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1.
Objectives: (1) To describe a surgical technique adapted from the “transobturator vaginal tape inside‐out” (TVT‐O) used in women and to define the trajectory of the tape on canine cadavers, and (2) to determine the urodynamic and morphological effects of the TVT‐O in continent bitches. Study Design: Cadaveric and experimental in vivo study. Animals: Fresh female canine cadavers (n=12) and spayed female Beagle dogs (2). Methods: (1) TVT‐O was inserted in 12 cadavers. Dissection was performed and distances between the tape and neighboring structures were recorded. (2) TVT‐O was inserted in 2 continent female Beagle dogs. Urethral pressure profilometry and vaginourethrograms were performed preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and 2, 4, and 6 months postoperatively. Histopathology was performed 6 months after surgery. Results: (1) TVT‐O tape was consistently located in a perineal space before entering the obturator foramina and was located at a safe distance from major neurovascular structures including the femoral vessels and obturator nerve. (2) TVT‐O was performed without any surgical or postoperative complications in 2 continent bitches. Histopathologic examination of the tissues surrounding the tape revealed a mild fibroblastic proliferation with a mild to minimal lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltration. Conclusions: TVT‐O is a feasible and accurate procedure that can be performed in continent bitches with a low risk of complications.  相似文献   

2.
The aerobic bacterial flora from the genital tracts of 143 bitches and 51 dogs was investigated. Beta haemolytic streptococci (group G), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were among the organisms isolated from normal bitches in heat, abnormal bitches and normal dogs. Repeated sampling of two bitches during oestrus, and the dog to which they were mated, showed that bacteria were transmitted from bitch to dog, but did not become established. Guarded swab samples taken from the vagina collected less bacteria than samples from the vestibule. Numerous bacteria were seen in vaginal smears taken from bitches during oestrus, but numbers fell rapidly with the appearance of leucocytes in the smear at the onset of metoestrus.  相似文献   

3.
The capability of pregnant mare serum (PMS) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to induce estrus and ovulation was tested in mature, anestrous bitches. The PMS was given for 10 consecutive days in 1 of 3 regimens: 500 IU/day (experiment 1), 250 IU/day (experiment 2), or 20 IU/kg/day (experiment 3). The HCG was given as a single 500-IU dose on experimental day 10. Controls were given saline solution. Vaginal smears were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 by jugular venipuncture, and the plasma was assayed for progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. On day 13, the bitches were euthanatized, ova were flushed from the uterine tubes (oviducts), and the ovaries were collected and prepared for microscopic examination. Fourteen of 25 bitches treated with PMS and HCG showed estrus and ovulated. Proestrus (vaginal bleeding) commenced between experimental days 7 and 10. Estrus commenced on day 9 or 10. Progesterone increased from approximately 1 ng/ml on day 1 to more than 6 ng/ml on day 12. Numbers of ovulation sites on both ovaries were 4.7 +/- 1.1 and 4.6 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SEM) in those given the daily doses of 500 and 250 IU of PMS and 9.8 +/- 1.5 in experiment 3 bitches. Eleven hormone-treated dogs and 7 saline-treated dogs did not show any detectable response. Neither cystic nor unovulated, luteinized follicles appeared on the ovaries.  相似文献   

