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1.
The commercial use of sheep for the production of milk and milk products is attractive to farmers actively diversifying their dairy interests due to the impact of the quota system. As intensification of milking increases, flock sizes will enlarge and the incidence of ovine mastitis will inevitably increase. The pharmaceutical industry and the veterinary practitioner will be required to provide advice and data upon the performance of currently available bovine intramammary preparations for the sheep. This study produces evidence to confirm that one available bovine intramammary preparation, when infused into milking sheep, produced a withholding time approximately three times as long as that defined for the cow. Following a course of three infusions over a period of 24 hours after consecutive milkings, milk was not acceptable for human consumption or for the production of cheese and yoghurts until 136 hours following the final infusion. This situation is likely to be representative of that which will occur with other intramammary products used in the ovine species following infusion with bovine intramammary preparations. 相似文献
2.
Kyozaire JK Veary CM Petzer IM Donkin EF 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2005,76(2):69-73
In order to determine the safety of milk produced by smallholder dairy goat farms, a farm-based research study was conducted on commercial dairy goat farms to compare the microbiological quality of milk produced using 3 different types of dairy goat production systems (intensive, semi-intensive and extensive). A survey of dairy goat farms in and around Pretoria carried out by means of a questionnaire revealed that most of the smallholder dairy goat farms surveyed used an extensive type of production system. The method of milking varied with the type of production system, i.e. machine milking; bucket system machine milking and hand-milking, respectively. Udder half milk samples (n=270) were analysed, of which 31.1% were infected with bacteria. The lowest intra-mammary infection was found amongst goats in the herd under the extensive system (13.3%), compared with 43.3% and 36.7% infection rates under the intensive and semi-intensive production systems, respectively. Staphylococcus intermedius (coagulase positive), Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus simulans (both coagulase negative), were the most common cause of intramammary infection with a prevalence of 85.7% of the infected udder halves. The remaining 14.3% of the infection was due to Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteriology of bulk milk samples on the other hand, showed that raw milk obtained by the bucket system milking machine had the lowest total bacterial count (16,450 colony forming units (CFU)/ml) compared to that by pipeline milking machine (36,300 CFU/ml) or hand-milking (48,000 CFU/ml). No significant relationship was found between the somatic cell counts (SCC) and presence of bacterial infection in goat milk In comparison with the herds under the other 2 production systems, it was shown that dairy goat farming under the extensive production system, where hand-milking was used, can be adequate for the production of safe raw goat milk. 相似文献
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奶山羊产奶性状相关基因的筛选与功能研究进展 《畜牧与饲料科学》2018,39(11):61-65
奶山羊作为乳用品种的山羊,因其具有奶质优良、产奶性能稳定、乳汁营养丰富等特点,逐渐成为畜牧业发展的一大亮点。经过多年的选种选育,我国现已拥有了多个地方奶山羊品种。随着分子育种技术的发展,对于奶山羊产奶性状相关基因的研究越来越多。对奶山羊产奶性状相关基因的研究进展进行综述,以期为奶山羊优秀基因资源的研究、保护和利用提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
引发奶山羊乳房炎的因素有很多,主要包括致病菌感染、挤奶操作不规范、营养失衡及其他因素。无论是微生物,还是物理和化学因素导致的奶山羊乳房炎都会影响产奶量和奶品质,甚至影响奶山羊的使用年限,给养殖场(户)带来较大的经济损失。本文从奶山羊乳房炎发病原因、临床特征、治疗方案和预防措施四个方面进行分析,供同行交流借鉴。 相似文献
6.
S. Iezzi A. Lifschitz J. Sallovitz P. Nejamkin M. Lloberas J. Manazza C. Lanusse F. Imperiale 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2014,37(6):589-594
Closantel (CLS) is currently used in programs for the strategic control of gastrointestinal nematodes. CLS is extralabel used in different dairy goat production systems. From available data in dairy cows, it can be concluded that residues of CLS persist in milk. The current work evaluated the concentration profiles of CLS in plasma and milk from lactating orally treated dairy goats to assess the residues pattern in dairy products such as cheese and ricotta. Six (6) female Saanen dairy goats were treated orally with CLS administered at 10 mg/kg. Blood and milk samples were collected between 0 and 36 days post‐treatment. The whole milk production was collected at 1, 4, 7, and 10 days post‐treatment to produce soft cheese and ricotta. CLS concentrations in plasma, milk, cheese, whey, and ricotta were determined by HPLC. The concentrations of CLS measured in plasma were higher than those measured in milk at all sampling times. However, the calculated withdrawal time for CLS in milk was between 39 and 43 days postadministration to dairy goats. CLS residual concentrations in cheese (between 0.93 and 1.8 μg/g) were higher than those measured in the milk used for its production. CLS concentrations in ricotta were sixfold higher than those in the milk and 20‐fold higher than those in the whey used for its production. The persistent and high residual concentrations of CLS in the milk and in the cheese and ricotta should be seriously considered before issuing any recommendation on the extralabel use of CLS in dairy goat farms. 相似文献
7.
