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1.
H. Jactel I. Van Halder P. Menassieu Q.H. Zhang F. Schlyter 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2001,6(3-4):197-207
Non-host volatiles (NHV) were tested on antennae of Ips sexdentatus with coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Significant antennal responses were found to aggregation pheromone components, ipsdienol and amitinol, an attraction inhibitor, verbenone, and non-host bark volatiles extracted from Betula pendula, including trans-conophthorin (tC) and alcohols. The tC, a blend of three green leaf alcohols (C6-alcohols), and a blend of two bark alcohols (C8-alcohols) were tested in combination for their ability to disrupt the attraction of the stenographer bark beetle to pheromone-baited traps, unbaited and pheromone-baited maritime pine logs. The strongest disruptive effect resulted from the addition of the tC combined with the blends of NHV alcohols at high release rate, achieving an 83% reduction in trap catches, 89% reduction of attacks on unbaited pine logs, and 60% on baited logs. It is proposed that the two types of NHV have an additive effect, tC playing a major role in pheromone disruption while the alcohols would interrupt host specific signals. The results suggest that I. sexdentatus uses both bark and green leaf volatiles from non-host tree species in the host selection process. These NHV are promising disruptants, which could be used to prevent stenographer bark beetle attacks on log piles or standing trees in forest. A mixture of conifers and broad-leaved species would also disturb olfactory guided host selection supporting the assumption that more diverse forests are less prone to pest insect outbreaks. 相似文献
2.
R. Jaku&#; 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》1998,71(3):41-49
583 spruce stands in an area affected by air pollution and bark beetle outbreak in Eastern Slovakia were studied in 1996.
According to bark beetle infestation of dominant and codominant trees, stands were classified into following types of spruce
stand decline:Ips typographus-A,Ips typographus-B,Polygraphus poligraphus, I. typographus/P. poligraphus—A,I. typographus/P. poligraphus—B. The presence of attacked trees in forest edges, bark beetle spots and forest interior was the key important factor for
the classification.
Data from forest inventory and forest management evidence together with data on types of spruce stands decline were used in
further analyses. Results shows that the distribution of forest stands classified into different types or uninfested stands
is related mainly to host size and site quality. The percentage of spruce, exposition of stands and stand density showed significant
effects. The mechanisms of spreading of studied bark beetle outbreak could be explained by direct effects of stress of trees
caused by an abrupt increase of level of solar irradiation and by weakening of trees by the honey fungus. 相似文献
3.
R. Jaku&#; 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》1998,71(8):152-158
A method and layout of various systems of barriers of pheromone traps is described. The rationale of the method is based on
the stress of spruce and the chemical communication ofIps typographus. Various systems of pheromone trap barriers were used according to the required level of protection. The method was used
in two areas affected by air pollution and bark beetle outbreak. The first area was in an unnatural spruce monoculture region
while the second was in a National Park.
The described method led to a significant reduction of bark beetle attacks on trees along forest edges and subsequently to
the stopping of movement of the zone of attacked trees due to bark beetle damage. In the case of forest stands with no reduced
canopy closure, the reduction of attacks led to a dramatic decline of bark beetle outbreak. On the other hand, this method
was not able to reduce the level of bark beetle attack in the interior of forest stands with a decreased level of canopy closure.
This method, as part of differentiated pest management measures in one forest district, was successful without any other protection
measures in the condition of natural reserves in a spruce vegetation zone. 相似文献
4.
R. Jaku 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2001,74(2):46-51
The character of a bark beetle outbreak, planning system, and implementation of IPM measures in a forest affected by intensive decline connected with honey fungus (Armillaria sp.) is described. It is possible to distinguish two levels of outbreak in the study area. The first level is characterized by spruce mortality connected with yellowing of spruce and presence of plant pathogens, mostly Armillaria sp. Forest stands have disperse infestations of bark beetles. Identification of infested trees and salvage cutting in time are problematic. In case of late processing of infested trees, the second level of outbreak could become manifest. The populations of bark beetle increase. Beetles could attack relatively healthy trees. The classical outbreak with forest edges and spot infestations starts. The identification of infested trees is easier. The application of pheromone trap barriers is effective. Thus, the second level of outbreak could be easily managed. The planning of IPM measures is concerned with localization of various pheromone trap systems in particular forest stands. It is based on field survey, data acquisition, estimation of swarming bark beetle population, and information of pheromone system effectiveness. 相似文献
5.