4.
Fifty bitches were mated on the basis of results of vaginal cytological and cervicovaginal mucus arborisation examination. When these were compared with a control group of 50 bitches mated on days 10 and 12 after the onset of proestrus there was a significant increase in pregnancy rate from 78 to 92 per cent. The litter size and bitch productivity was also increased, although this was not statistically significant. Forty-two per cent of bitches had two peaks of anuclear epithelial cells in the vaginal smear, separated by a mean of 3–6 ± 1–5 (SD) days. For these bitches, the maximum percentage of anuclear cells at the second peak was between 57 and 98 per cent, and the mean interval between the calculated day of the surge in plasma luteinising hormone (LH) and the second peak of anuclear cells was 4-4 ± 2-0 days. In bitches with one peak of anuclear epithelial cells, the maximum percentage of anuclear cells was between 43 and 94 per cent and the mean interval between the calculated day of the LH surge and the peak of anuclear cells was 1–9 ± 2-1 days. Arborisation of mucus collected from the anterior vagina was noted in all bitches; the mean interval between the calculated day of the LH surge and the peak of ferning was 2–3 ± 2-1 days. The collection of exfoliative cells by aspiration from the cranial vagina and the assessment of the anuclear cell index, may allow the identification of the fertile period after the surge of plasma LH. The anuclear cell index offers advantages over other methods of classification of exfoliative vaginal cells. When used in combination with examination of arborisation of cervicovaginal mucus this method can improve the breeding management of bitches.  相似文献   

5.
Transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) is a coitally transmitted neoplasm of dogs and is common among sexually active dogs, where sexual behaviour is not under control. Several treatment options are available for the treatment of the tumour, with chemotherapy being the most commonly employed. In this study, we investigated the clinical and cytological changes after weekly vincristine sulphate administration in 38 cases of naturally occurring TVT. Tumours totally regressed in 31 dogs after two to seven doses (mean 3.54 +/- 1.01) of vincristine. One dog died after the fifth dose of vincristine, and in six dogs, an additional treatment with doxorubicin was needed. Masses were still present in four dogs and the histopathological examination revealed small nodules of granulation tissue in two dogs, while viable tumour cells were identified in the remaining two cases. No recurrences were observed in a follow-up period of 7-49 months (mean 13.64 +/- 9.66); in one dog, granulation tissue was detected in the surgery site after 2 months. Treatment success could easily be followed by the cytological changes. In conclusion, vincristine was found to be effective chemotherapeutic agent.  相似文献   

6.
In a study of preferences for diets containing 1% to 20% sucrose over a bland diet, both female and male dogs preferred the diets containing sucrose over a bland diet, but female dogs had a significantly (P less than 0.05) greater preference for 1% sucrose than did males. Differences between sexes were not observed at the higher concentrations. Mean daily caloric intake was calculated for 12 bitches fed ad libitum during metestrus, estrus, and anestrus, as determined from metachrome-stained vaginal smears. Mean daily caloric intake was lowest during estrus (149 +/- 17 kcal/kg of body weight), was higher during metestrus (159 +/- 8 kcal/kg of body weight), and was highest (175 +/- 9 kcal/kg of body weight) during anestrus. Ovariohysterectomized bitches gained significantly (P less than 0.01) more weight (1.3 +/- 0.3 kg) in the first 10 days after surgery than did sham operated controls (0.3 +/- 0.1 kg). Food intake also was significantly greater ( less than 0.01) in the ovariohysterectomized bitches (1,708 kcal/day) than in the sham operated controls (1,423 kcal/day). Depth of subcutaneous fat in shoulder, rib, and rump areas of ovariohysterectomized bitches was not significantly different from that of intact bitches.  相似文献   

7.
母犬的排卵时间变化范围较大,目前许多宠物犬主很难确定准确的配种时间,其结果往往延误适时交配。由于阴道上皮的变化是由于生殖激素,特别是雌激素的作用引起的,这种变化可以在阴道涂片上的细胞中表现出来。通过试验摸索自然发情母犬阴道角质化上皮细胞的变化规律,以进一步搞清母犬理想的交配时间。结果表明,大部分自然发情的母犬在阴道排血后第9～13天,角质化上皮细胞比例超过80%,阴道粘膜的浮冰样堆积明显。因此,根据阴道细胞学检查结果,可辅助确定母犬发情的配种时间。  相似文献   

