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1.
Summary

A review is presented of current knowledge with regard to blood chemistry for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in birds. Straightforward conclusions are difficult, because research on this subject has been limited.

Jaundice caused by hyperbilirubinaemia occurs infrequently in birds, because the main bile pigment is biliverdin and not bilirubin. A yellow discolouration of avian plasma is often caused by the presence of carotenoids. The diagnostic value of plasma ALAT concentrations is controversial. Although ASAT and LD are not specific for the liver they appear to be sensitive enzymes to detect liver cell damage.

GLDH is liver specific in a number of animal species (including birds) and might prove to be a useful enzyme for diagnostic purposes. AP and GGT seem less useful. Little information is available on the diagnostic value of plasma bile acids and plasma dye clearance tests.  相似文献   

2.
The clinical signs of liver disease are highly variable and non-specific. Irrespective of the cause or the duration of liver disease, more specific clinical signs, e.g. hepatic encephalopathy, become apparent in the advanced stages of the disease. Due to the non-specific clinical signs, the possible diagnosis of liver disease is frequently not taken into consideration. However, measurement of the plasma or serum concentrations of total bile acids and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) may provide valuable diagnostic information. The specific diagnosis can be confirmed by ultrasound examination of the liver and histological examination of a liver biopsy specimen. The most frequently documented liver diseases are acute hepatic necrosis, chronic hepatitis caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids, cholelithiasis, and haemochromatosis. Immediate treatment with antibiotics and polyionic fluids, in association with supportive nutritional care, is usually necessary to maintain the horse until sufficient liver regeneration occurs to provide adequate function. The use of corticosteroids is contraindicated, except for patients with chronic active hepatitis. In some cases, e.g. portosystemic shunts or cholelithiasis, surgical intervention is indicated. Liver disease may be more common than is currently appreciated since little accurate information on the prevalence or incidence is available.  相似文献   

3.
A simple procedure was developed for the estimation of bile acid taurine conjugates in fowl plasma. Laying hens fed a diet containing rapeseed meal (RSM) (400 g kg-1) for 12 weeks had higher bile acid levels (154 mumol litre-1) than hens fed a control soyabean diet (116 mumol litre-1) (P less than 0.01). The incidence of liver haemorrhages was higher (34.8 per cent) in RSM-fed hens than in controls (21 per cent), but the severity of the lesions did not correlate with the bile acid concentration in affected birds. Histological examination of sections from livers of RSM-fed birds did not reveal significant hepatocyte degeneration outside the immediate vicinity of the haemorrhage. Canalicular bile plugs were never seen. The incidence of liver haemorrhages (13 per cent) and plasma bile acids (85 mumol litre-1) were lower in hens fed a diet containing beta-aminopropionitrile (0.5 g kg-1), a known lathyrogen. Acute treatment of hens with the hepatotoxin alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate over four days induced necrosis of hepatocytes and resulted in elevated bile acid concentrations (262 mumol litre-1) compared with controls (73 mumol litre-1) given arachis oil. It was concluded that laying hens fed high levels of RSM develop cholestasis but the toxic principle is not known.  相似文献   

4.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Results of noninvasive tests of liver disease do not always correlate with the degree of hepatic disease nor outcome of the case. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic value of data collected using noninvasive tests during the investigation of cases of suspected liver disease in mature horses. HYPOTHESIS: Much of the data gathered during the investigation of suspected hepatopathy cases offers little prognostic guidance and interpretation of such data can be misleading. METHODS: The results from a range of common and noninvasive diagnostic techniques applied in 116 mature horses with suspected liver disease, were assessed for their ability to predict survival within a 6 month period. RESULTS: A significantly poorer prognosis was found in association with clinical signs suggestive of liver disease, presence of hepatic encephalopathy, ultrasonographic abnormalities, increased serum globulins, increased total bile acids (TBA), increased alkaline phosphatase (AP), increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (gammaGT), erythrocytosis, leucocytosis, low serum albumin and low serum urea. Additional significant novel findings of interest included an association between increased plasma fibrinogen and low serum creatinine concentrations with nonsurvival in cases of liver disease, an association between raised serum concentrations of AP and gammaGT with biliary hyperplasia and also an association between hepatic fibrosis, haemosiderosis and biliary hyperplasia with ultrasonographically detected hepatic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: The most useful noninvasive prognostic test in cases of suspected liver disease in mature horses is the severity of clinical signs. Other data may be of some limited prognostic value. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Application of the findings in this study may not be directly applicable to other case populations. However, the findings should at least be considered when prognosis is based on similar criteria.  相似文献   

