共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 640 毫秒
1.
Histomoniasis was diagnosed in a commercial turkey flock. All morbidity and mortality occurred in one house. Birds exhibited lesions characteristic for histomoniasis, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic examination. Affected turkeys were infected with moderate levels of Ascaridia dissimilis but not Heterakis gallinarum. Compression smears of hepatic tissues showed typical histotrophic phase Histomonas meleagridis, whereas cecal smears exhibited large numbers of Trichomonas gallinarum. A challenge experiment was conducted in which turkey poults were placed on contaminated litter. Although histomoniasis was not reproduced in the experiment, the birds did become infected with low numbers of A. dissimilis. 相似文献
2.
Histomoniasis (histomonosis, infectious enterohepatitis, or blackhead) is a disease of turkeys on litter or range caused by the protozoan Histomonas meleagridis, a parasite of worms, primarily spread in feces, in Heterakis gallinarum (cecal worm) eggs, or in Eisenia foetida (earthworms). In this trial, Natustat (Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY), a proprietary plant-derived product, was used at 1.925 kg/tonne and compared with nitarsone in male hybrid turkey diets to 42 days of age on histomonad infected litter (day 7) from broiler breeders. Infected nonsupplemented and uninfected nonsupplemented control groups were also included. Natustat and nitarsone significantly improved 28- and 42-day feed conversion ratios and lowered 28- and 35-day cecal and liver lesion scores compared with infected nonsupplemented turkeys. The body weight at 42 days was greater in the Natustat and nitarsone supplemented groups than in the infected nonsupplemented group. 相似文献
3.
1. Eggs from a layer-type breeder flock (Baladi, King Saud University) between 50 and 63 weeks of age were used in three trials to study the effects of electrical field (EF) during incubation on albumen and yolk heights, incubation temperature, egg weight loss and hatchability traits. The effects of egg size and eggshell characteristics on hatchability traits of eggs incubated under EF were investigated. 2. Eggs were weighed and graded into three weight classes (small, medium, and large). The physical dimensions, eggshell characteristics, and conductance of eggs were examined. The incubator was divided into two compartments for the control and EF treatments. Two aluminium plates were fitted on the inside walls of the EF compartment, face to face, and connected to a step up electric transformer. Eggs were exposed constantly to the EF during the first 18 d of incubation at the level of 30 kV/m, 60 Hz. 3. Egg size influenced the physical dimensions and eggshell characteristics of eggs. Large eggs had higher egg weight, egg surface area, egg volume, eggshell conductance, and eggshell weight and lower yolk weight percentage than medium or small size eggs. Small eggs had lower egg length and higher egg density than large or medium size eggs. Large eggs had higher eggshell thickness than small size eggs. 4. EF incubation of eggs raised incubation temperature by 0.06 degrees C, and increased the percentage of egg weight loss, hatchability, and weight of hatching chicks and reduced the early embryo deaths, and length of incubation by approximately 9.8, 19.6, 1.7, 62.1 and 2.1%, respectively. 5. There was no significant difference between the two incubation treatments in the heights of albumen and yolk of incubated eggs, percentages of late embryo deaths, and pips with live and dead embryos. Hatchability traits were not significantly influenced by egg size. 6. It was concluded that EF incubation of eggs increased hatchability, chick-hatching weight, and reduced the length of incubation of Baladi eggs. Differences in the physical dimensions and eggshell characteristics of eggs did not influence hatchability traits of eggs under EF incubation. 相似文献
4.
The isolation and attenuation of a virus causing rhinotracheitis in turkeys in South Africa 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
In March 1978, a number of turkeys with severe respiratory symptoms affecting over 80% of the flock were investigated for a possible causative agent. With the standard techniques used for the isolation of bacteriae, mycoplasmae and viruses, only Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma meleagridis and Newcastle disease virus were isolated. Tracheal organ cultures were subsequently prepared from 27-day-old turkey embryos and inoculated with sinus exudate from affected turkeys. After an incubation period of 4 days a virus was isolated with which the typical symptoms, as observed in the field, could be reproduced in susceptible turkeys after 3-5 days. Following primary isolation in tracheal organ cultures, the virus grew readily in embryonated eggs and Vero cells. With the electron microscope, virus-like particles, varying in size from 40 nm-500 nm, were observed, having a pleomorphic shape and studded with fine surface projections. The virus seems to fall into the family Paramyxoviridae. A vaccine produced from attenuated virus in embryonated eggs afforded good protection against mortalities due to airsacculitis that normally follows on to turkey rhinotracheitis infection. The serological and clinical effects of the virus on chickens are also reported on. 相似文献
5.