Residue persistence in sheep milk following antibiotic therapy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Molina A Molina MP Althaus RL Gallego L 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2003,165(1):84-89
Drug residues in milk supplies may have public health implications and can interfere in the manufacture of dairy products, such as cheese. In Spain, most ewe milk production is destined for cheese making, often using raw milk. This study analyses the main factors influencing antibiotic depletion time in lactating dairy sheep. 42, Manchega ewes were distributed into three groups, each receiving a different treatment (cephalexin intramammary infusion, penicillin G intramuscular, and oxytetracycline intravenous injections). During and after the recommended withdrawal period, milk samples were taken at each milking. A microbiological inhibition test (Brilliant Black Reduction, BRT) was used to screen all samples and antibiotic withholding times were established using a logistic regression model. The response to the BRT method in milk from individual ewes treated showed that the effect of the milking order was significant (P<0.001) with the three antibiotics. However the only influence on milk yield was with the intramammary treatment (P<0.005). The BRT method was found to be very sensitive, particularly to the two beta-lactamic antibiotics. 相似文献
8.
近年来,世界山羊养殖数量持续增长,据联合国粮农组织(FAO)统计显示,2018年全球山羊养殖数量已超10.4亿只,其中奶山羊养殖数量超2.16亿只,约有90%以上的奶山羊和山羊奶产自亚洲和非洲。欧洲的奶山羊存栏和产奶量均在亚洲和非洲之后,但其单产水平远高于其他各大洲,在世界奶山羊每只平均年产奶量100 kg以上的国家中,前十位均为欧洲国家。我国奶山羊产业发展迅速,2018年我国奶山羊实际存栏约518万只,年产羊奶量约100万t,约占全国鲜奶产量的3.3%。本文对全球及我国奶山羊产业进行了纵向和横向比较,客观分析我国奶山羊产业的地位、发展现状以及未来发展趋势,旨在为我国奶山羊产业的发展提供参考。 相似文献
9.
Somatic cell counts, the bacteriological condition of the milk and antibodies against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were measured monthly throughout lactation in 121 lactating goats of the Murcia-Granada breed in four commercial dairy goat herds. The prevalence of bacterial intramammary infection was 5.6 per cent and the prevalence of CAEV infection was 20.6 per cent. An analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of herd, intramammary infection and the interaction between intramammary infection and CAEV on the somatic cell count. In udder halves free of intramammary infection, the somatic cell counts were significantly lower in seronegative goats than in seropositive goats (P<0.05), but the difference was not significant in udder halves persistently infected by bacteria. There was a significant increase in somatic cell counts due to bacterial intramammary infection (P<0.01) in the seronegative goats, but this effect was not present in the seropositive animals. 相似文献
10.
[目的] 随着奶山羊养殖行业的发展,规模化、集约化程度不断提高,如何能更便捷地对奶山羊的健康状况和生产性能进行有效评判,是提高奶山羊养殖效率的重要措施。[方法] 本试验通过测定奶山羊体内外温度、产奶量以及乳成分,分析乳房温度与体内外温度以及与泌乳性能之间的相关性。[结果] 发现乳房温度与舍温、额温有明显的相关性（P<0.01）,但与眼温和肛温之间没有显著相关性;此外,乳脂、非乳脂固形物与乳房温度之间也存在显著的相关性（P<0.01）。[结论] 乳房温度是一个很好的评价指标,可适宜地用于监测奶山羊健康状况和生产性能。 相似文献
11.
Production objectives and breeding practices of smallholder households participating in dairy goat breeding projects were
analysed in relation to their ability to bring about sustainable genetic improvement in the dairy goat flocks in Kenya. A
stratified survey involving 311 goat keepers in 4 project sites was used. This employed both qualitative and quantitative
research methods to get a holistic view of dairy goats, and take into account the full array of contributions of dairy goats
to the smallholder households. Milk production and sales of breeding stock were high priority functions for the objective
to create a financial buffer. The breeding objective traits that farmers perceived as being of primary importance were milk
yield, growth rate, body size, fertility and disease tolerance. There were logical trade-offs in the choice of these traits
by farmers. Female dairy goats were mainly culled due to old age, poor fertility, small body size and poor health. Farmers
did not place a large significance on unsatisfactory milk performance when culling female goats, mainly due to the very small
production size and the high demand existing for breeding animals. Factors affecting milk yield and flock size presented satisfied
a P < 0.1 significance level. The performance levels of dairy goats were mainly influenced by breeding strategies and the resource
availability at the farm level. The optimisation of genotype x environment interactions remains the biggest challenge given
the objectives set by the farmer. 相似文献
12.
