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1.
Herding semi-domesticated reindeer has economic and social value for Sami people in the northern territories of Fennoscandia. However, with the intensification of reindeer husbandry, interspecies transmission of pathogens between reindeer and domestic animals may become a problem, especially for countries such as Sweden, Norway, and Finland where pestivirus and alphaherpesvirus have been eradicated in domestic ruminants. This study, which included 1158 Swedish reindeer, showed relatively high prevalence of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) (32%) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) (53%). Adult animals were more often seropositive for BVDV and BoHV-1 (50% and 78%, respectively) than were calves (18 and 11%, respectively). While the seroprevalence of alphaherpesvirus was similar in different herding districts, pestivirus seropositivity was highest in the South and diminished towards the North of the Swedish reindeer herding area. High correlation of the seropositivity against both pathogens at both individual and herd levels may indicate possible mutual synergetic effects and may be explained by the immunosuppressive nature of the viruses. While alphaherpesvirus seroprevalence was probably related to putative cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV-2), the pestivirus infecting reindeer remains undefined. The virus neutralisation test of reindeer sera using different pestivirus strains, revealed higher titres against Border disease virus strains like 137/4 (BDV-1) and Reindeer-1 (BDV-2) than against BVDV-1. However, the virus was not identified by real time RT-PCR in any of the samples (n=276) from seronegative reindeers. The study showed that pestivirus and alphaherpesvirus infections are endemic in the Swedish reindeer population.  相似文献   

2.

Background

The aim of this project was to study 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 5 dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethans (DDTs), 12 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 6 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in meat, liver, tallow and bone marrow from semi-domesticated reindeer.

Methods

Meat, liver, tallow, and bone marrow samples (n= 30) were collected from semi-domesticated reindeer in Northern Norway. Determination of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) concentrations was done by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Dependent sample t-test and Pearson’s correlation test were used in statistical analysis.

Results

Concentrations of the persistent organic pollutants in the samples from semi-domesticated reindeer were generally low and slightly above the limit of detection (LOD). For PCBs and OCPs, ≥ 50% of the samples had concentrations above LOD. For the DDTs and PBDEs, the proportion of samples with concentrations above LOD varied between 3.7 and 45.5% depending on the sample type. Concentrations of PCB 99, 105, 138/163, 153 and 187 differed significantly between meat and liver, whereas concentrations of PCB 183 were significantly different between tallow and bone marrow. Furthermore, concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were significantly different between meat and liver. Significant correlations were revealed in concentrations of 5 PCB congeners between the studied tissue types.

Conclusion

Concentrations of the POPs revealed in this study were generally low.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical effects and repeatability of clinical effects for an optimal immobilizing dose of a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride (MED) and ketamine hydrochloride (KET) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). ANIMALS: 12 healthy 6- to 8-month old reindeer. PROCEDURE: Each reindeer was immobilized once with an initial dose (combination of 0.06 mg of MED/kg of body weight and 0.3 mg KET/kg) and twice with an optimal dose of MED-KET. Reversal was achieved with 5 mg of atipamezole/mg of MED injected 45 minutes after MED-KET administration. Observational variables were recorded. Oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin measured by pulse oximetry (Spo2), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded 10, 25, and 40 minutes after immobilization. RESULTS: Mean time to first sign of sedation and time until a recumbent animal lifted its head were significantly reduced for reindeer given the optimal dose, compared with the initial dose. Mean Spo2 remained > 90% during initial immobilization; this value was significantly lower for the optimal dose, but increased during immobilization from 85 to 89%. At all doses, RR increased significantly throughout the recorded period; however, RT and HR were constant. Except for time until reindeer stood, all time variables, Spo2, RR, RT, and HR were repeatable. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: mmobilization of captive reindeer achieved by use of the optimal dose established here is clinically acceptable, although Spo2 should be carefully monitored. Administration of the optimal dose produced the same clinical effect during repeated immobilization of the same reindeer.  相似文献   