R. Jaku? 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2001,38(5):46-51
The character of a bark beetle outbreak, planning system, and implementation of IPM measures in a forest affected by intensive decline connected with honey fungus (Armillaria sp.) is described. It is possible to distinguish two levels of outbreak in the study area. The first level is characterized by spruce mortality connected with yellowing of spruce and presence of plant pathogens, mostly Armillaria sp. Forest stands have disperse infestations of bark beetles. Identification of infested trees and salvage cutting in time are problematic. In case of late processing of infested trees, the second level of outbreak could become manifest. The populations of bark beetle increase. Beetles could attack relatively healthy trees. The classical outbreak with forest edges and spot infestations starts. The identification of infested trees is easier. The application of pheromone trap barriers is effective. Thus, the second level of outbreak could be easily managed. The planning of IPM measures is concerned with localization of various pheromone trap systems in particular forest stands. It is based on field survey, data acquisition, estimation of swarming bark beetle population, and information of pheromone system effectiveness. 相似文献
6.
Danail Takov Danail Doychev Andreas Linde Slavimira Draganova Daniela Pilarska 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(4):343-352
The occurrence and prevalence of bark beetle pathogens in forest stands in Bulgaria were investigated in 944 specimens belonging
to 21 bark beetle species. Protozoa, microsporidia, fungi and nematodes occurred in 19 of all investigated species. The infections
were found in the gut (nematodes, gregarines, microsporidia), gonads (microsporidia) and hemolymph (nematodes) of the infected
insects. Protozoan species (Gregarina typographi, Gregarina spp.) were detected in eight bark beetle species. Morphometric data about G. typographi and Gregarina spp. are presented. The prevalence of the gregarines varied between 1.4% and 64.2%. Microsporidia of the genera Nosema and Chytridiopsis were revealed in three bark beetle species. The prevalence of microsporidia ranged between 1.5% and 11.8%. This is the first report of a microsporidium in Taphrorychus villifrons and of gregarines in T. villifrons, Pityogenes bistridentatus, P. conjunctus, and Orthotomicus erosus. The fungus Beauveria bassiana was found in 3.4% of Hylurgops palliatus specimens. Nematodes (in gut and haemolymph) were revealed in 19 bark beetle species and their prevalence varied between
10% and 98.5%. 相似文献
7.
Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. O. Al Adawi M. L. Deadman A. K. Al Rawahi Y. M. Al Maqbali A. A. Al Jahwari B. A. Al Saadi I. S. Al Amri M. J. Wingfield 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,116(4):247-254
Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman. 相似文献
8.
凹额精灵小蠹(Hapalogenius atakorae (Schedl,1951))是近年来从进口非洲木材中经常截获到的一种外来害虫。本文通过碱解及解剖,观察了凹额精灵小蠹外部形态及雌、雄性生殖器和前胃板的解剖特征,发现其雄虫额部明显下陷成浅坑状,鞘翅斜面上行间1与行间2明显下陷成槽状,下陷区域内行2与行3鳞片毛消失或严重退化;雌虫额部平滑或隆起,鞘翅斜面上在行间1与行间2之间略有下凹,下凹区内行2与行3鳞片毛基本正常。本研究完善了凹额精灵小蠹的形态特征,为凹额精灵小蠹的口岸检疫鉴定提供了更详细和准确的资料。 相似文献
9.
Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae, a mycangial symbiont of a wood-boring ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodidae), has been associated with the mass mortality of Korean oak trees in South Korea. Systemic wilt from the inoculation of oak trees with R. quercus-mongolicae has caused significant damage to forest ecosystems in the country. Despite the continued spread of this fungus across the country since the first discovery of the disease, little is known regarding its biology. During a recent survey carried out to investigate the status of oak wilt diseases on Jeju Island, South Korea, visible signs of bark beetle attack, including bark beetle frass and galleries, were consistently observed in Quercus serrata, and R. quercus-mongolicae was successfully recovered from the trees. To determine whether the pathogen was introduced from inland areas of the country to Jeju Island, the genetic diversity and population structure of R. quercus-mongolicae isolates collected from various geographical regions and hosts in the country were investigated using a combination of eight microsatellite markers designed from the genome of the fungus in this study. The results showed lower levels of genetic diversity for the population from Jeju Island compared to those from inland areas of the country. This suggests that a limited number of individuals were recently introduced to Jeju Island, resulting in a new disease problem in the area. 相似文献
10.
J. HALPERIN 《EPPO Bulletin》1986,16(4):593-595
Scolytus kirschi, a bark beetle new to Israel, was found in 1983 near Lake Kinneret affecting and killing young elm trees under stress. The main cause of the stress was water deficiency. Phytosanitation, seasonal irrigation and exposure of trap logs all slowed down the spread of the beetle and prevented further damage. 相似文献
11.
