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1.
黄土高原粗质地土壤剖面水分运动与浅层地下水补给可能性模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄土高原水土流失严重,生态环境脆弱,水资源短缺,地下水对保障区域社会经济发展和维持生态系统平衡具有重要意义,而该区的地下水转化和补给机制尚不明确。为探究黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤剖面深层水分运动及降水对浅层地下水补给的可能性,利用六道沟小流域分布的粗质地风沙土样地2013—2016年土壤剖面0~600 cm含水量数据,运用HYDRUS-1D模型对各土层水力参数进行反演和验证,并用于模拟样地土壤深剖面0~1 500 cm水分运移过程。结果显示,在平水年2014年(439 mm)和干旱年2015年(371 mm),0~600 cm土壤含水量生长季末与生长季初持平或略有亏缺;降水充沛年2013年(669 mm)和2016年(704 mm)土壤含水量生长季末远高于生长季初,降水入渗深度超过观测深度(600 cm)。深剖面水分运动模拟显示,2014年和2015年剖面含水量变化不明显,水分向深层运移微弱缓慢;但是,2013年和2016年降水可分别入渗运移至1 100 cm和1 200 cm深度,远超过样地上生长的旱柳根系区域,可能补给浅层地下水。在4年模拟期间,平均土壤蒸发为14.87 cm·a-1,平均植物蒸腾为33.70 cm·a-1,土壤水分主要以植物蒸腾形式损耗。在2个丰水年,得益于较充足的降水和粗质地风沙土壤的高入渗率,降水大量转化为土壤水快速向下入渗运移,模拟显示当年生长季末降水最深运移至1 200 cm,至年末已超过模拟深度(1 500 cm),水分继续运移可能补给浅层地下水。相关研究结果为黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区地下水来源和补给机制提供理论依据。 相似文献
2.
Presently, the soil water balance of flood‐influenced soils in fluvial plains is insufficiently described. The new development of a weighable groundwater lysimeter is the basis for recording the water‐balance components precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, capillary rise, and interaction with the water course. Soil‐hydrologic measuring setups at two floodplain sites of the Elbe river serve for direct comparability of lysimeter measurements with data obtained on site. A groundwater control was designed for lysimeters that automatically adjusts the current groundwater level at the floodplain measuring setups and quantifies inflow into or outflow from the lysimeter. It turned out that the lysimeter developed is capable of identifying the individual water‐balance quantities at high accuracy. Contrary to previous assumptions, it was possible to prove groundwater recharge for the floodplain sites. 相似文献
3.
Laboratory and field measurements as well as deterministic simulation models were used to determine the water components of loess derived soils with different expositions and slopes in the hilly region South of Hannover, Germany. Studies were investigated from 1987-1990 on three positions of a loess slope with 8 % inclination, 200 m length and northern exposition. Crop rotation was sugar beet, winter wheat, sugar beet. Results show that the soil water budget is strongly related to slope position, relief and plant available water in the rootzone. It was found that drainage at the bottom of a slope is often higher than on top of the slope. On slopes with northern exposition groundwater recharge increases with inclination whereas actual evapotranspiration decreases. For slopes with southern exposition the opposite reaction can be expected. The thickness of loess deposits and the root depth determine the plant available water; a sensitivity study demonstrates how groundwater recharge decreases with the amount of plant available water. This reaction is independent of the exposition of the slope. Field and simulation studies show that runoff occurs under sugar beet whenever soil is bare or sparsely covered, rainfall intensity is high and topsoil is sealed. Moreover, in loess derived soils interflow may occur on sites with stagnic horizons. Sensitivity analyses show that this process probably takes place whenever saturated hydraulic conductivity of this horizon is less than 10cm/d. 相似文献
4.