4.
The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) is a haematophagous parasitic fly of cervids that spread to Finland in the early 1960's. Presently its northern distribution limit lies at approximately 65°N and it is gradually spreading northwards. In Finland the principal host species has been the moose (Alces alces), but the deer ked is about to establish contact with another potential host, the semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) causing possible threats to reindeer health and management. The aim of this study was to investigate if the deer ked would have an influence on the welfare of the reindeer. Eighteen adult reindeer were divided into three experimental groups: the control group and two infected groups with 300 deer keds per reindeer introduced in August-September. One of the infected groups was treated with subcutaneous ivermectin in November. To gather comprehensive data on potential health hazards caused by the deer ked a wide array of physiological variables was measured during and at the end of the experiment in December. The keds caused no clear changes in the complete blood count, plasma clinical chemistry, amino acids, endocrinology, energy stores, enzyme activities or tissue fatty acid profiles of the host. The haematological, clinical chemical and endocrinological values displayed changes that could be related to the seasonal physiological adaptations of the species. In conclusion, at the duration and intensity of infection that were employed, the effects of the deer ked on the measured physiological variables of the reindeer were insignificant.  相似文献   

5.
A retrospective analysis of haematological values from clinically normal captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the red cell count, haemoglobin level, packed cell volume and lymphocyte count were higher and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and eosinophil count were lower in juveniles than in adults. Newborn animals were anaemic compared with juveniles and adults and had high reticulocyte counts. The values from healthy reindeer were used to identify abnormal haematological variations in a number of sick animals. It was shown that reindeer exhibit similar haemopathological responses to those of other artiodactyla, with increases in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and fibrinogen level being of particular diagnostic significance. Eosinophilia was the only abnormal haematological finding in individuals with subclinical infections of intestinal parasites.  相似文献   

6.
The study aimed to compare plasma progesterone concentrations, rectal ultrasonography and plasma concentrations of pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) used for pregnancy diagnosis in reindeer. A total of 1,595 blood plasma samples were collected between 1991 and 1996 from 3 semidomestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) herds on the Norwegian mainland (Mager?y, S?r?y, Filefjell) and from 92 wild Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus). Samples were collected between January and late April. Plasma levels of progesterone and PSPB were measured and used as indicators of pregnancy. In addition, animals from the Filefjell herd and the Svalbard reindeer were investigated using transrectal ultrasound. The results showed that plasma progesterone lower than 7 nmol l-1 rarely occurs in females diagnosed pregnant either by ultrasound or by observing a calf at foot 7 months after blood sampling. A very good agreement was found between plasma progesterone and PSPB when used for pregnancy diagnosis. On the Norwegian mainland, but not to the same extent on Svalbard, a high proportion of females with a high progesterone concentration was diagnosed not pregnant by ultrasound. This probably reflects a high rate of false negative diagnoses by the ultrasound method rather than false positives in the progesterone analysis.  相似文献   

7.
Systemic infection by Nocardia asteroides was diagnosed in a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). At necropsy, the animal had enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes, pleural and peritoneal effusions, and numerous, multifocal to coalescing, yellow, firm nodules with inspissated pus in the lung, pleura, omentum, liver, heart, adrenal glands, and left kidney. Microscopically, the nodules consisted of foci of pyogranulomatous inflammation. Microscopic lesions were present in the grossly affected organs as well as spleen and brain. Sections stained with Gram and modified Fite-Faraco histochemical stains had numerous gram-positive, variably acid fast, beaded and branching filamentous organisms in the necrotic centers. N. asteroides was isolated from the lung, bronchial lymph nodes, liver, and left kidney. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of systemic N. asteroides infection in a reindeer.  相似文献   

8.
One dose of inactivated, adjuvanted rabies vaccine of cell culture origin (Rabisin) induced good but short-duration immunity in close to 100% of the 50 semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) vaccinated. Most of the animals (44) had rabies virus antibody titre ≥1.5 IU/ml at 38 days after vaccination. Five animals had titre 0.5 IU. Antibody titres were not, however, present 1 year after primary vaccination in most animals. About 1 year (360-413 days) after primary vaccination, 22 of the 39 reindeer that could be sampled had rabies virus antibody titre <0.5 IU/ml.  相似文献   