8.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravaginal prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) would be effective for the treatment of metritis or pyometra in the bitch. Seventeen bitches with metritis or pyometra were treated with PGF2 alpha. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (150 micrograms/kg body weight) was administered once or twice daily by infusing 0.3 ml per 10 kg body wt into the vaginal lumen. Bitches were also treated with amoxicillin (15 mg/kg body wt/48 h) and/or gentamicin (4 mg/kg body wt/day) administered as intramuscular (i.m.) injections. Fifteen bitches were treated successfully with intravaginally administered PGF2 alpha for 3 to 12 days and with intramuscularly administered antibiotics for 4 to 12 days. Success of treatment was judged by cessation of vaginal discharge, the absence of fluid in the uterus as determined by ultrasonography, and the overall health status of the animal. As two bitches with pyometra showed clinical deterioration in spite of medical treatment, ovariohysterectomy was performed after the first and the second treatment, respectively. No side effects (salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, hyperpnoea, ataxia, urination, anxiety, pupillary dilatation followed by contraction) were observed after PGF2 alpha treatment. The disease did not recur during the subsequent oestrous cycles within 12 months after the initial treatment. The results demonstrate that intravaginal administration of PGF2 alpha was effective in 13 dogs (86.6%) with metritis or pyometra, and caused no side effects. Although the study was based on a relatively small number of cases, it is concluded that prostaglandin F2 alpha can be a useful means of treating bitches with metritis or pyometra. However, in severe cases of pyometra ovariohysterectomy is needed.  相似文献   

9.
The correlation between the vaginal smear and the calculated time of ovulation was studied in 22 bitches, during a total of 24 heat periods. Blood plasma was analysed for levels of oestradiol and progesterone from 6 days before to 6 days after the day of maximum keratinization of the vaginal smear. In all 24 heat periods (100 per cent) maximum keratinization of the vaginal epithelial cells was observed at least 3 days after peak oestradiol levels and in 17 of the heat periods (70.8 per cent) maximum keratinization was seen when the peripheral plasma level of progesterone had increased to >5.44 ± 0.93 ng/ml, which has been calculated as the ovulatory level.  相似文献   

10.
Vaginal smears were taken by means of a metal spatula from the dorsal part of the vaginal vestibule of sexually mature sheep with intach genitals for the purpose of following up changes in the vaginal cell structure. The smears were taken daily over the whole testing period of 35 days. The cells were defferentiated by means of the dyeing method according to Papanicolaou as well as by using Shorr's staining which had been modified according to Pundel. Differentiation was made between occurrences ob basal, parabasal, intermediary, and superficial cells, with the view to figuring out the cycle phases. That vaginal smear method, when used in two or three folloow-up examinations on the basis of random checks, has proved to enable determination of cyclic activity of a complete herd. This is of great importance to heart synchronization or heart induction, since all results so far have shown that all success depended strongly on the given degree of cyclic activity of the sheep concerned.  相似文献   

11.
BACKGROUND: The expected number of thrombopoietic cells in normal canine bone marrow is poorly defined and there is no consensus on the most appropriate way to prepare cytologic smears to evaluate these cells nor on the optimum method for their quantification. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine total and differential counts of thrombopoietic cells in the bone marrow of clinically healthy Beagle dogs by comparing 4 different smear types and bone marrow core biopsies. METHODS: Twenty-two clinically healthy, male Beagle dogs, 10 to 12 months old, were used in the study. Following bone marrow aspiration and core biopsy from the iliac crest, Giemsa-stained smears were prepared by 4 techniques: drop-squash, particle-squash, buffy coat, and fat-layer smears. Thrombopoietic cells were counted in up to 100 low-power fields (LPF, X10 objective) in the aspiration smears and in all possible high-power fields (HPF, X40 objective) in H&E-stained biopsy sections. RESULTS: Mean total thrombopoietic cell counts were 2.76 cells/LPF (drop-squash), 1.55 cells/LPF (particle-squash), 8.05 cells/LPF (buffy coat), and 3.08 cells/LPF (fat-layer). Core biopsies yielded 5.31 cells/HPF but frequently failed to provide interpretable specimens. There was a significant difference in cell counts among the 4 smear types (P <.001). Based on evaluation of buffy coat smears, thrombopoietic cells included 1.23% megakaryoblasts, 8.77% promegakaryocytes, and 90% megakaryocytes, with a mean maturation index of 0.11. CONCLUSION: Thrombopoietic cell counts in canine bone marrow are influenced by the smear technique. Buffy coat and fat-layer smears may be useful to obtain cellular smears in hemodiluted or small aspirate samples.  相似文献   