Hatching eggs from a commercial strain of turkeys infected naturally with Mycoplasma meleagridis were injected before incubation with various doses of tylosin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol, individually and in combination. The antibiotics were inoculated into the albumen through a hole made in the small end of the egg. Gentamicin was the only drug consistently effective in reducing infection. With inoculation by the procedure described, the embryos tolerated several dose levels of gentamicin, tylosin, and erythromycin well. 相似文献
6.
The effects of concurrent infections of Ascaridia dissimilis and Eimeria meleagrimitis in turkeys were studied in two separate trials. In the first trial, newly larvated ova were used to inoculate poults 7 or 3 days before, on the same day as, or 3 days after the poults received E. meleagrimitis. Poults receiving the A. dissimilis 3 days before, on the same day as, or 3 days after receiving E. meleagrimitis had significantly lower total oocyst production than the E. meleagrimitis-positive control. In the second trial, larvated ova that were approximately 100 days old were used in the same regimen. In this trial, poults that were inoculated with A. dissimilis 3 days before or 3 days after receiving the E. meleagrimitis produced significantly fewer oocysts than poults inoculated simultaneously with both parasites. Poults inoculated with A. dissimilis 3 days before receiving E. meleagrimitis also had significantly fewer third-stage nematodes than the A. dissimilis-positive controls. There were no significant differences in weight gain between treatments in either trial. 相似文献
7.
8.
Introduction: Most of the morphological studies on the skin of birds refer to chickens. Little can be found about the specific fine structure of the foot‐pad epidermis of turkeys and almost nothing is known about the developing reticulate scales in turkey foetuses. This study deals with the question as to whether the development and morphology of the reticulate scales of turkeys are similar to those of chickens. Since the first signs of food‐pad dermatitis can be observed in turkey poults at the age of four days, it was additionally examined if these alterations can be found in turkey foetuses already. Methods: Foot pad samples of heavy strain BUT Big 6 turkeys were collected at different developmental stages (day 20, 23, and 28 of incubation). The specimens were compared by light‐ and electron‐microscopic methods. Results: On the 20th day of incubation, the reticulate scales cover the food pads as small knob‐like structures. Between the embryonic epidermal cells wide inter‐cellular spaces are visible, and in the intermediate cells multigranular bodies (MGBs) are detectable. Peridermal cells cover the reticulate scales. They are characterized by peridermal granules and protuberances of the outer cell membrane. On the 23rd day of incubation, many lipid droplets are scattered within the intermediate cells. Because a thin stratum corneum has formed, the periderm is almost completely sloughing off. On the 28th day of incubation, the turkey poults hatch. The epidermis has almost reached maturity and a broad stratum corneum is detectable. Conclusions: The development and morphology of the reticulate scale epidermis of turkey is comparable to that of chicken, although little differences were found. Besides former investigations, which described the peridermal protuberances as microvilli, scanning‐electron microscopy proved that they also show a fingerprint‐like surface structure that has not been observed for birds previously. Up to the hatching day, no signs of food pad alterations are seen in developing turkeys. 相似文献
9.
Hepatic foci are a serious economic problem for most turkey-producing areas in the United States. Current estimates indicate that as much as 43% of the flocks sent to slaughter may experience condemnations because of hepatic foci. The present experiments were designed to duplicate naturally occurring lesions with Ascaridia dissimilis. Newly hatched poults were placed on fresh litter and given feed containing either 500 embryonated A. dissimilis ova/bird/day (from day of hatch) or no ova, in three experiments. Hepatic foci were reproduced in exposed poults in all three experiments, indicating that A. dissimilis is directly involved in the etiology of hepatic foci. 相似文献
10.