5.
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 13-year-old female intact Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) was evaluated because of coelomic distention, presumed to be secondary to an abdominal hernia. The patient also had a history of rapid weight gain and polyuria and polydipsia. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Ultrasonography was used to confirm the existence of a pseudohernia that appeared to contain the small intestines, pancreas, and reproductive tract. Results of plasma biochemical analysis revealed hyperglycemia, hypophosphatemia, and high nonfasting bile acid concentrations and aspartate aminotransferase activity. A CBC revealed a relative heterophilia with a concomitant lymphopenia and mild monocytosis. Histologic evaluation of a liver biopsy specimen indicated chronic hepatic lipidosis. Despite a strong clinical suspicion of hyperadrenocorticism, ACTH stimulation test results were equivocal. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: The pseudohernia was strengthened with a prolene mesh. Despite ongoing medical and surgical care, the patient developed complications associated with the herniorrhaphy and was euthanatized. The clinical suspicion of hyperadrenocorticism was confirmed on the basis of histologic evaluation of the pituitary gland by use of special stains. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To our knowledge, pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism has not been previously confirmed in Psittaciformes. The condition should be considered in birds with clinical signs consistent with those observed in mammals. For the cockatoo of this report, ACTH stimulation test results were equivocal and additional diagnostic tests should be developed for avian patients.  相似文献   

6.
1. Measurements were made in situ to determine the incorporation of intraportally infused ammonia-15N into urinary uric acid in cockerels pre-treated with methionine sulfoximine (MSM), a glutamine synthetase inhibitor. 2. The incorporation of 15N into urinary uric acid was 34% of the infused amount in MSM-treated birds. This was not significantly different from the value of 46% for control birds. 3. Pre-treatment with MSM inhibited the activity of liver glutamine synthetase to 7% of the control value and decreased the incorporation of the infused ammonia-15N into plasma glutamine amide-N to 3% of the control. 4. Increases in glutamine concentrations in the blood, liver and kidney caused by the infusion of ammonia were also completely inhibited by the MSM treatment (P less than 0.05). 5. It is concluded that in the cockerel ammonia-N can be incorporated into uric acid other than by glutamine formation.  相似文献   

7.
AIMS: TO study and compare three diagnostic methods for the detection of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection. METHODS: Samples of sera and bursae were collected from two flocks from each of two broiler farms (Farms A and B) in which IBD had occurred or was suspected to have occurred. Sera were tested in ELISA and agar gel precipitation tests for the presence of IBD antibodies. Bursae were examined histologically for evidence of IBD lesions. An immunocytochemical test was developed to detect IBDV antigens in sections of bursa. RESULTS: Bursae from serologically negative, 45-day-old birds from Farm A, Flock 1 and from serologically positive 49-day-old birds from Farm B, Flock 1 had histological and immunocytochemical evidence of IBDV infection. Birds from Farm A, Flock 2, sampled 12 months after the sampling of Flock 1, and specific-pathogen-free birds, showed no evidence of IBDV infection by any of the three diagnostic methods. Birds from Farm B, Flock 2, sampled on four occasions, were positive for IBD at 20 days of age by histology and immunocytochemistry, but did not seroconvert until 42 days of age. CONCLUSIONS: Serological testing is not a reliable method for the detection of IBDV infection in New Zealand broiler flocks because antibodies may not have developed to detectable levels by the time of slaughter. Histological examination of bursae allowed the demonstration of IBD-like lesions, but these need to be differentiated from those caused by other agents. The immunocytochemistry test was able to detect early IBDV infection. It provided a rapid, definitive diagnosis and may be useful in control programmes. The results from Farm A demonstrate that strict biosecurity measures can be successful in the eradication of IBDV.  相似文献   

8.
A diagnosis of toxic necrotizing cholangiohepatitis was made in approximately 35% of a flock of 23,000 commercial broiler chickens. Affected chickens were small, and had discrete green foci throughout the liver. Seven to twelve days prior to shipping the flock to slaughter, premixes containing oxytetracycline, monensin, and 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid had been added to the ration because the birds had wet droppings and were growing slowly. The 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid had been inadvertently incorporated at ten times the recommended level. Liver and kidney of affected birds had elevated levels of total arsenic, and special strains demonstrated arsenic in necrotic foci in liver. Histologically there was marked dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts, and patchy necrosis and hyperplasia of the bile duct epithelium. Damage to bile ducts may have been a toxic manifestation of altered metabolism and excretion of the three drugs being fed to birds suffering from intercurrent diarrhea and/or undefined interactions among the drugs.  相似文献   