B A Crooker D E Otterby 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1991,7(2):417-437
Cows that produce large quantities of milk require more management and higher quality of management than cows producing smaller quantities of milk. This is true whether improvements in milk production occur through genetic selection, increased milking frequency, or use of bovine somatotropin (bST). The milk response to use of bST is similar (10 to 15%) to that of three times a day (3x) milking and we expect that the management required to maintain the increased production through successive lactations with bST will be similar to that required for the 3x herd. Maximum economic benefit from use of bST will be achieved by dairy managers who (1) feed cows to maximize intake of diets with appropriate nutrient content and balance, (2) maintain proper body condition of their cows, and (3) have health and reproduction management programs that prevent rather than cure problems. Efficient use of record-keeping systems that enable the manager to monitor individual cow status will be advantageous. Economic forces will continue to bring change to the dairy industry. The manager that plans for change and ensures that the dairy's management programs allow for the most economically efficient production will be in position to adapt to these changes. The well-managed dairy will be able to adopt new, efficiency-enhancing technologies, such as bST, to ensure the continued opportunity to compete in the dairy industry. 相似文献
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14.
Smith GW Gehring R Riviere JE Yeatts JL Baynes RE 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,224(11):1827-1830
OBJECTIVE: To determine the elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in milk after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 5 lactating dairy cows. PROCEDURE: After collection of baseline milk samples, 300 mg (6 mL) of ceftiofur was infused into the left front and right rear mammary gland quarters of each cow. Approximately 12 hours later, an additional 300 mg of ceftiofur was administered into the same mammary gland quarters after milking. Milk samples were collected from each mammary gland quarter every 12 hours for 10 days. Concentrations of ceftiofur and its metabolites in each milk sample were determined to assess the rate of ceftiofur elimination. RESULTS: Although there were considerable variations among mammary gland quarters and individual cows, ceftiofur concentrations in milk from all treated mammary gland quarters were less than the tolerance (0.1 microg/mL) set by the FDA by 168 hours (7 days) after the last intramammary administration of ceftiofur. No drug concentrations were detected in milk samples beyond this period. Ceftiofur was not detected in any milk samples from nontreated mammary gland quarters throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ceftiofur administered by the intramammary route as an extra-label treatment for mastitis in dairy cows reaches concentrations in milk greater than the tolerance set by the FDA. Results indicated that milk from treated mammary gland quarters should be discarded for a minimum of 7 days after intramammary administration of ceftiofur. Elimination of ceftiofur may be correlated with milk production, and cows producing smaller volumes of milk may have prolonged withdrawal times. 相似文献
15.
Teodulo González-Quirino José Alberto Delgadillo José Alfredo Flores Jesús Vielma Gerardo Duarte Manuel de Jesús Flores Angélica Terrazas Luis Angel Zarazaga Alexis Adrián Vargas-Cruz Ricardo Avilés Horacio Hernández 《Animal Science Journal》2021,92(1):e13646
The present experiments on goats were conducted with the aim of verifying (a) whether the identity of the goat kids can affect the characteristics of milk let-down during suckling (Study 1) and (b) whether the presence of the goat kids may improve the milk let-down during hand milking (Study 2). In Study 1, 16 lactating goats with twins and 12 with single kids were used. Dams with single goat kids ejected more milk when suckling their kids at Days 5 and 20 of lactation, than when suckling aliens. Dams with twins ejected more milk when suckling their own kids than aliens only at Day 5 of lactation. Taking into account all the dams, they ejected more milk with more fat, protein, and lactose during suckling their own litter than when suckling aliens. In Study 2, when dams (n = 13) were hand milked in the presence of their own litter or in its absence, they ejected more milk with more fat, protein, and lactose than when milked in the presence of alien kids. We conclude that milk let-down in goats can be influenced by the type of stimuli applied or to which they are exposed to during suckling and milking. 相似文献
16.