《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2014,23(2):244-251
The current research was conducted to determine the comparison of hatchability and some egg quality characteristics in spotted and unspotted partridge (Alectoris chukar) eggs. The research was carried out on 51 male and 102 female chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) aged 50 wk, which were raised at the Research and Application Farm of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Selcuk University. In total, 244 spotted and 261 unspotted eggs were used in the research. The hatching eggs were stored at 75% RH and 13°C for 14 d. Thirty spotted and 30 unspotted eggs laid on the same day were used for the evaluation of egg quality characteristics. Egg weight, chick weight, egg weight loss during the hatching period, shape index, hatchability, and some egg quality characteristics were evaluated at the end of the research. Spotted eggs exhibited a higher fertility and hatchability, as well as a lower percentage egg weight loss and embryonic mortality when compared with unspotted eggs. No significant differences were observed between spotted and unspotted eggs for egg weight, chick weight, shape index, specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk color green-red chromaticity (a*), albumen pH, and yolk pH. Spotted eggs had higher eggshell color a*, eggshell color blue-yellow chromaticity (b*), and eggshell strength, as well as a lower eggshell color light-dark chromaticity (L*), yolk color L*, and yolk color b* scores when compared with unspotted eggs. It was demonstrated that spots on the eggshells of chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) improved their hatchability by affecting various quality characteristics of their eggs. It was concluded that spotted eggs are more suitable for hatching. 相似文献
11.
Influence of the microstructure on the shell strength of eggs laid by hens of different ages 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
1. The eggshell is a bioceramic material constructed of columnar calcite crystals preferentially oriented with their c-axis perpendicular to the shell surface. 2. The influence of microstructure (crystal size, shape and crystallographic orientation of crystal grains) on the mechanical properties of eggshells (shell strength) was investigated using eggs from hens of different ages. 3. There was a strong correlation between crystallographic texture and the strength of the eggshell in the case of eggs laid by young hens. The strength of eggshells increased as the preferential orientation of the crystals constituting the eggshell decreased. 4. By comparing two age populations, the effect of hen age on eggshell properties was evaluated. In general, eggshells from aged hens had a lower breaking strength (less than half that of those laid by young hens) and showed a greater variability in their structural properties such as thickness, grain morphology and crystallographic texture. 5. Texture analysis revealed that shells from eggs laid by aged hens have two preferred crystal orientations, after (001) and (104), compared with mainly one, after (001), in eggs laid by young hens. 6. These observed changes in eggshell properties could be due to changes in the organic matrix of the eggshell associated with ageing of the hens. 相似文献
12.
Improving turkey poult quality by correcting incubator humidity to match eggshell conductance 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
One of the most important factors determining hatchability of avian eggs is their proper water budget during incubation. We show here that water budget changes of turkey eggs effect not only hatchability but also poult quality. In addition to an increase in hatchability of 3.3%, poult quality was increased by 7.3%. This was achieved by sorting eggs into low (less than 18.5), medium (18.5 to 22.0) and high (greater than 22.0) eggshell mass-specific water vapour, conductance categories and incubating them in matching incubation humidities of 21.8, 26.6 and 31.4 Torr, corresponding to relative humidities of 45, 55 and 65% at 37.5 degrees C, respectively. A total diffusive water loss of 11.5% (range 10 to 14%) of the initial egg mass in 25 d of incubation yielded maximal hatchability and poult quality. 相似文献
13.