内蒙古河套灌区灌溉入渗对地下水的补给规律及补给系数 总被引：13，自引：8，他引：5
为准确估计内蒙河套灌区灌溉水入渗补给地下水量,采用试验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法,分别根据灌水前后地下水位变化和土壤含水率变化计算了灌溉水入渗补给地下水系数,并依据土壤水动力学原理,采用数值模拟验证,得到作物生育期灌溉补给地下水系数为0.15,秋浇灌溉补给地下水系数为0.3。河套灌区地下水位埋深相对较浅,通过灌水前后的土壤含水率变化情况和数值模拟结果显示,灌水2～4 d补给地下水量达到最大,8～10 d后即完成对地下水的入渗补给,不同灌水量灌溉水入渗规律基本一致,入渗补给量和入渗时间与灌溉水量直接相关。研究结果将为确定维持灌区生态环境良性发展的引水量阈值提供参考。 相似文献
5.
Two soil–water balance models were tested by a comparison of simulated with measured daily rates of actual evapotranspiration, soil water storage, groundwater recharge, and capillary rise. These rates were obtained from twelve weighable lysimeters with three different soils and two different lower boundary conditions for the time period from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998. In that period, grass vegetation was grown on all lysimeters. These lysimeters are located in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany. One model calculated the soil water balance using the Richards equation. The other one used a capacitance approach. Both models used the same modified Penman formula for the estimation of potential evapotranspiration and the same simple empirical vegetation model for the calculation of transpiration, interception, and evaporation. The comparisons of simulated with measured model outputs were analyzed using the modeling‐efficiency index IA and the root mean squared error RMSE. At some lysimeters, the uncalibrated application of both models led to an underestimation of cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, despite a good simulation quality in terms of IA and RMSE. A calibration of soil‐hydraulic and vegetation parameters such as maximum rooting depth resulted in a better fit between simulated and observed cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, but in some cases also decreased the simulation quality of both models in terms of IA and RMSE. The results of this calibration indicated that, in addition to a precise determination of the soil water‐retention functions, vegetation parameters such as rooting depth should also be observed. Without such information, the rooting depth is a calibration parameter. However, in some cases, the uncalibrated application of both models also led to an acceptable fit between measured and simulated model outputs. 相似文献
6.
该文以季节性冻融灌区内蒙古河套灌区为研究对象,建立灌区冻融期地下水补排模型,与三维地下水数值模型相结合,构建适用于季节性冻融灌区的生育期-冻融期全周年地下水动态模拟模型。采用河套灌区2006—2013年灌区实测地下水埋深对模型进行了率定和验证,并针对河套灌区不同地下水矿化度可开采区(分别为2.0、2.5及3.0g/L)、不同渠井结合比设置了18种井渠结合节水情景,对其地下水动态进行了预测。结果表明,该文构建的冻融期模型能准确反映其地下水动态过程;井渠结合后地下水埋深变化与井渠结合区地下水开采利用的矿化度上限和渠井结合比有关,井渠结合区地下水矿化度上限越大,渠井结合比越小,地下水埋深增加越多;实施井渠结合后,灌区生育期平均地下水埋深增加0.103~0.445 m,秋浇期增加0.076~0.243 m,冻融期增加0.096~0.216 m;从空间上看,全灌区年均地下水埋深增加0.096~0.316 m,井渠结合区增加0.346~0.635 m,非井渠结合区变化较少,一般不足7 cm。该文为季节性冻融灌区开展大规模井渠结合灌溉提供参考。 相似文献
7.
该文以河套灌区永济灌域为研究对象,建立考虑冻融影响的分段式水均衡模型,预报12种井渠结合节水情景的地下水动态响应。结果表明:冻融期间气温对地下水埋深的影响在时间上滞后46.5 d,两者相关关系明显;地下水开发利用越多、秋浇采用黄河水的比例越小,节水规模越大,同时地下水位下降越明显。12种节水情景中,节水规模占现状引水量的5.7%~15.5%,全灌域平均地下水埋深增加0.05~0.24 m,井渠结合区地下水埋深增加0.16~0.38 m;灌域引黄水量与地下水埋深关系用二次函数进行拟合,决定系数R~2达到0.88以上;灌溉水利用效率的提高以及地下水位下降引起潜水蒸发的减小是井渠结合节水的实质。分析结果表明,考虑冻融影响的水均衡模型简单实用,可为中国西北干旱半干旱地区开展井渠结合地下水响应预报提供参考。 相似文献
8.
