共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 484 毫秒
1.
Metamaterials and transformation optics play substantial roles in various branches of optical science and engineering by providing schemes to tailor electromagnetic fields into desired spatial patterns. We report a theoretical study showing that by designing and manipulating spatially inhomogeneous, nonuniform conductivity patterns across a flake of graphene, one can have this material as a one-atom-thick platform for infrared metamaterials and transformation optical devices. Varying the graphene chemical potential by using static electric field yields a way to tune the graphene conductivity in the terahertz and infrared frequencies. Such degree of freedom provides the prospect of having different "patches" with different conductivities on a single flake of graphene. Numerous photonic functions and metamaterial concepts can be expected to follow from such a platform. 相似文献
2.
Transformation optics and subwavelength control of light 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
3.
Law M Sirbuly DJ Johnson JC Goldberger J Saykally RJ Yang P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5688):1269-1273
Although the electrical integration of chemically synthesized nanowires has been achieved with lithography, optical integration, which promises high speeds and greater device versatility, remains unexplored. We describe the properties and functions of individual crystalline oxide nanoribbons that act as subwavelength optical waveguides and assess their applicability as nanoscale photonic elements. The length, flexibility, and strength of these structures enable their manipulation on surfaces, including the optical linking of nanoribbon waveguides and other nanowire elements to form networks and device components. We demonstrate the assembly of ribbon waveguides with nanowire light sources and detectors as a first step toward building nanowire photonic circuitry. 相似文献
4.
Plasmonics provides a route to develop ultracompact optical devices on a chip by using extreme light concentration and the ability to perform simultaneous electrical and optical functions. These properties also make plasmonics an ideal candidate for dynamically controlling nonlinear optical interactions at the nanoscale. We demonstrate electrically tunable harmonic generation of light from a plasmonic nanocavity filled with a nonlinear medium. The metals that define the cavity also serve as electrodes that can generate high direct current electric fields across the nonlinear material. A fundamental wave at 1.56 micrometers was frequency doubled and modulated in intensity by applying a moderate external voltage to the electrodes, yielding a voltage-dependent nonlinear generation with a normalized magnitude of ~7% per volt. 相似文献
5.
Single-particle imaging of structures has become a powerful methodology in nanoscience and molecular and cell biology. We report the development of subparticle imaging with space, time, and energy resolutions of nanometers, femtoseconds, and millielectron volts, respectively. By using scanning electron probes across optically excited nanoparticles and interfaces, we simultaneously constructed energy-time and space-time maps. Spectrum images were then obtained for the nanoscale dielectric fields, with the energy resolution set by the photon rather than the electron, as demonstrated here with two examples (silver nanoparticles and the metallic copper-vacuum interface). This development thus combines the high spatial resolution of electron microscopy with the high energy resolution of optical techniques and ultrafast temporal response, opening the door to various applications in elemental analysis as well as mapping of interfaces and plasmonics. 相似文献
6.
Emerging complex functional materials often have atomic order limited to the nanoscale. Examples include nanoparticles, species encapsulated in mesoporous hosts, and bulk crystals with intrinsic nanoscale order. The powerful methods that we have for solving the atomic structure of bulk crystals fail for such materials. Currently, no broadly applicable, quantitative, and robust methods exist to replace crystallography at the nanoscale. We provide an overview of various classes of nanostructured materials and review the methods that are currently used to study their structure. We suggest that successful solutions to these nanostructure problems will involve interactions among researchers from materials science, physics, chemistry, computer science, and applied mathematics, working within a "complex modeling" paradigm that combines theory and experiment in a self-consistent computational framework. 相似文献
7.
C Ciracì RT Hill JJ Mock Y Urzhumov AI Fernández-Domínguez SA Maier JB Pendry A Chilkoti DR Smith 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6098):1072-1074
Metals support surface plasmons at optical wavelengths and have the ability to localize light to subwavelength regions. The field enhancements that occur in these regions set the ultimate limitations on a wide range of nonlinear and quantum optical phenomena. We found that the dominant limiting factor is not the resistive loss of the metal, but rather the intrinsic nonlocality of its dielectric response. A semiclassical model of the electronic response of a metal places strict bounds on the ultimate field enhancement. To demonstrate the accuracy of this model, we studied optical scattering from gold nanoparticles spaced a few angstroms from a gold film. The bounds derived from the models and experiments impose limitations on all nanophotonic systems. 相似文献
8.
In the time-reversed counterpart to laser emission, incident coherent optical fields are perfectly absorbed within a resonator that contains a loss medium instead of a gain medium. The incident fields and frequency must coincide with those of the corresponding laser with gain. We demonstrated this effect for two counterpropagating incident fields in a silicon cavity, showing that scattering [corrected] can be modulated [corrected] by two orders of magnitude, the maximum predicted by theory for our experimental setup. In addition, we showed that absorption can be reduced substantially by varying the relative phase of the incident fields. The device, termed a "coherent perfect absorber," functions as an absorptive interferometer, with potential practical applications in integrated optics. 相似文献
9.