9.
CASE DESCRIPTION: 4 captive adult Micronesian kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina) at 3 zoologic institutions were examined routinely or because of dyspnea or lethargy. CLINICAL FINDINGS: All birds had marked hepatomegaly. Two birds had dyspnea caused by compression of air sacs by the enlarged liver, and 1 bird had generalized weakness and lethargy. Three birds had distended coelomic cavities, and 3 birds were thin or had lost weight. There were no consistent abnormalities in blood analytes. Results of most ancillary diagnostic tests such as acid-fast staining of cloacal or fecal swab specimens and culture of feces for acid-fast bacteria were negative. Results of examination of hepatic biopsy specimens in 2 of 4 birds were suggestive of mycobacteriosis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: 3 birds died or were euthanized soon after diagnosis. One kingfisher was isolated and monitored for 4 months without treatment and died during anesthesia for disease monitoring. Postmortem histologic examination revealed histiocytic hepatitis and acid-fast bacteria in all 4 birds. Bacteriologic culture of liver specimens yielded Mycobacterium simiae complex in all 4 birds. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Infection with M simiae complex should be considered in ill Micronesian kingfishers, and further monitoring is warranted to determine whether this is an emerging pathogen in this species.  相似文献   

10.
The pathogenesis of fibrosing hepatitis causing condemnations in broiler chickens was investigated. Three to four week old broilers were inoculated via the hepatoenteric bile duct with saline washed suspensions of Clostridium perfringens (10(7) and 10(8) organisms). In another group of broilers, both bile ducts were ligated. The sequential development of liver and gall bladder lesions was studied at intervals ranging from 1-28 days postsurgery. The lesions were similar in both experiments in that the liver became mottled and swollen by five to seven days. Fibrinoid necrosis, heterophil and lymphocyte infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia and fibrosis with reticulin fiber proliferation occurred. By 14-17 days, the liver was enlarged, tan colored and firm with red and white foci. By 28 days, bile duct proliferation and fibrosis were massive with only a few hepatocytes remaining. The liver capsule was not involved. Jaundice was not present but the birds with ligated bile ducts excreted intensely yellow stained droppings after six to seven days. The gall bladder in inoculated birds was edematous and distended with flocculent or inspissated material. Clostridium perfringens was reisolated from gall bladder and/or liver of inoculated birds up to 28 days postsurgery. It is suggested that this organism plays a role in the pathogenesis of fibrosing cholehepatitis by inducing septic intrahepatic cholestasis.  相似文献   

11.
Rapeseed meal hepatosis was produced by feeding high and low glucosinolate meals as a source of protein (about 200 g kg-1 diet) but could not be distinguished histologically from fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome which occurred in birds on the control diet. Both types of meal increased haemorrhage, reticulolysis and lymphoproliferation in the liver, reduced the packed cell volume and caused thyroid enlargement. Haemorrhages emanated from ruptured intrahepatic portal veins, capillaries and sinusoids and were associated with degenerative changes in vessel walls. Haemorrhage and reticulin scores were correlated. Parenchymal necrosis occurred only around large haematomas and caused increased aspartate transaminase activity in the plasma. Both meals also caused hyperglycaemia and reduced the plasma triglyceride content. Only the high glucosinolate meal decreased egg production, caused liver enlargement and reduced the plasma urate level. The addition of myrosinase enhanced its effects on egg production and packed cell volume but did not increase its hepatotoxicity.  相似文献   

12.
Plasma bile acid concentrations were measured in normal horses. There was no diurnal variation in values, and age and sex had no effect. There was no significant difference between serum and plasma bile acid concentrations in clinically normal horses. Plasma bile acids were stable on storage for one month at -20 degrees C. The total plasma bile acid concentrations together with total and direct bilirubin concentrations and plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate and iditol dehydrogenase were evaluated in horses with various types of hepatobiliary disease (hepatic necrosis, lipidosis, neoplasia and cirrhosis), gastrointestinal disease, cardiovascular, orthopaedic and various other conditions not affecting the liver. Total plasma bile acids together with plasma glutamate and iditol dehydrogenase activities were the best indicators of liver disease. Total plasma bile acid concentrations were the most sensitive indicator of a wide variety of hepatic diseases but alone were unhelpful in differential diagnosis and were of more value when combined with the other tests of hepatic disease.  相似文献   

