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1.
真菌及混合菌对锯木屑类腐殖质形成和转化的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用液体摇瓶培养,在接种单一真菌(木霉、黑曲霉或青霉)和混合菌情况下,研究其对锯木屑类腐殖质组成和转化的影响,旨在揭示微生物利用木质素形成腐殖质的可能性,为土壤腐殖质形成提供理论参考和依据。结论如下:(1)在培养体系中,黑曲霉、青霉和混合菌在培养初期的快速繁殖致使代谢液中可溶性碳数量降低,随菌落繁殖渐趋平衡,降解作用增强,残留物中有机碳组分不断向代谢液中释放有机碳小分子,菌球的吸附作用更加速了这一过程,促使代谢液中有机碳数量急剧增加。木霉对残留物的降解作用显著,随后部分微生物量碳随菌体死亡重新进入残留物中,使得代谢液有机碳数量先增加后减少。整个培养过程中,残留物中碳的数量因降解作用而呈减少趋势。(2)WSS表现为先降低后升高的趋势。(3)接种菌悬液可迅速增大HLA和HLu的含碳量。青霉处理HLA组分一直处于降解阶段,而其他3个处理在培养初期均有利于HLA降解,随微生物自身合成和缩合作用的进一步增强,新的HLA形成。(4)培养初期,FLA的形成速度大于HLA,随后FLA逐渐向HLA转化。(5)培养结束后,各处理FLA分子趋于简单,而HLA分子在整个培养过程中先简单化,而后趋于复杂,新形成的HLA分子结构较复杂。(6)培养初期,木霉和黑曲霉的繁殖促使HLu数量增大,后期HLu逐渐向易溶态有机碳转化,青霉在培养中前期对HLu主要表现为降解,后期随菌体数量扩大,HLu数量再次提高,而混合菌处理HLu的数量一直处于递减状态。培养结束后,各处理HLu的数量均有所增加。 相似文献
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Mitsuhiko A. Takahashi 《Biological conservation》2009,142(9):1958-1964
Japan has a variety of laws to conserve and manage wildlife and biodiversity. This article reviews Japanese laws from conservation of endangered species to the fish and game code, and indicates the issues and challenges they face. It then discusses the issues and challenges for management in the application of the laws.The Japanese statute for conservation of endangered species corresponds to the US Endangered Species Act in appearance, but is much more limited in application and scope. There is no legal channel, such as lawsuits, to assure citizens’ and experts’ input. With respect to general species, management of fish and animals are divided; the fish code’s scope is limited to fishery purposes. Control of wildlife damage is the biggest emphasis in the wildlife code. Reform to bring principles of scientific management into pest control has begun, but conventional culling is still the norm.Japan’ wildlife and fish management is distinctive in relying upon local resource users, instead of on a strong regulatory agency. This is a consequence of traditional communal management, and is apparent in coastal fisheries. The depopulation and exhaustion of rural communities, however, makes it difficult to rely on the community for management. In particular, wildlife management, which relies on aging hunters, is facing a turning point. To address these changes, agencies must be strengthened and lawmakers must enact a mechanism to assure sound science in wildlife policy, while working to revitalize rural communities. 相似文献
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临汾地区的陶寺遗址是黄河中游地区发现的夏代之前的都邑性古城。通过对临汾地区和陶寺遗址区域自然环境条件的研究和分析,结合区域考古学文化的发展,探讨了陶寺古城的形成原因以及选址影响因素。研究表明:全新世中期至陶寺文化时期,临汾盆地由于较为暖湿的气候条件、良好的土地资源和水资源条件,区域内的新石器文化获得了持续发展。仰韶文化中晚期,我国中原地区及北方地区的新石器文化均获得了快速发展。临汾地区不仅处于这一文化发达区域的中心位置,而且地处我国中原核心地区同北方和东北地区文化交流的重要通道上,同时也是我国东西向文化交流的通道之一,由于这种优越的地理位置,临汾地区的区域文化优势地位逐渐显露出来。相当于龙山文化晚期的陶寺文化时期,相较其他中原核心地区,临汾地区受水患影响较小,区域文化的强势地位进一步凸显,因而成为都邑性古城兴起之地。陶寺文化时期,古城所在的黄土台地冲沟尚未下切,南河和宋村沟均为宽浅的沟谷型河流,高于平原地面的黄土台地既有利于设防又能有效规避水患,在塔儿山上游地区拥有较大汇水面积的南河和宋村沟又可以提供丰富稳定的水源,因而是营建古城的理想场所。 相似文献
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颐和园是清代北京西郊皇家园林区的重要组成部分,它的兴建与当地独特的自然环境密不可分,而当地独特的自然环境又与水土的合理保持关系密切,克服水土失衡是颐和园周边环境保护的重要方面. 相似文献