9.
Cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in dairy goats in northern Norway.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Ten carcasses and three vertebral columns from north Norwegian dairy goats, which had been killed due to clinical signs of severe neurologic disease, were received for necropsy. Pathological examination revealed nematodes and nematode ova in the central nervous system (CNS) of nine goats. Worms found by gross examination were identified as Elaphostrongylus rangiferi Mitskevich, 1960. Focal traumatic encephalomyelomalacia, apparently caused by migrating worms, perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic leptomeningitis and perineural infiltrations and granulomas, could be demonstrated in CNS sections from all 13 animals examined. Clinical signs reported were initial pruritus followed by motor weakness, lameness, paresis, reduced vision, circling, abnormal head position, bulging eyes and scoliosis. The disease occurred from September to January in regions with a considerable migrant reindeer population. It was concluded that the reported outbreaks of neurologic disease represented seasonal occurrence of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis caused by Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, the elaphostrongyloid nematode of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).  相似文献   

10.
Twelve reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were immobilized by hand injection in indoor stalls with established optimal hand-injection doses of medetomidine-ketamine and then moved to outside paddocks where they were immobilized again with the same dose by dart. The reindeer in paddocks were immobilized a second time with a 50% higher dose, hereafter referred to as the optimal darting dose. Mean time to first sign of sedation was longer and mean induction time was significantly longer (55% and 79%, respectively) when the optimal hand-injection dose was dart injected versus hand injected. Mean time to first sign of sedation was not significantly shorter (although 21% shorter, numerically) but mean induction time was significantly shorter (30%) when animals were darted with the optimal darting dose versus darted with the optimal hand-injection dose. There were no significant differences in respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and relative arterial oxygen saturation in animals injected with different doses and by different routes. but there was a significantly lower heart rate in animals dart injected with the optimal darting dose versus dart injected with the optimal hand-injection dose. All animals responded at similar rates to atipamezole injection.  相似文献   

11.
The papillar morphology of the ventral and dorsal rumen of the wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lönn.) and semidomesticated reindeer (R. t. tarandus L.) was studied in October and November 1996. The morphological measurements which were carried out were: the lengths of the papillae, the number of the papillae per square centimetre, the cross‐sectional area and perimeter of sections cut from the middle of papillae. From these measurements mean papillar volume, areal papillar volume, mean papillar (epithelial) surface area, areal papillar surface and surface enlargement factor were calculated. No differences in these measurements between ventral and dorsal walls of the rumen were evident. The semidomesticated reindeer had longer papillar perimeters, larger mean and areal papillar surface areas, larger mean papillar volumes, and a larger surface enlargement factor in the ventral rumen than did forest reindeer. This may be a result of differences between feeding habits, the semidomesticated reindeer preferring a diet including more plants rich in carbohydrates e.g. lichens, which has resulted in a high production of volatile fatty acids and thus stimulation of papillar growth.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of manual blood sampling and remote blood sampling using automatic blood sampling equipment (ABSE) on plasma cortisol and catecholamine concentrations were studied on eight adult female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Contemporary body temperatures and heart rates were also recorded to determine their utility as other possible stress indicators. The animals were blood sampled once every hour with ABSE on 9-10 May and then by manual blood sampling on 13-14 May. Animals were also fitted with equipment to record heart rate and body temperature. Heart rate and body temperature were also recorded continuously without blood sampling on 17-18 May in undisturbed control conditions. Plasma cortisol concentrations were five-to-six fold greater during manual blood sampling compared to sampling with ABSE (F(1,3) = 13.34, P < 0.05). Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly higher (F(1,3) = 22.98, P < 0.05) during manual blood sampling compared to sampling with ABSE, whereas plasma adrenaline concentrations did not differ. Heart rate was higher during manual blood sampling compared to control values. Body temperature was significantly higher during manual sampling compared to values recorded without blood sampling (F(1,4)= 31.65, P < 0.01). In conclusion, plasma cortisol concentration provides an excellent indicator of handling stress in reindeer. The use of ABSE for blood sampling enables measurements of plasma cortisol levels close to basal concentrations that may be used for reference values in studies where indicators of physiological stress are required.  相似文献   