膜下滴灌灌水量对土壤水热影响及地下水补给耗水响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探求灌水量对棉田地温和生育期地下水补给棉花耗水比例的影响,设置了4种不同膜下滴灌灌水量(3 000,3 750,4 500,5 250m~3/hm~2)进行野外均衡场试验研究。结果表明:灌水量一定时,浅层土壤受气温影响更为显著;同一气象条件下、同一土层地温和土壤有效积温均随灌水量的增加而降低,当灌水量增加75%时,有效积温降低11.3%,同时温度变幅也相对变小;灌水量越大,棉花耗水量及地下水补给作物水量也随之增大。当灌水量从3 000m~3/hm~2增加到5 250m~3/hm~2时,棉花的耗水量增加146.3%,地下水补给比例增加540%,而棉花需水敏感期地下水补给量则增加152.93mm,需水敏感期的地下水补给量最大,但日均地下水补给量随棉花生育期的延长而增大,且各处理的水分利用效率差异不大。此外,在地温较高的夏季高温期(花铃期和吐絮期)以及灌水量较小时,夜间地下水补给作物水量大于或接近白天补给量,说明地温影响地下水的向上补给水量和补给时段。此研究可为合理高效利用农业水资源和优化膜下滴灌棉花灌溉制度提供有效依据。 相似文献
9.
Future climate changes might have some impacts on the discharge regime of rivers in Germany regarding, e.g., longer low‐flow periods in summer months due to a decreased precipitation and increased evapotranspiration. During such low‐flow periods, water temperature increases leading to a reduced oxygen concentration and a decrease in water quality. An assessment of such impacts is required to derive adaptation strategies for future water‐resources management. The main objective of our study was to obtain an estimation of the impact of projected future climate change on evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and low‐flow conditions. For that purpose, we applied a hydrological catchment model in the Ucker catchment with an area of 2415 km2 located in the lowlands of NE Germany using meteorological time series from 1951 to 2055. These time series were generated by the Potsdam Institute of Climate Impact Research based on the A1B‐Scenario with an increase of 1.4°C of the mean annual temperature and a mean decrease of 8% in annual rates of precipitation. After model calibration, the comparison of simulated and observed daily discharge rates from 1989 to 2003 led to a Nash‐Sutcliffe‐Index NS = 0.63. The results of this simulation study indicated that the amount of days with low‐flow conditions in the Ucker river will increase and groundwater recharge especially at forested areas will decrease in an order of magnitude of 1%–94%. 相似文献
10.
干旱区重度和轻度盐碱地包气带水分运移规律 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为揭示干旱区不同灌溉模式下的包气带水分运移规律,该研究综合使用原位观测、同位素示踪和数值模拟等方法,对跨流域调水背景下,克拉玛依农业开发区重度和轻度盐碱地棉田的土壤水势、土壤含水率和土壤水同位素组成特征,包气带水量平衡以及水分运移规律进行了研究。研究表明,土壤基质势调控的滴灌模式下,重度和轻度盐碱地的灌溉入渗主要影响深度是地表以下0~150 cm,土壤含水率和土壤水势对灌溉和蒸散发动态变化的响应明显,具有前期土壤水和观测期内灌溉入渗水的混合特征。深层(重度盐碱地150~260 cm;轻度盐碱地250~350 cm)受地下水毛细作用影响,土壤水势和土壤含水率对地下水埋深动态变化的响应明显,具有前期土壤水与地下水的混合特征。轻度盐碱地中间层(150~250 cm),几乎不受灌溉入渗和地下水毛细作用的影响,土壤水势和土壤含水率处于动态平衡,主要为前期土壤水的特征。HYDRUS-1D数值模拟结果表明,深层土壤水与地下水之间存在双向交换,地下水对土壤水以补给作用为主,重度和轻度盐碱地地下水补给占包气带水分来源的比例分别为7.9%和15.0%。该灌溉模式对农业开发区地下水补给有一定的抑制作用,但观测期内区域地下水位抬升幅度在50~60 cm之间,说明存在一定的土壤次生盐渍化和地下水咸化的潜在风险。 相似文献
11.