M Panheleux M Bain M S Fernandez I Morales J Gautron J L Arias S E Solomon M Hincke Y Nys 《British poultry science》1999,40(2):240-252
1. The avian eggshell is a biomineralised composite ceramic consisting of calcium carbonate embedded in an organic matrix. Matrix components are supposed to be involved in the control of mineralisation, crystallographic texture and biomechanical properties of eggshell. 2. The structure and eggshell matrix composition of various domesticated bird species were compared to gain insight into the universality of the eggshell mineralisation process. 3. The SDS-PAGE profiles of soluble eggshell matrix were specific within groups of birds (a: laying hen, breeder hen, quail, pheasant and possibly turkey; b: guinea fowl; c: duck and goose) but some of the protein bands were common to all groups. 4. Analogies between species were confirmed by Western blotting using hen protein antibodies. Ovocleidin-17 (OC-17) and ovalbumin were revealed in all species (except quail for OC-17). Lysozyme was present only in hen eggshell. Another egg white protein: ovotransferrin showed a positive signal in hens, turkey and quail. Osteopontin was observed in laying and breeder hens and quail. 5. Different proteoglycans were localised to discrete regions within the eggshell. Dermatan sulphate was observed within the matrix of the calcified shell of all species except quail which contained chondroitin-6-sulfate. Keratan sulphate was observed in mammillary bodies of breeder and laying hen, quail, pheasant and turkey while chondroitin sulphate was also present in guinea fowl and duck. 6. The general structural organisation of the different avian eggshells was similar but specific differences were observed in the ultrastructure of the mammillary layer. Species of the same taxonomic family could be grouped according to their structural analogies: breeder hen, turkey and pheasant resembled that of the domestic fowl. Guinea fowl was unique. Goose and duck were quite similar with large and confluent mammillary bodies. 7. Some matrix components are therefore common to eggshells of various species but more information is needed to relate differences in matrix composition between taxonomic groups with differences in ultrastructure. 相似文献
14.
1. This study was conducted to examine some egg characteristics and determine the effects of eggshell thickness and eggshell porosity on water loss and hatchability of eggs in ostriches. 2. Shell thickness did not correlate significantly with hatchability. However, eggs of low shell thickness lost more mass (13.03%) than those with intermediate (11.22%) and high (10.36%) shell thickness. Mass loss during incubation was higher in hatched (11.98%) than unhatched eggs (11.09%). Shell thickness was negatively correlated to egg mass loss (r = -0.65). 3. The pore density was correlated with hatchability. Hatchability was 50% lower in eggs with low pore densities (40.93%) than with high densities (80.94%). Pore density was positively correlated with egg mass loss (r = 0.63). Incubation mass losses of hatched and unhatched eggs were not significantly different. 4. Mean eggshell water vapour conductance (G) value and shell conductance constant (k) were 87.77 +/- 4.21 mg H2O/d/Torr and 2.44 respectively (n = 15). 5. Because of eggshell functional properties and resulting low egg mass loss hatchability is low when ostrich eggs are artificially incubated. The mass of eggs used in the experiment was relatively high and their eggshell water vapour conductance was low. As a result, egg incubation mass loss was lower than it should be. It is concluded that incubator humidity should be low (25%) to allow enough mass loss during incubation from the eggs. 相似文献
15.
Effect of intensity of eggshell pigment and illuminated incubation on hatchability of brown eggs 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The effects of intensity of brown eggshell pigment (light (LBP), medium (MBP) and dark (DBP)) and light intensity during incubation (low and high, 900 to 1380 and 1430 to 2080 lux, respectively) on eggshell characteristics, embryonic growth, hatchability traits, chick hatching weight and hatching time were investigated using eggs from a meat-type breeder (Hybro) flock at 32, 36 and 41 weeks of age in three trials. With eggs of similar weights the intensity of brown pigment was not associated with eggshell weight and thickness, and did not influence embryo weight and egg weight loss during incubation. The shade of brown pigment of eggs laid by young hens influenced the percentage hatchability (HP) of eggs incubated under light. Illuminated incubation improved HP of LBP eggs (compared with MBP and DBP eggs) from 32- and 36-week-old hens, but had no significant effect on HP of eggs from 41-week-old hens. Light intensity during incubation did not influence egg weight loss. High intensity of light during incubation reduced HP and increased early death percentage (EDP) in the LBP and MBP groups, and did not influence HP and EDP in the DBP group. Brown eggshell pigment and intensity of light during incubation did not influence hatching time. It is concluded that the shade of brown pigment, intensity of light during incubation and age of the breeder hens influenced the hatchability performance of embryos from brown eggs. Light during incubation improved the hatchability of embryos in light brown eggs laid by young hens and the shade of brown pigment of eggs laid by older hens did not influence hatchability under illuminated incubation. High intensity of light during incubation reduced hatchability of light and medium brown eggs, but not the dark brown eggs. 相似文献
16.