13.
1. In three experiments the effect of diets containing maize or wheat on hepatic and plasma lipids in laying japanese quail were studied. In two of these diets of equal energy, nitrogen and fat contents were used. 2. Liver weight, relative to body weight, liver lipid content and plasma lipid concentration were greater in birds fed on maize-containing diets. 3. The maize-containing diet also produced more (14 : 0, 16 : 0, 16 : 1 and 18 : 1) and less (18 : 0, 18 : 2 and 20 :4) fatty acids in the liver lipid. 4. Egg production was not affected by the treatments. 5. The effect of dietary cereal on hepatic and plasma lipids may be due to altered lipogenesis and the quail may be a useful model for the laying hen with respect to hepatic lipid accumulation.  相似文献   

14.
The use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in birds has been documented for cardiac, urogenital, and liver disease. However, its use in gastrointestinal tract disease is not defined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the ultrasonographic findings of the intestine and liver of six healthy racing pigeons with those of six racing pigeons with gastrointestinal disease. The echogenicity of the liver was significantly different between the two groups. Pigeons with gastrointestinal disease had less homogeneous liver echogenicity with focal heterogeneous areas and the hepatic blood vessels were visible and dilated. The duodenum was visualized and its mean diameter of 7.2 +/- 0.3 mm in the diseased pigeons was significantly wider (P < or = 0.001) than the 5.7 +/- 0.2 mm in healthy birds. The thickness of the duodenal wall in healthy and diseased pigeons was 1.6 +/- 0.1 and 2.4 +/- 0.1 mm, respectively, and they were significantly different (P < or = 0.001). We defined baseline measurements for the duodenal loop in pigeons and provided evidence that ultrasound can be a useful diagnostic tool for investigating intestinal disease in pigeons.  相似文献   

15.
The interaction between 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (roxarsone) and Cu was studied in a series of experiments with crossbred, broiler-type chicks. A fully fortified corn-soybean meal diet was fed in all assays. While roxarsone caused a marked reduction in liver Cu concentration, arsanilic acid (4-aminophenylarsonic acid), As2O3 and As2O5 were without effect. When structural analogs of roxarsone were studied, it was found that o-nitrophenol and 3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid also had no effect on liver Cu concentration in birds fed a high level of Cu. However, liver Co concentration was reduced by the addition of either o-nitrophenol or roxarsone to the diets of birds fed a high level of Co. It was concluded that arsenic per se had no effect on liver Cu accumulation or depletion, but that a chelate was probably formed between Cu or Co and the nitroso and hydroxyl groups of the ring portion of roxarsone. In addition to the reduction in liver Cu deposition, concentrations of Cu in the bile, brain, heart and pancreas of chicks were reduced by the addition of roxarsone to a high-Cu diet. Neither dietary nor intraperitoneally (ip) injected roxarsone had an effect on liver Cu concentration when Cu was injected ip. Therefore, both roxarsone and Cu had to be present in the diet for the liver Cu-lowering effect of roxarsone to be exerted. A further experiment was conducted with growing rats to determine the effect of roxarsone on Cu balance. Feeding roxarsone elevated Cu excretion in the urine but had no effect on Cu excretion in the feces.  相似文献   

16.
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), an important hepatic metabolite and glutathione (GSH) donor, has been studied mechanistically in vitro, in humans with clinical liver disease, and in experimental animal models of liver disease. Collective findings encourage its therapeutic use in necroinflammatory and cholestatic liver disorders. A chronic longitudinal study (pre- and posttreatment parameters compared) was undertaken with 15 clinically healthy cats given a stable 1,4-butanedisulfonate (S'S isomer) SAMe salt (enteric coated tablets providing 180 mg SAMe), dosage 48 mg/kg PO q24h, on an empty stomach for 113 days. Routine physical and clinicopathologic assessments, red blood cell (RBC) osmotic fragility, liver function and histology, hepatic concentrations of reduced GSH (RGSH) and its oxidized disulfide form (GSSG), protein, glycogen, and deoxyribonucleic acid, GSH concentrations in RBCs, total bile acids in serum and bile, oxidative membrane products (TBARS) in RBCs and liver, and plasma SAMe concentrations were evaluated. SAMe administered PO significantly increased plasma SAMe concentrations, and peak concentrations usually occurred 2-4 hours after dosing. Chronic SAMe administration did not change peak or cumulative plasma SAMe concentrations and did not [corrected] cause overt signs of toxicity. A positive influence on RBC and hepatic redox status (RBC TBARS reduced 21.1% [P < .002], liver GSH increased 35% [P < .002], liver RGSH: GSSG ratio increased 69% [P < .03]) and improved RBC resilience to osmotic challenge (P < .03) were observed. Results prove that this SAMe PO product is enterically available and suggest that it imparts biologic effects that might be useful for attenuating systemic or hepatic oxidant challenge.  相似文献   