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为探究黄土残塬沟壑区退耕还林（草）工程等林业生态工程实施后林业资源恢复情况，以黄土高原DEM数据及2000—2020年归一化植被指数NDVI数据为基础，采用地形因子计算、水文分析、空间叠加分析等方法，划分了较为完整的黄土残塬沟壑区的范围，并利用趋势分析法、变异系数的相关理论与方法，分析了近21年来黄土残塬沟壑区NDVI时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）黄土残塬沟壑区横跨山西、陕西和甘肃3省，面积约为2.99万km2，沟壑密度为1.91~3.21 km/km2；（2）黄土残塬沟壑区NDVI从时序变化上看，全区21年总平均NDVI值为0.711，2000—2020年该区植被NDVI变化趋势呈快—慢—较快增长；从空间分布来看，植被覆盖度NDVI值总体为0.6~0.9，研究区中部地区植被覆盖度较其他地区高；（3）在时空趋势特征方面，研究区西部和东部部分地区植被覆盖改善程度明显，中部地区植被覆盖情况较为稳定；在时空波动特征方面，该区植被NDVI时序波动稳定，空间波动差异性较大，低波动区域面积占比为48.06%。整体而言，黄土残塬沟壑区主要分布在山西、陕西和甘肃3省，该区2000—2020年间植被NDVI整体呈上升态势，植被覆盖水平整体较高且波动较低，并呈持续改善趋势。研究结果可为黄土残塬沟壑区水土保持工作提供理论基础和科学依据。 相似文献
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品种与肥料对苦荞麦产量及水肥利用的影响研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
品种和施肥对苦荞麦产量和水肥利用影响的试验表明,“黑丰1号”、“黔威2号”的产量显著高于“寿阳灰苦荞”,且以“黑丰1号”最优。施肥后3品种产量明显增加,且以有机肥和无机肥各半量处理最优。种植优良品种和合理施肥可提高苦荞麦的水肥利用效率。 相似文献
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国家“十一五”经济社会规划纲要首次提出,根据资源环境承载能力、现有开发密度和发展潜力,统筹考虑未来我国人口分布、经济布局、国土利用和城镇化格局,将我国国土空间划分为优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发4类主体功能区,将在财政、产业、投资、土地、人口管理以及绩效评价和政绩考核等方面,制定分类管理的“差别化”区域政策。4个国土功能区的划分为水土保持事业的发展创造了新的机遇。笔者根据“中国水土流失与生态安全综合科学考察”研究,提出了4个国土功能区的水土保持发展战略、工作目标、重点方向和考核指标等意见,以国土功能区的划分指导水土保持的发展,以水土保持促进和保障国土功能区战略的实施。 相似文献
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The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and microfabrics of the cryogenic soil-loess sequences of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ages have been studied near the northern boundary of loess sediments on the East European Plain. Poorly ordered mixed-layered mica-smectitic minerals with different portions of smectitic layers predominate in the clay fraction; di-and trioctahedral hydromicas occupy the second place. The clay fraction also contains chlorite, clay-size quartz grains, and feldspars. Individual smectite is present in some of the samples. Interstadial chernozem-like paleosols are specified by the higher content of clay, the maximum concentration of smectitic layers in the mixed-layered minerals, and the presence of individual smectite. The clay fraction in the profiles of interglacial paleosols is sharply differentiated: in the eluvial part, it is depleted of smectite and enriched in kaolinite, hydromica, and clay-size quartz. These features allow us to suppose that interglacial paleosols were subjected to podzolization processes. According to the mineralogical indices, Middle Pleistocene paleosols can be differentiated into those subjected to lessivage (the Kamenskii interglacial paleosol) and podzolization (the Inzhavin interglacial paleosol). 相似文献
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党的十七届六中全会提出了要推动文化创意产业成为国民经济的支柱性产业。图书馆拥有丰富的文献资源和信息服务能力,在为文化创意产业项目提供信息服务的同时,应提升自身形象,谋求更大发展。 相似文献
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国内外施肥机械的发展概况及需求分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
肥料是农业生产的基础物资,施肥机械是合理施用肥料的基本手段。本文分析了国外固体肥料施用机械的原理与发展情况,包括离心圆盘式撒肥机、桨叶式撒肥机、锤片式撒肥机、液体肥料施肥机械、变量施肥机械、灌溉施肥机械的发展应用情况,指出了大型化、智能化是目前国际施肥机械的发展方向。本文还分析了我国施肥机械的发展情况,我国除撒肥机外,很少有专用的施肥机械,播种施肥机在我国发展很快,主要有两大类,一类是圆盘式小麦播种施肥机,另一类是玉米播种施肥机。近年来灌溉施肥机械在我国发展很快,但使用较少。由于我国农业高度分散和高强度开发,施肥机械的研制难度大、成果转化率低。根据我国农业的发展趋势,提高肥料利用率、减少肥料损失的施肥机械是发展的重点,主要需求有肥料深施机械、追肥机械、变量施肥机械、近根施肥机械和液体肥料施肥机械等。 相似文献
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The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were
studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between
the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging,
the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging.
Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or
in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate
iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying.
This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons.
According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern
in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic
soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon
and their higher humus content (5–7%). 相似文献
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IBA和MET单独与配合使用对木薯产量和淀粉含量的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
在50mg／L吲哚丁酸(IBA)浸种的基础上，于块根膨大期配合叶面喷施500mg／L和1000mg／L多效唑(MET)，结果表明，可使木薯产量比对照分别增加18．8％和20．5%．块根淀粉含量则相应提高6．8%和9．0％，均达0．05显著水平；而单独用50mg／L IBA浸种或只在块根膨大期叶面喷施500mg／L和1000mg／L MET，木薯产量和淀粉含量也有不同程度的提高，但效果均不及IBA和MET的配合使用。 相似文献
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E.B. Roslycky 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1982,14(2):87-92
Limited information on the effect of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) on soil microorganisms justified an inquiry into the response of soil actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi in terms of their respiration, and sensitivity of isolates. Low concentrations of glyphosate had little effect on total populations of these organisms during the 214-day experiment, while high concentrations initially increased actinomycete and bacterial numbers by 2 and 1 logs, respectively. The stimulation was followed by a decline and fluctuation showing a gradual increase in numbers. The respiration rates of the soil microbiota in soil suspensions, showed some irregular stimulation and retardation with up to 10 μg glyphosate ml?1. In contrast high doses suppressed O2 uptake by the microbiota. Fungi were the least affected. Pronounced inhibition of actinomycete and bacterial respiration was in agreement with the results from isolate replication. The results indicated both stimulation and inhibition of O2 uptake by some organisms within these groups. In contrast to some reports of limited, short-term inquiries these results showed considerable effects of glyphosate on soil microorganisms. 相似文献
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R.J. Hance 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1974,6(1):39-42
Soil was subjected to a variety of treatments so as to provide a series of materials with different organic residues. These preparations were inoculated with an aqueous extract of untreated soil, then incubated at 20°C with atrazine or linuron and rates of herbicide degradation were followed. The rates were lowest when virtually all the organic matter had been removed by peroxidation. The most rapid break-down occurred in samples which had been successively extracted with ethanol + toluene, hot water, dilute acid and dilute alkali. It is suggested that the organic residue left after this sequence contained hydrolysed materials that were easily metabolized and hence could support the most active microbial population. There was no relationship between extent of adsorption and decomposition rate. 相似文献
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The levels and distributions of petroleum hydrocarbons incoastal waters and sediments of the United Arab Emirates (U. A. E.) along theArabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman were investigated. Oil concentrations in the waters ofthe U. A. E. were below the 15 μg L-1 and ranged from 1.6 to 13 μg L-1.Petroleum hydrocarbons showed different pattern of distribution in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman withmore or less similar values. Horizontal distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons atthe Arabian Gulf showed significant differences between most sites. At the Gulf ofOman, similar oil concentrations were measured at different sites. Meanwhile,vertical distributions of petroleum hydrocarbons indicated higher concentrations atsurface layers of the Arabian Gulf compared to bottom layers. Whereas, more or less similarconcentrations were measured at the Gulf of Oman. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in marinesediments varied from 2.5 to 8.2 μg g-1 (dry sediment weight), with higher concentrations at theArabian Gulf compared to the Gulf of Oman. The pattern of distribution for petroleumhydrocarbons in marine sediments resembled to some extent the distribution of organiccarbon in marine sediments. The study revealed that the concentrations ofpetroleum hydrocarbons in waters and sediments of the investigated area are not highcompared to other areas of the world. 相似文献
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选用8个不同基因型的甘蔗，即粤糖86-368、新台糖16号、农林8号、拔地拉、割手密和从甘蔗杂交后代F1中选出的3株种茎的无性系(单株)。在甘蔗伸长初期，测定其 2节间至 8节间的长度、茎径，同时取 3、 5、 8节间，测定其可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质、细胞壁共价型结合蛋白质及可溶性总糖的含量。结果表明：从 2节间到 8节间，不同基因型的节间长度的变化极为相似，除割手密外，其它基因型甘蔗的节间长度都在 6节达到最长；但其茎径在 6节间以后仍保持稍微的增粗。从 3节间到 5、 8节间，所有基因型的三类蛋白质含量都逐渐下降，而可溶性总糖含量都逐渐提高。其中，三个节间较粗的基因型即拔地拉、粤糖86—368和无性系3号，其三类蛋白质含量相对较高，而可溶性总糖含量相对较低。 相似文献