardwood kraft pulp, but it was less effective for softwood kraft pulp and oxygen-bleached softwood kraft pulp. The effectiveness of the addition of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite was more apparent for softwood kraft pulp than for hardwood kraft pulp.Part of this report was presented at the 7th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Beijing, July 1993  相似文献   

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