H. Rauleder 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2004,56(6):170-174
Studies on the flight behavior of the unequal bark beetle (Xyleborus dispar) and black timber bark beetle (Xyleborus germanus) were made at the Obstbau Lehr- und Versuchsbetrieb (Educational and Experimental Station for Fruit Culture) in Karlsruhe-Augustenberg, Germany, in the years 1996–2002. Main topics were the observation of flight habits and population changes of bark beetle species. Due to a false definition, part of the material in the publication “Observations on the flight dynamics of bark beetle (Xyleborus saxeseni and dispar)” (Rauleder 2003) is not right and is corrected in this article. The flight of the unequal bark beetle starts in spring when the maximum daytime temperature reaches 18°C or higher (as a rule the end of March or first week in April). Their flight continues until the beginning of July. The beetle which we had defined incorrectly as the male of the species was determined to be in fact the black timber bark beetle by an entomologist at the Bavarian Forestry Institute. The flight of this beetle starts later, in the last half of April, mostly toward the end of the month. The proportion of unequal bark beetles in alcohol traps varied from 9.1% to 53.3% (average 27.4%), and the numbers of black timber bark beetle varied from 3.3% to 9.5% (average 5.1%). 相似文献
12.
Deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, was tested in both the laboratory and the field, with the aim of controlling the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard), in living olive trees. In the laboratory, bark beetle adults were exposed to olive twigs treated with different concentrations of deltamethrin. Among these concentrations, dosage at 0.05% produced 100% mortality in the scolytids after 13 weeks. This dosage of deltamethrin, applied in the field, protected olive trees from scolytid attack during the whole emergence period. 相似文献
13.
Pathogen occurrence was studied in 16099 adult specimens of 10 different bark beetle species, which live associated on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Beetles (mainly Ips typographus L. and Pityogenes chalcographus L.) were collected from 6 different localities in Austria (4 secondary spruce stands and 2 natural forest type stands, 9 sampling plots in total) in elevations between 400m and 1600m. Various viral, protozoan, and fungal pathogens could be diagnosed with a light microscope in the examined beetles. Numerous pathogen species were known from former studies, some pathogens were totally new or could be found in a new host species beside their type host. The most dominant pathogen species were Protozoa, Gregarina cf. typographi, Malamoeba cf. scolyti, and Chytridiopsis cf. typographi. Over the whole investigation period, the highest pathogen diversity with eight pathogen species was found in I. typographus. Differences were observed in the pathogen complex of each beetle species from the different collection sites and in different years of investigation. Several species showed an overlapping in their host range and infected various bark beetle species. Furthermore, pathogen occurrence and prevalence differed in bark beetles from 4 different sampling plots in an area (one locality) within a distance of a few kilometres. 相似文献
14.
This paper presents the results of a research project concerning bark beetle populations in Norway spruce stands managed under a nature protection regime in national parks in Tatra Mountains in Poland and Slovakia. The preliminary data on bark beetle occurrence and related selected stand characteristics are presented. The dynamics of a bark beetle outbreak that occurred from 1994–97 in the stands localized on both sides of the state border and in various nature protection regimes is analyzed retrospectively. The data concerning the tree/stand characteristics, i.e. DBH and increment of trees are discussed in relation to its potential role in the mechanism for the spread of bark beetle populations. The patterns of the spatial distribution of trees attacked during the research period (1999–2001) are described. 相似文献
15.
This paper presents the results of a research project concerning bark beetle populations in Norway spruce stands managed under a nature protection regime in national parks in Tatra Mountains in Poland and Slovakia. The preliminary data on bark beetle occurrence and related selected stand characteristics are presented. The dynamics of a bark beetle outbreak that occurred from 1994–97 in the stands localized on both sides of the state border and in various nature protection regimes is analyzed retrospectively. The data concerning the tree/stand characteristics, i.e. DBH and increment of trees are discussed in relation to its potential role in the mechanism for the spread of bark beetle populations. The patterns of the spatial distribution of trees attacked during the research period (1999–2001) are described. 相似文献
16.
马铃薯甲虫是重要的入侵害虫,严重威胁着我国粮食作物马铃薯的生产。苏云金芽胞杆菌是重要的农业害虫生防细菌,对马铃薯甲虫有良好的防治效果。本文围绕苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进展与应用进行综述。主要从马铃薯甲虫的入侵与防治手段、苏云金芽胞杆菌的晶体蛋白结构与杀虫机制、对马铃薯甲虫有活性的Bt毒蛋白研究进展、Bt毒蛋白对马铃薯甲虫的作用机制以及马铃薯甲虫对Bt毒蛋白的抗性机制等方面进行了综述。最后,从Bt新基因的挖掘和杀虫机理方面对苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进行了展望。 相似文献
17.