17.
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 2-year-old female Solomon Island eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) was evaluated by a veterinarian because of a 4-day history of progressive lethargy, weakness, poor appetite, and inactivity. The bird was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital for further examination. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Clinicopathologic analyses revealed that the parrot had marked regenerative anemia, autoagglutination, and biliverdinuria. Small, rounded RBCs (thought to be spherocytes) were detected in blood smears. The abnormal findings met the diagnostic criteria for dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. However, analyses of blood samples for lead and zinc concentrations and plasma bile acids concentrations; the use of PCR assays for Chlamydophila psittaci, psittacine circovirus 1 (causative agent of beak and feather disease), and polyomavirus; and microbial culture and Gram staining of feces did not reveal a cause for the hemolytic anemia. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Although administration of immunosuppressive doses of cyclosporine was initiated, there was a rapid progression of disease, which lead to death of the parrot before this treatment could be continued long-term. Lack of an identifiable underlying disease (confirmed by complete histologic examinations at necropsy) supported the diagnosis of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia has not been widely reported in psittacine birds. A comprehensive evaluation and complete histologic examination of tissues to rule out underlying disease processes are required to definitively establish a diagnosis of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in parrots. Primary immune-me-diated hemolytic anemia should be considered as a differential diagnosis for regenerative anemia in a parrot.  相似文献   

18.
J T Lumeij  J D Remple 《Avian diseases》1992,36(4):1060-1062
A significant post-prandial increase of plasma bile acid concentration (PBAC) was observed in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). In order to avoid physiological food-induced elevations in PBAC, which can complicate interpretation of plasma chemistry results in birds of prey, it is recommended that blood samples be obtained after a fasting period of at least 24 hours.  相似文献   

19.
Degenerate primers were designed based on known sequence information for the circoviruses psittacine beak and feather disease virus and porcine circovirus and applied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to known virus-infected bursa of Fabricius (BF) from a pigeon. A 548-bp DNA fragment was amplified and shown to be specific to a novel circovirus, named pigeon circovirus (PiCV), and was used to produce sensitive and specific probes for detection of circovirus DNA by in situ hybridization (ISH). Using ISH on BF from 107 pigeons submitted for necropsy, infection was detected in 89%, compared with a histologic detection rate of 66%. Using the ISH technique, infected cells were also found in liver, kidney, trachea, lung, brain, crop, intestine, spleen, bone marrow, and heart of some birds. Large quantities of DNA were present in some of these tissues, and in the absence of BF, liver in particular is identified as a potentially useful organ to examine for presence of PiCV. This high prevalence of infection in diseased birds is noteworthy, emphasizing the need for studies to determine the precise role of this virus as a disease-producing agent.  相似文献   

20.
Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined weekly for 4 weeks in 6 sham-operated control dogs, in 6 sham-operated dogs after induction of liver disease with dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), and in 6 dogs after surgical ligation of the common bile duct. Results were compared with standard biochemical indices of liver function and with histologic changes in serial liver biopsy specimens. Concentrations of most amino acids increased after 2 weeks in DMNA-treated dogs, whereas they were normal or decreased in bile duct-ligated dogs. With increasing severity of the liver disease, the molar ratio (normal mean +/- SEM = 3.48 +/- 0.14) in DMNA-treated dogs decreased to 2.42 +/- 0.19 by 2 weeks and to 1.17 +/- 0.09 by 4 weeks. The ratio remained normal in bile duct-ligated dogs. Molar ratio and aromatic amino acid concentrations correlated better with hepatic necrosis and inflammation than did standard biochemical indices (eg, bilirubin, liver enzymes). Therefore, plasma amino acid analysis and determination of the molar ratio may be useful in the differential diagnosis of hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice in dogs. A decrease in the molar ratio may reflect portal hypertension and hepatocellular disease.  相似文献   

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