Martin Wegehenkel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1998,161(5):583-590
The validation of soil water balance models based on measurements of soil water contents by gravimetry and by TRIME-TDR and of soil water suctions determined by tensiometer In this study different measuring techniques for determining soil water contents and soil water suctions were analysed for their suitability for the validation of soil water balance models. For this purpose a period of three years with continuous data of soil water contents measured by TRIME-TDR and soil water suction measured by tensiometer were available. Additionally soil samples at different times were taken for gravimetric moisture analyses. These measurements were compared with the corresponding simulation results of a soil water balance model. This soil water balance model consists of the determination of evapotranspiration according to Penman-Monteith and the calculation of soil water fluxes based on the Darcy-equation. The results indicate the higher suitability of TDR-measurements for evaluating the goodness of fit between the simulated and the calculated results in comparison with the other measuring techniques used in this study, especially in the context of general soil water dynamics. The tensiometer data show the limited measuring range as a well known disadvantage of this technique. 相似文献
12.
基于遥感蒸散发的河套灌区旱排作用分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
干旱区灌区大量引水灌溉造成灌溉地地下水位明显高于非灌溉地,进而导致地下水、盐从灌溉地向非灌溉地的迁移（内排水）及盐分在非灌溉地的积累（旱排）。为分析灌溉地与非灌溉地间的水、盐迁移,拟建立基于遥感蒸散发的灌溉地-非灌溉地水、盐平衡模型,应用于内蒙古河套灌区中西部4县（旗、区）。结果表明,研究区年均内排水量为3.55亿m3,与排水沟排水量相当;灌溉地向非灌溉地的年均迁移盐量为151.7万t,其中灌溉地年均脱盐0.4 t/hm2,非灌溉地年均积盐2.7 t/hm2。可见,内排水和旱排对于灌溉地土壤盐渍化控制具有重要作用,在灌区排水、排盐规划中应综合考虑排水工程系统与内排水、旱排的作用。 相似文献
13.
Field experiments over a 3 y period were conducted in a winter wheat‐maize double‐cropping system at the Dongbeiwang Experimental Station, Beijing, China. Three different treatments of irrigation (sprinkler “suboptimal” and “optimized”; conventional flood irrigation) and N fertilization (none, according to Nmin soil tests, conventional) were studied with respect to effects on soil water balance, nitrate leaching, and grain yield. Under sprinkler irrigation, evaporation losses were higher due to a more frequent water application. On the other hand, in this treatment nitrate leaching was smaller as compared to flood irrigation, where abundant seepage fluxes >10 mm d–1 along preferential flow paths occurred. For quantifying nitrate leaching, passive samplers filled with ion‐exchange resins appeared to be better suited than a method which combined measurements of suction‐cup concentrations with model‐based soil water fluxes. As a result of the more balanced percolation regime (compared to that under conventional flood irrigation), there was a tendency of higher salt load of the soil solution in the rooting zone. Given a seepage rate of 50 mm, a winter wheat grain production of 5–6 t ha–1 required a total water addition of about 430 mm. Fertilizer treatments >100 kg N ha–1 did not result in any additional yield increase. An even balance between withdrawing and recharge of groundwater cannot be achieved with “optimized” irrigation, but with a reduction of evapotranspiration losses, adapted cropping systems, and/or by tapping water resources from reservoirs in more distant areas with surpluses. 相似文献
14.
江淮流域地下水位变化规律及预报模型与耕作层排渍模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究分析了江淮流域地下水位年内和年际变化规律以及地下水位与初始土壤湿度、初始地下水位、温度、日照、参考作物蒸散量、蒸发和降水的关系。并用逐步回归方法建立了地下水位预报模型;用相关分析法求出给水度,并建立耕作层排渍模型。 相似文献
15.