12.
Transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) generally presents different degrees of aggressiveness, which makes them unresponsive to conventional treatment protocols. This implies a progressive alteration of their biological profile. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity, cell survival, apoptosis and cell cycle alterations in TVT cell cultures subjected to treatment with vincristine. Similarly, it assessed possible implications of MDR‐1, TP53, BCL‐2, and BAX gene expressions in eight TVT primary cultures for both resistance to chemotherapy and biological behaviour. When comparing TVT cells receiving vincristine to those untreated, a statistical difference related to increased cytotoxicity and decreased survival rates, and alterations in G1 and S cell cycle phases were found but without detectable differences in apoptosis. Increased MDR‐1 gene expression was observed after treatment. The groups did not differ statistically in relation to the TP53, BAX and BCL‐2 genes. Although preliminary, the findings suggest that such augmented expression is related to tumour malignancy and chemotherapy resistance.  相似文献   

13.
Thirty-two dogs affected with transmissible veneral tumour (TVT) were divided into three treatment groups. In group I vincristine sulphate at 0.025 mg/kg body weight, in group II vinblastine sulphate at 0.150 mg/kg body weight, and in group III vinblastine sulphate at 0.100 mg/kg body weight plus methotrexate at 0.35 mg/kg body weight were given intravenously at weekly intervals. Biopsies were performed on days 0, 3, 7 and 14. The tissues were preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed routinely for haematoxylin and eosin staining. Histopathologically, the untreated TVT was characterized by sheets or bundles of mostly rounded cells having a large, highly basophilic nucleus with a prominent, highly basophilic nucleolus. Both vincristine and vinblastine primarily affected the nuclei of neoplastic cells, causing condensation, karyorrhexis and karyolysis within 3 days of chemotherapy. The regressing tumour mass showed marked infiltration by lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and macrophages by day 7. There was nearly complete regression of the tumour by day 14, as shown by the almost complete loss of neoplastic cells, with fibrous tissue substitution. However, in group III, the changes occurred more slowly and more injections were needed for complete regression. In both groups I and II, 11/12 of the animals responded completely to the chemotherapy within 3 weeks, while in group III, 6/8 of the dogs responded to the treatment by 21–28 days.Abbreviations SD standard deviation - TVT transmissible venereal tumour  相似文献   

14.
In order to investigate the possibility of predicting the recovery rate of oocytes for use in a sperm-zona pellucida binding assay, ovaries were obtained from 67 bitches of 37 different breeds, and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered by mincing the ovaries with a scalpel. The mean number of COCs recovered was 37.2 +/- 34.1 (range 0-145) per ovary. Age significantly affected COC recovery rates. From bitches 1-6 years old, 54.2 +/- 35.1 COCs/ovary were recovered, compared to 26.4 +/- 29.0 from bitches 7-13 years old (P = 0.003). The morphology of the uterus or the presence or absence of ovarian structures had no significant effect on COC recovery rates, although there was a tendency for more COCs to be recovered from ovaries with only follicles visible on the surface. There were no significant correlations between body weight or ovarian weight and COC recovery rates. There was a high correlation in the COC recovery rate between the two ovaries of a bitch, enabling an approximate estimation of the COC recovery rate from the second ovary when the COCs from the first ovary have been recovered. The large variation in COC recovery rates between bitches stresses the need for storage of canine oocytes in order to secure a high enough number of oocytes for a homologous sperm-zona pellucida binding assay in the dog.  相似文献   