Martínez-de la Puente J Moreno-Indias I Morales-Delanuez A Ruiz-Díaz MD Hernández-Castellano LE Castro N Argüello A 《The Veterinary record》2011,168(14):378
The occurrence of self-suckling was recorded in 21 dairy goats during periods of 20 minutes at three different times per day (immediately after milking and the first feed, immediately after the second feed and in the afternoon) for 27 days (divided into three experimental periods of nine days). As expected, negative associations between milk yield and the frequency of self-suckling were observed (P<0.05). Goats suckled on their own right teat more frequently than on the left teat. The width of the right teat (measured at the middle of the teat) was positively associated with the frequency of self-suckling after controlling for the width of the left teat. A higher self-suckling frequency was observed immediately after milking than in the other two periods of the day. The frequency of self-suckling by each goat was reduced when animals were supplemented ad libitum with wheat straw in addition to their ordinary feed. 相似文献
17.
The main feeding factors leading to optimum milk production in dairy goats are studied in this paper. Because of its high milk yield, the goat consumes large quantities of dry matter. Accordingly, the intake of energy seems to be the most important dietary factor influencing milk production.The amount of concentrates offered must be determined according to the type and the quality of forages. For obtaining maximum production the energy density of the diet must approximate 0.80 F.U./kg D.M.The annual feeding programme of the dairy goat must be adapted to its behaviour and must take into account its physiological status. Before and after parturition, feeding of good quality forages favourably affects the onset of lactation. The supply of concentrates before parturition should not exceed about 8 g D.M./kg L.W. After parturition, the increase in the concentrate intake of the goats should not be too rapid. In the middle of lactation and especially at the end of lactation, maintenance of milk production at a high level requires a slightly higher supply of concentrates than that necessary to meet the requirements for energy. 相似文献
18.
Prevalence, spread and control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in dairy goat herds in New South Wales 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
SUMMARY A study of the prevalence, spread and control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in dairy goat herds in New South Wales (NSW) during 1986–1988 found that 56.8% of 1484 goats in 14 dairy herds were infected with CAEV. The prevalence of CAEV infection within most herds not implementing control measures increased during the study. At the end of the study, 59.7% of 1322 goats were infected. The prevalence of CAEV increased with age. Differences between breeds were less apparent. Within seven herds with a high standard of identification of goats, 149 of 812 goats seroconverted in an ELISA. Of these newly infected goats, 142 (95.3%) were > 1 yr of age and 96 (64.4%) were > 2 yr suggesting lateral spread of the virus. Most of the goats > 2 yr of age had been in the milking herd for a minimum of 3 to 6 months. The high seroconversion rate within the milking herd suggested that factors other than the ingestion of infected colostrum and milk before weaning were important for the spread of CAEV. Observations indicated that behaviour of goats, particularly reproductive behaviour among lactating does, and milking herd management practices are important in the spread of CAEV. A high density of livestock, poor livestock control and contamination of feed, water, equipment and personnel were implicated in transmission. Poorly functioning milking machines may also be involved. CAEV was eradicated from 3 herds by the implementation of strict control measures. 相似文献
19.
Iacome SC Jácome Francisca GC Sousa Candice MG De Leon Denis A Spricigo Mauro MS Saraiva Patricia EN Givisiez Wondwossen A Gebreyes Rafael FC Vieira Celso JB Oliveira 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1)
This investigation reported for the first time the occurrence of intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus in primiparous replacement goats before parturition and the persistence of clinical Staphylococcus aureus infection during the lactation period. Subclinical infections, mainly caused by coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS), did not persist during lactation. Genotyping analysis indicated that environment seems to play a moderate role as source of intramammary infections to goats before parturition, but causative agents of mastitis in lactating animals are not genotypically related to environmental staphylococci. The occurrence and persistence of intramammary infections in replacement goats demonstrate the need to consider those animals as potential sources of infections in dairy goat herds. 相似文献
20.
In Kenya, the population of dairy goats is about 200,000 and 80% of these are reared in Mount Kenya region. They provide a quick source of milk for consumption or sale, which has an immense value especially to poor households. The small land sizes required for their rearing are especially useful in these highly populated areas. Although much research has been done on problems faced by dairy cattle farmers, limited information is available on problems faced by dairy goat farmers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the constraints affecting dairy goat production in Mount Kenya region. In a cross-sectional survey, 157 farmers were interviewed on major constraints using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results from the questionnaires showed that the main problems experienced by these farmers were as follows: lack of market of milk and goats 45% (71/157), diseases 33% (52/157), high cost of concentrates 25% (38/157), lack of feed 19% (30/157), problems of unreliable buck rotation program 16.5% (26/157), and insecurity 1.8% (3/157). The study revealed that dairy goat farmers in the region faced by a number of challenges and therefore, our recommendation is there is a need for farmers to be trained on innovative ways of value chain addition and other strategies to market their milk. Additionally, the government should put resources to salvage the milk plant and association members should put firm measures to improve management. Creation of farmer awareness, treatment, and disease control measures should be instituted to improve productivity. 相似文献