为揭示干旱区地下水补排量演变规律及其与坎儿井流量衰减的关系,通过梳理1949年以来鄯善县水资源开发利用、地下水资源调查评价资料,分析了地下水补排量的变化,划分地下水补排量演化的阶段。利用双变量相关分析法,分析了地下水主要补排量演化与坎儿井流量衰减之间的关系,并分析了其原因。结果表明：1）鄯善县地下水补排量的变化主要受人类活动影响,气候变化的影响微弱,且主要补排量变化的突变点与国家实施改革开放、西部大开发等政策的起始点相一致,政策是人为因素中的关键因素;2）坎儿井出流量与河道渗漏补给量、渠道渗漏补给量、田间入渗补给量、机井地下水开采量之间的相关系数依次为0.312、?0.327、?0.574、?0.959,说明坎儿井流量的衰减主要受机井开采地下水影响,其次为田间入渗补给量,河道和渠道（干支渠）渗漏补给影响较小;3）坎儿井出流量与地下水补排量的响应关系主要由其空间分布位置决定。该研究对坎儿井保护和超采区治理提供参考。 相似文献
16.
再生水灌区地下水防污性能区划模型的建立与验证 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为促进地下水水资源保护和利用,根据研究区域的特点以及地下水防污性能的影响因素,基于DRASTIC模型,选用以下6个因子：地下水水位埋深、降雨入渗补给量、表层土壤类型、包气带岩性、含水水力传导度以及土地利用类型建立了再生水灌区地下水特殊防污性能区划模型。采用地理信息系统GIS技术和内梅罗指数法,绘制研究区域地下水综合污染指数分布空间图,并且探讨了防污性能区划的验证方法以及等级划分标准。结果表明：地下水综合污染指数与研究区域的防污性能具有很好的相关性（R2=0.9591）,采用DRASTIC模型评价地下水特殊防污性能是可行的,可为再生水灌区地下水的保护以及利用规划提供重要借鉴。 相似文献
17.
Manfred Renger Gerd Wessolek Kai Schwrzel Robert Sauerbrey Christian Siewert 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(4):487-493
An extended water regime model was used for calculating the evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and peat mineralization (CO2 and N release) for various fen locations with grassland utilization in dependence on the groundwater level. The results show that an increasing groundwater level leads to a strong decline of the actual evapotranspiration Et. For example, increasing the groundwater level from 30 to 120 cm diminishes the Et by up to 230 mm a—1. A positive groundwater recharge only takes place at groundwater levels of 90 cm and more. At smaller distances the capillary rise into the rooting zone during the summer months is greater than the water seepage during the winter months, so that a negative groundwater recharge‐balance is reached in the course of a year. The CO2‐ and the N‐release, as well as the annual decline in peat thickness, increase significantly with rising groundwater levels. The results show, that varying the groundwater level can influence the water regime and the peat mineralization significantly. The lower the groundwater level the less is the peat decomposition. The demand for a groundwater level as small as possible is, however, limited by an agricultural utilization of the fens. Choosing the optimum groundwater level should consider the aims (1) peat mineralization, (2) gas emission (CO2, CH4, N2O), and (3) crop production. If a grassland utilization is supposed to be made possible and all three aims above are given equal importance, the groundwater level should be maintained at 30 cm. At this distance, about 90 % of the optimum plant output can be reached. The peat mineralization can be reduced to 30 to 40 % of the maximum peat mineralization. The gas emission amounts to 50—60 % of the maximum value. 相似文献
18.