15.
Samples for endometrial cytology were collected both from live bitches using transcervical uterine cannulation (n=48) and postmortem (n=10). The cells identified were endometrial epithelial cells, leucocytes, erythrocytes, spermatozoa, bacteria and cervical or vaginal cells. The endometrial epithelial cells varied morphologically throughout the reproductive cycle and had signs of degeneration during late dioestrus and during early and mid-anoestrus following dioestrus and postpartum. Neutrophils were the most common leucocytes observed during pro-oestrus, oestrus, dioestrus and early pregnancy, and lymphocytes during anoestrus. Macrophages were frequently seen during anoestrus. Erythrocytes were found in variable numbers at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Spermatozoa were detected in samples collected during oestrus and early pregnancy in bitches which had their last mating one to three days previously. Bacteria were commonly observed during pro-oestrus and oestrus. Cornified cervical or vaginal cells were present during pro-oestrus and oestrus. This study demonstrated that the numbers, types, proportions and morphology of ceils in endometrial cytological samples from normal bitches varied throughout the reproductive cycle.  相似文献   

16.
The contribution of vagino-urethrography to the diagnosis of disorders of the lower urogenital tract in 123 bitches was evaluated. It was found to be particularly valuable in animals with urinary incontinence, vaginal discharge, dysuria and physical vaginal abnormalities. Determination of vaginal volume in 69 bitches has enabled a dosage of contrast medium to be suggested.  相似文献   

17.
Transplantation of ovarian tissue has high potential for female gamete conservation. However, optimal timing of oocyte recovery for in vitro maturation and fertilization is still critical. Therefore the aim of the present study was to use high-resolution transcutaneous ultrasonography to monitor follicular development within xenografted ovarian tissue. Ovarian cortex fragments (n=44) from domestic cats were transplanted into athymic nude rats (n=12). Graft development in the animals was assessed weekly by high frequency ultrasound (10-22 MHz) under two different FSH regimes. Blood collection for serum estradiol determination and vaginal smears were performed simultaneously. The xenografts were removed at different time points according to the ultrasound findings. The survival rate of the transplants 4 weeks after surgery was 54.5% and antral follicular growth was observed within 10 grafts from 5 different hosts (8.6 +/- 6.43 follicles per graft). Early follicle antrums could be detected from 0.4 mm onwards. The growth rate of the antral cavity was calculated from weekly measurements (0.56 +/- 0.44 mm per week). Although vaginal cells and estradiol levels followed a cyclic pattern, no correlation was found between follicular diameter, estradiol and keratinized vaginal cells. We recovered 5, 1 and 4 cumulus oocyte complexes from three different individuals during weeks 19, 21, and 23 respectively. Extrusion of a polar body (1 oocyte) and germinal vesicle break down (7 oocytes) indicated progression of maturation after in vitro culture. We conclude that ultrasonography und provided a reliable method to examine xenograft survival and follicular development within the grafts. Furthermore, this technique is suitable for assessment of the efficiency of hormonal treatment and narrowing of the optimal time frame for oocyte retrieval. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the in vivo development of early antral follicles in mammalian species.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma concentrations of folic acid, vitamin B12 and progesterone at different stages of the sexual cycle and pregnancy, during induced abortion and in bitches with pyometra. Bitches (n = 97) were assigned to groups as follows: a) oestrous cycle (n = 42) b) pregnancy (n = 25) c) induction of abortion (n = 10 and d) pyometra (n = 20). Oestrous cycle stages were determined by vaginal inspection and cytology. Pregnancies were estimated by ultrasound (5.0 Mhz; linear transducer; Schimadzu) at days 15-25, 35-45 and 46-63 of pregnancy. Treatments for the induction of abortion were started between days 25 and 35 after mating (5 microg/kg cabergoline daily, Galastop; 5-10 microg/kg Alfaprostol every other day, Gabbrostim). Diagnosis of pyometra was confirmed by ultrasound and vaginoscopy. Folic acid and vitamin B12 concentrations did not differ among different stages of the oestrous cycle. The mean concentration of folic acid during early pregnancy (days 15-25) exceeded levels of later stages (days 46-63): 9.4 +/- 3.7 microg/ml and 4.7 +/- 1.8 microg/ml, respectively (p < 0.01). A positive correlation between folic acid and vitamin B12 was determined in pregnant dogs ( r = 0.925; p < 0.02). Before the induction of abortion, the concentration of folic acid was 9.6 +/- 5.2 microg/ml; during abortion it decreased to 5.0 +/- 3.2 microg/ml (p < 0.01). A significant correlation (r = 0.925; p < 0.02) between progesterone and folic acid was obtained in bitches with abortion. The mean concentration of folic acid in bitches with pyometra significantly differed from that of bitches at different stages of the oestrous cycle (p < 0.05). The mean concentration of folic acid was significantly lower in metoestrous bitches when compared to bitches with pyometra (p < 0.05). The decrease of serum concentrations of folic acid during pregnancy and induced abortion show that fetal growth and abortion caused higher consumption of folic acid. Concerning bitches did not show any deficiency symptoms, which is why it can be concluded that this decrease is physiological.  相似文献   