光周期对莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为明确莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila Selman et Vogt的生态适应性,提高其对恶性杂草喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides(Martius)的生物防治效率,研究了7组不同光周期对其生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:不同光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲卵的孵化历期差异显著,在L∶D=12 h∶12 h时孵化历期最短,为4.33 d;其化蛹率无显著差异。相较于短光期,长光期条件更适合其幼虫生长发育。随着光照时数的增加,莲草直胸跳甲成虫寿命、产卵历期、雌虫产卵量呈明显单峰趋势,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,成虫寿命和产卵历期最长,分别为41.8 d和34.0 d;光周期为L∶D=8 h∶16 h时,雌虫产卵量最高,为98.5块。不同光周期处理下其成虫后代的孵化率均高于85%,各处理间均无显著差异。在7组光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲均未出现生长与生殖停滞及大量死亡现象。生命表分析结果显示,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,莲草直胸跳甲种群的净增殖率、平均世代周期及内禀增长率均最高,分别为386.88、45.36和0.13;而种群增殖时长最短,为5.27 d。表明光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时最适合莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖。 相似文献
18.
Stephen D. Reay Joanne M. Thwaites Roberta L. Farrell Patrick J. Walsh 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2001,6(3-4):283-291
The role of the bark beetle Hylastes ater in the re-establishment of Pinus radiata forest in New Zealand is discussed. H. ater was found to be a dominant factor in seedlings mortality in the first year following planting. However, seedling mortality is usually relatively low. In contrast, it was found the large numbers of seedlings were sub-lethally damaged by H. ater feeding attempts, particularly in high risk sites. High risk sites were identified as sites that were harvested during March and April (autumn) when the peak flight activity of H. ater occurred, and subsequently planted with P. radiata seedlings the following winter. H. ater was found to vector sapstain fungi to seedlings during feeding attempts, and a strong relationship between the severity of damage and presence of sapstain fungi was identified. The role of H. ater as a vector of these fungi and the potential implications to the New Zealand forest industry are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Bark beetles, especially Dendroctonus species, are considered to be serious pests of the coniferous forests in North America. Bark beetle forest pests undergo population eruptions, causing region wide economic losses. In order to save forests, finding new and innovative environmentally friendly approaches in wood-boring insect pest management is more important than ever. Several biological control methods have been attempted over time to limit the damage and spreading of bark beetle epidemics. The use of entomopathogenic microorganisms against bark beetle populations is an attractive alternative tool for many biological control programmes in forestry. However, the effectiveness of these biological control agents is strongly affected by environmental factors, as well as by the susceptibility of the insect host. Bark beetle susceptibility to entomopathogens varies greatly between species. According to recent literature, bark beetles are engaged in symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria. These types of relationship are very complex and apparently involved in bark beetle defensive mechanisms against pathogens. The latest scientific discoveries in multipartite symbiosis have unravelled unexpected opportunities in bark beetle pest management, which are discussed in this article. 相似文献
20.
Death of endemic Virgilia oroboides trees in South Africa caused by Diaporthe virgiliae sp. nov. 
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下载免费PDF全文 N. M. Machingambi L. L. Dreyer K. C. Oberlander J. Roux F. Roets 《Plant pathology》2015,64(5):1149-1156
Numerous dead and dying individuals of the Western Cape endemic tree Virgilia oroboides (Fabaceae) were recently observed within a South African national botanical garden. Root‐rot fungi and fungi symbiotic with bark beetles (Curculionidae; Scolytinae) from diseased trees were assessed for their respective roles in V. oroboides mortality. Disease progression was also monitored over 1 year. Fungi were isolated from surface sterilized bark and root samples from diseased trees and provisionally identified using data from the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1, ITS2), including the 5·8S rRNA gene (ITS). Pathogenicity of selected fungi towards V. oroboides was tested under field conditions. The pathogenicity of various bark beetle‐associated Geosmithia (Hypocreales: Hypocreomycetidae) spp. from V. oroboides were similarly assessed. The only fungus consistently isolated from lesions on the roots and bark of declining V. oroboides, and never from healthy individuals, represented an undescribed Diaporthe (Diaporthales, Diaporthaceae) species that was characterized using molecular (using data from the ITS marker and part of the β‐tubulin gene, TUB), cultural and morphological characters. It is an aggressive pathogen of V. oroboides, newly described here as Diaporthe virgiliae sp. nov. Trees of all ages are susceptible to this pathogen with subsequent bark beetle attack of mature trees only. All Geosmithia spp. from beetles and/or infected trees were nonpathogenic towards V. oroboides. Diaporthe virgiliae caused a severe decline in the health of the monitored V. oroboides population over a period of only 1 year and should be considered as a significant threat to these trees. 相似文献