13.
Six Sarcocystis species have previously been described from reindeer in Norway based on sarcocyst morphology and DNA sequencing. The aim of this study was to determine whether reindeer in Iceland, which descend from reindeer imported from Norway in 1787, also were infected with Sarcocystis, and to identify and genetically characterise any species present. Muscle tissue from the heart, diaphragm and/or oesophagus was collected from 36 reindeer in Iceland. Pieces of all tissue samples were examined histologically. Frozen/thawed samples of cardiac muscle, oesophagus and/or diaphragm from 11 of the 36 reindeer were also examined under a stereoscopic microscope and sarcocysts present were identified to species either in situ or under a light microscope. Two cysts of each species, originating from two different reindeer were randomly selected for DNA analyses. The complete ssu rRNA gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. In addition, two sarcocysts that could not be classified by microscopic examination were selected for partial ssu rRNA gene sequence analysis. By histology, sarcocysts were found in the diaphragm and/or oesophagus of 8 of 36 (22.2%) animals. By examination of fresh tissue, sarcocysts of Sarcocystis rangi, S. tarandivulpes and S. hardangeri were found in the oesophagus of seven of nine (77.8%) animals, suggesting a high prevalence of Sarcocystis in the Icelandic reindeer population. Cyst morphology and the ssu rRNA gene sequence of each of the three species were identical to isolates of the same species from Norwegian reindeer. DNA sequencing was useful in order to identify cysts with an ambiguous morphology. This is the first record of these Sarcocystis species in reindeer outside Norway.  相似文献   

14.
The morphological features of the surface of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchus, bronchiolus, distal airways, and alveoli) from 10 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.), differing in age and sex, were studied using scanning-electron microscopy. The respiratory surface of the reindeer generally resembles that reported previously in similar studies for other mammalian species. Ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, microvillous cells, Clara cells, alveolar epithelial cells of type 1 and type 2, and alveolar macrophages could be distinguished by their universally characteristic surface morphologies. The rarity of Kohn pores in the alveolar walls of reindeer was considered to be the most striking difference in comparison to most other species.  相似文献   

15.
Samples of faeces were taken from 166 healthy domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from three flocks in different reindeer husbandry districts in northern Norway and examined bacteriologically for the presence of Clostridium perfringens. The organism was isolated from 98 (59 per cent) of the reindeer. The isolates were classified into C perfringens toxin types by PCR analysis specific for the genes encoding the four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and tau) and were subclassified by the detection of the genes encoding C perfringens beta2-toxin and enterotoxin. All the isolates belonged to C perfringens toxin type A. In addition, 15 of the 98 isolates were PCR-positive for the beta2-toxin gene, and two of the isolates had the the gene encoding for enterotoxin.  相似文献   

16.
West Nile virus (WNV) infection in 4 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) resulted in lymphohistiocytic encephalomyelitis within the medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry revealed WNV antigen within neurons and among mononuclear cell infiltrates. These represent the first known cases of clinical WNV infection in Cervidae. Clinical signs and lesions were similar to those described in horses. Nucleotide sequence of a 768-bp region of the WNV E-glycoprotein gene revealed 1 nucleotide mutation, which resulted in a single amino acid substitution from a serine to a glycine (position 227 of E-glycoprotein) when compared with the prototype WNV-NY99 strain (isolated from Bronx zoo flamingo 382-99).  相似文献   