19.
A technique for transcervical cannulation of the uterus of the bitch for the collection of samples for cytology and microbiology was developed. This technique involved passing a cannula into the uterus with the aid of an endoscope. The uterus was cannulated successfully in mature bitches (over 10 kg) 110 times in 144 attempts. Success of cannulation was influenced by the experience of the operator and ease of cannulation by the stage of the reproductive cycle, the size of the bitch and the type of cannula. Complications associated with the procedure were endometritis, vaginitis and vaginal tears. Uterine cannulation was generally possible in all bitches studied at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Techniques for the collection of samples from the uterus for cytology and microbiology and for the processing of samples for uterine cytology are outlined. Hysteroscopy was performed on seven occasions in post partum bitches and was found to be possible at least until day 17 after whelping.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of 2 protocols using bromocriptine mesylate and prostaglandins to terminate unwanted pregnancy in bitches. DESIGN: Prospective randomized single-blind controlled study. ANIMALS: 34 crossbred and purebred bitches referred for possible pregnancy termination. Seven additional pregnant bitches were used as controls. PROCEDURE: Pregnancy was assessed by ultrasonographic examination from day 25 after mating in all bitches. Of the 34 bitches, 25 were pregnant and were randomly allocated to a treatment group. Group-1 dogs (n = 12) received a combination of increasing amounts of bromocriptine mesylate (15 to 30 microg/kg [6.8 to 13.6 microg/lb], p.o., q 12 h) and dinoprost tromethamine (0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg [0.045 to 0.09 mg/lb], s.c., q 24 h). Group-2 dogs (n =13) received a combination of increasing amounts of bromocriptine mesylate (the same schedule as group-1 dogs) and cloprostenol sodium (1 microg/kg [0.45 microg/lb], s.c., q 48 h). Both groups were treated until pregnancy termination. Results-Treatment success was 100% in both groups. Days of treatment required for pregnancy termination did not significantly differ between groups (5.0 +/- 0.6 vs 3.7 +/- 0.6 days, group-1 and group-2 dogs, respectively) although adverse effects only developed in group-1 dogs. At the end of the protocols, pseudopregnancy was observed in 3 of 12 and 6 of 13 group-1 and group-2 dogs, respectively. Pregnancy termination was followed by a mucoid sanguineous vulvar discharge for 3 to 10 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of this study indicate that protocols that combine the use of bromocriptine mesylate and prostaglandins for the termination of unwanted pregnancy in bitches are efficient and safe. The use of bromocriptine mesylate and cloprostenol had the best results and could be easily used on an outpatient basis.  相似文献   

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