17.
不同品牌市售鲜鸡蛋贮存过程中微生物变化比较研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
鸡蛋是人类膳食的重要组成部分,其产出与贮运销售过程中均存在沙门氏菌等致病菌污染隐患,直接影响鸡蛋的消费安全。作者对北京市场德青源、留民营等4种品牌包装鲜鸡蛋及散装鸡蛋在贮存过程中细菌总数、大肠菌群数及沙门氏菌数量变化进行了测定,研究了贮存过程中各品牌鸡蛋蛋壳、蛋清及蛋黄中的细菌总数,大肠菌群数随时间的变化情况及沙门氏菌的检出情况。研究结果发现,不同品牌的鸡蛋蛋壳表面在贮存初期细菌总数介于9.315×102～1.367×104 CFU/个,且随着贮存时间的延长呈上升趋势;品牌鸡蛋贮存初期蛋内容物均未检出污染细菌,而在贮存6 d后检出污染细菌,细菌总数与大肠菌群存在随着贮存时间的延长而增加的变化。除A品牌鸡蛋外,市售鲜蛋均存在沙门氏菌污染,蛋壳表面污染率为1.67%～8.3%,内容物中污染率为1.67%～5%。其中散装鸡蛋的细菌总数,大肠菌群数及沙门氏菌检出率均高于其它几种品牌的鸡蛋。 相似文献
18.
鸡蛋蛋壳颜色的定量测定研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
由于不同颜色对光的反射系数不同 ,可根据不同颜色的蛋壳对相同光源反射系数的差异对蛋壳颜色进行客观的定量测定。本试验采用英国TSS公司生产的ECR测色仪进行蛋壳颜色的客观、定量测定。共测定 10个蛋鸡组合所产的鸡蛋 ,包括白壳、褐壳、绿壳、粉壳等四种类型。每个组合测 30个鸡蛋 ,每个蛋测定 8个点。确定了各种颜色的正常测定值范围 ,并进行主成分分析 ,确定最佳测定点。试验结果表明 :白壳蛋颜色反射系数的测定值范围是 >75 ,褐壳蛋2 0～ 5 0 ,粉壳蛋 4 0～ 70 ,绿壳蛋 4 5～ 80。为了简化测定过程 ,可选取蛋的钝端 1个点进行测定 ,其准确性可达到 0 .988。 相似文献
19.
Third- and fourth-stage Ascaridia dissimilis larvae were isolated from commercial white turkey intestinal scrapings from two farms that were experiencing high mortality. Lesions consisted of a necrotic-like enteritis that was most severe in the jejunum. Subsequent bacteriological isolation yielded heavy growth of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. The rate of mortality declined rapidly when the turkeys were administered 18 ppm fenbendazole for 7 days. 相似文献
20.
During the 1984 to 1986 spring hunting seasons in Connecticut, viscera from 300 hunter-killed wild turkeys and blood samples from live-trapped wild turkeys were examined in order to establish a health profile on the State's wild turkey population. Seven species of endoparasites were recovered from 224 (75%) of 300 birds: Metroliasthes lucida, Ascaridia dissimilis, Heterakis gallinarum, Syngamus trachea, Capillaria species, Trichomonas gallinarum, and Eimeria species. The most prevalent parasites were A. dissimilis (52%) and M. lucida (37%). Although some turkeys harbored high intensities of these two helminths, there were no associated gross or microscopic lesions nor body weight changes. The prevalence of S. trachea, H. gallinarum, Capillaria and Eimeria species, which are potential pathogenic parasites in domestic and wild turkeys, was very low (less than 3%). Blood samples from 19 live-trapped wild turkeys were negative for hemoprotozoa and antibodies to 15 common bacterial and viral agents. Serum samples from 82 birds were negative for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae. The survey indicates that the wild turkey population of Connecticut presently has little evidence of common infectious diseases and minimal prevalence of potentially pathogenic parasites. 相似文献