17.
Serological evidence of exposure of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) to a virus related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) (Synonym: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus) has been reported in Canada (El Azhary 1979) and the USA (Dieterich 1981). A serological survey conducted in Finnish Lapland also detected neutralising antibodies to BHV1 in reindeer sera; 23 % of 300 reindeer had detectable antibodies, whereas none of 300 cattle sera from the same region contained antibodies to BHV1 (Ek-Kommonen et al. 1982). There is currently no evidence of BHV1 infection of cattle in Finland, so the isolation and characterisation of the reindeer herpesvirus was of considerable interest. This short communication describes the isolation and preliminary characterisation of a herpesvirus from a reindeer following the administration of dexamethasone.  相似文献   

18.
In the USA, all species of Cervidae are included in the USDA's uniform methods and rules for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis and, therefore, are subject to regulations regarding intradermal tuberculin testing. In reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), infection with Mycobacterium bovis is exceedingly rare and the response of reindeer to infection with M. bovis in pathologic and immunologic terms is unknown. The objectives of the study reported here were to describe the pathologic changes associated with M. bovis infection in reindeer and evaluate the effectiveness of intradermal tuberculin testing as a means of diagnosis of tuberculosis in reindeer. Thirteen reindeer were inoculated intratonsilarly with 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) of M. bovis, and 4 noninoculated reindeer served as negative controls. The comparative cervical test (CCT) was done on all reindeer 90 and 240 days after inoculation. Thirteen months after inoculation, all reindeer were euthanized and examined. All experimentally inoculated reindeer developed lesions in the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes. The CCT accurately identified all M. bovis-inoculated reindeer, but false-positive results were common among negative-control reindeer. Modifications of the method for interpretation of the CCT decreased false-positive results without increasing false-negative results. Reindeer are susceptible to infection with M. bovis; however, lesions are fewer in number, less severe in nature, and less widely disseminated than are those seen in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Comparative cervical skin testing of reindeer can be highly sensitive, but has low specificity. Specificity can be improved by modification of criteria for interpretation of the CCT.  相似文献   

19.
Echinococcus granulosus is shown to occur in eastern Finland in a sylvatic cycle involving wolves (Canis lupus) as the definitive host and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and probably also elk (Alces alces) and the wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus) as intermediate hosts. Even though the prevalence of E. granulosus in reindeer has increased in recent years, it is still very low (<0.013%). The results suggest, however, that the reindeer is a good sentinel animal to show the contamination of soil with Echinococcus eggs. This is the first report of wolves acting as a definitive host for E. granulosus in northern Europe. The parasite seems to be quite common in the Finnish wolf population, with a prevalence of approximately 30% in both intestinal and faecal samples. The present results and previous ones indicate that E. granulosus infection has not spread to dogs in the reindeer herding area.  相似文献   

20.
ObjectiveTo investigate the pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously (IV) administered meloxicam in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).Study designA crossover design with an 11 day washout period.AnimalsA total of eight young male reindeer, aged 1.5–2.5 years and weighing 74.3 ± 6.3 kg, mean ± standard deviation.MethodsThe reindeer were administered meloxicam (0.5 mg kg–1 IV or orally). Blood samples were repeatedly collected from the jugular vein for up to 72 hours post administration. Plasma samples were analysed for meloxicam concentrations with ultraperformance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental analysis for determination of pharmacokinetic variables was performed.ResultsThe pharmacokinetic values, median (range), were determined. Elimination half-life (t½) with the IV route (n = 4) was 15.2 (13.2–16.8) hours, the volume of distribution at steady state was 133 (113–151) mL kg?1 and clearance was 3.98 (2.63–5.29) mL hour–1 kg–1. After oral administration (n = 7), the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was detected at 6 hours, t½ was 19.3 (16.7–20.5) hours, Cmax 1.82 (1.17–2.78) μg mL–1 and bioavailability (n = 3) 49 (46–73)%. No evident adverse effects were detected after either administration route.Conclusions and clinical relevanceA single dose of meloxicam (0.5 mg kg–1 IV or orally) has the potential to maintain the therapeutic concentration determined in other species for up to 3 days in reindeer plasma.  相似文献   

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