《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2023,11(3):572-585
Precipitation is the most important water resource in semi-arid regions of China. The redistribution of precipitation among atmospheric water, soil water and groundwater are related to the land surface afforested ecological system. The study took widely replanted Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica (PSM) in Mu Us Sandy Land (MUSL) as a research object and monitored precipitation, soil moisture, sap flow, and deep soil recharge (DSR) to find out moisture distribution in shallow soil layers. Results showed that the restoration process of PSM in MUSL changed the distribution of precipitation, with part of it infiltrating downward as DSR and part of it being stored in the shallow soil. Consequently, evapotranspiration increased and DSR significantly decreased, resulting in up to 466.9 mm of precipitation returning to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration in 2016. Vegetation increased soil water storage (SWS) capacity, with maximum SWS in PSM plot and bare sandy land (BSL) being 260 mm and 197 mm per unit horizontal area, respectively in 2016. DSR decreased from 54% of precipitation in the BSL plot to 0.2% of precipitation in the PSM plot in 2016. A great portion of infiltrated water was stored in the PSM ecosystem, resulting in a time lag of infiltration to reach the deep soil layer, and the infiltration rate in the BSL plot was 11 times of that in the PSM plot. SWS decreased 16 mm and 7.6 mm per unit horizontal area over a one-year period (from March to October, non-freezing time) in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The PSM annual sap flow was maintained at a relatively constant level of 154 mm/yr. Through in-situ measurement and comparative analysis of the precipitation redistribution of the BSL plot and the PSM plot, we find that PSM can significantly reduce the shallow soil water storage and DSR. However, substantial reduction of shallow soil water storage and DSR is detrimental for the long-term development of PSM forest. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce PSM density to cut the water consumption by PSM per unit area, thus to augment the shallow SWS and DSR, which will be beneficial for the PSM to survive under extreme drought conditions in the future. This study helps us understand the role of precipitation-induced groundwater recharge in the process of vegetation restoration in semi-arid regions and explains the possible causes of PSM forest degradation. 相似文献
19.
X. Fan B. Pedroli G. Liu Q. Liu H. Liu L. Shu 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2012,23(2):175-189
The Yellow River Delta occupies an important position in the global ecosystem because of its valuable wetland habitat resources for migratory birds on the Eastern Pacific migration route. However, it has suffered from severe land degradation because of soil salinization. This paper assesses the distribution maps of saline soils during the past two decades, using field observations at three points in time using remote sensing images for the same periods, in combination with spatial models. Soil salinization appears to have expanded from the coastline to inland areas of the Yelow River Delta at a surprising speed during that period. The spatio‐temporal dynamics of the groundwater table and total dissolved solids (TDS) during the last 20 years were analyzed using maps based on Kriging interpolation. Kriging helped substantially to improve the accurateness of the predicted values of soil salt content, using a random subsample of the observation points as validation basis. Correlation analysis of the spatial data revealed that the distribution and evolution of saline soils are closely related to the dynamics of groundwater: the aggravation of soil salinization is associated with a rising groundwater table and increasing TDS. Insufficient recharge of the groundwater with fresh surface water due to reduced Yellow River discharge and subsequent seawater intrusion are therefore serious environmental problems in the Yellow River Delta ecosystem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
用毛细吸渗原理快速测量土壤田间持水量的研究 总被引：18，自引：8，他引：18
田间持水量是衡量田间土壤保持水分能力的重要指标，视为对作物有效的土壤水分的上限，对农田灌溉和作物水分管理具有十分重要意义。该研究提出了能快速测量土壤田间持水量的新型毛细吸渗法。该方法以田间持水量为无地下水影响下土壤基质所能吸持的最大含水量为物理基础，设计了一套满足田间持水量要求的实验方法、装置和程序，采用5种不同土壤测量了其田间持水量，并与用威尔科克斯法测量得到的田间持水量进行了对比。结果表明：所提出的新型测量方法，无论是基本原理还是室内试验均可行。与威尔科克斯法相比，其测量值略微偏小；两种测量值相关性很好，相差约为9％，产生这种现象的原因主要是土壤的吸湿过程与脱湿过程中土壤含水率的滞后所致。与传统的测量方法相比，该方法可大大缩短测量时间，具有利用前景。 相似文献