纳米零价铁在污染土壤修复中的应用与展望 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
近年来,纳米零价铁因其大的表面积和高的表面反应活性,在生态环境保护和污染控制中的作用与贡献越来越大;同时,作为在污染土壤和水体修复与治理方面可以提供具有成本-效益解决方案的一项新技术,已经受到越来越多的关注.关于纳米零价铁在污染水体和地下水修复方面的报道已有很多,但极少是有关纳米零价铁在污染土壤修复方面的.本综述中,对近期纳米铁及其在环境修复特别是土壤修复中的研究进展作了概括和展望,总结了提高纳米零价铁的活性、稳定性及迁移性的改性技术,如聚合物包覆、活性炭负载、CMC稳定等.这些纳米零价铁可以去除/转移环境中广泛的污染物,如重金属、无机盐及有机物.随后对纳米零价铁及其改性材料在污染土壤修复中的研究进展进行了较为详细的概述,并对影响反应效率的因素加以讨论;另外,还对零价纳米铁在环境中的稳定性、迁移性及其潜在生态毒性效应做了简要的探讨.对其未来的应用方向进行了展望,以期为今后研究纳米零价铁作为参考. 相似文献
10.
Controlling electromagnetic fields 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Using the freedom of design that metamaterials provide, we show how electromagnetic fields can be redirected at will and propose a design strategy. The conserved fields-electric displacement field D, magnetic induction field B, and Poynting vector B-are all displaced in a consistent manner. A simple illustration is given of the cloaking of a proscribed volume of space to exclude completely all electromagnetic fields. Our work has relevance to exotic lens design and to the cloaking of objects from electromagnetic fields. 相似文献
11.
We report electrical manipulation of magnetization processes in a ferromagnetic semiconductor, in which low-density carriers are responsible for the ferromagnetic interaction. The coercive force HC at which magnetization reversal occurs can be manipulated by modifying the carrier density through application of electric fields in a gated structure. Electrically assisted magnetization reversal, as well as electrical demagnetization, has been demonstrated through the effect. This electrical manipulation offers a functionality not previously accessible in magnetic materials and may become useful for reversing magnetization of nanoscale bits for ultrahigh-density information storage. 相似文献
12.
Aeschlimann M Brixner T Fischer A Kramer C Melchior P Pfeiffer W Schneider C Strüber C Tuchscherer P Voronine DV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6050):1723-1726
We introduce a spectroscopic method that determines nonlinear quantum mechanical response functions beyond the optical diffraction limit and allows direct imaging of nanoscale coherence. In established coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy, four-wave-mixing responses are measured using three ingoing waves and one outgoing wave; thus, the method is diffraction-limited in spatial resolution. In coherent 2D nanoscopy, we use four ingoing waves and detect the final state via photoemission electron microscopy, which has 50-nanometer spatial resolution. We recorded local nanospectra from a corrugated silver surface and observed subwavelength 2D line shape variations. Plasmonic phase coherence of localized excitations persisted for about 100 femtoseconds and exhibited coherent beats. The observations are best explained by a model in which coupled oscillators lead to Fano-like resonances in the hybridized dark- and bright-mode response. 相似文献
13.
Morris CA Anderson ML Stroud RM Merzbacher CI Rolison DR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,284(5414):622-624
Low-density nanoscale mesoporous composites may be readily synthesized by adding a colloidal or dispersed solid to an about-to-gel silica sol. The silica sol can "glue" a range of chemically and physically diverse particles into the three-dimensional silica network formed upon gelation. If the composite gel is supercritically dried so as to maintain the high porosity of the wet gel, a composite aerogel is formed in which the nanoscopic surface and bulk properties of each component are retained in the solid composite. The volume fraction of the second solid can be varied above or below a percolation threshold to tune the transport properties of the composite aerogel and thereby design nanoscale materials for chemical, electronic, and optical applications. 相似文献
14.
Goulielmakis E Schultze M Hofstetter M Yakovlev VS Gagnon J Uiberacker M Aquila AL Gullikson EM Attwood DT Kienberger R Krausz F Kleineberg U 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5883):1614-1617
Nonlinear optics plays a central role in the advancement of optical science and laser-based technologies. We report on the confinement of the nonlinear interaction of light with matter to a single wave cycle and demonstrate its utility for time-resolved and strong-field science. The electric field of 3.3-femtosecond, 0.72-micron laser pulses with a controlled and measured waveform ionizes atoms near the crests of the central wave cycle, with ionization being virtually switched off outside this interval. Isolated sub-100-attosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet light (photon energy approximately 80 electron volts), containing approximately 0.5 nanojoule of energy, emerge from the interaction with a conversion efficiency of approximately 10(-6). These tools enable the study of the precision control of electron motion with light fields and electron-electron interactions with a resolution approaching the atomic unit of time ( approximately 24 attoseconds). 相似文献
15.
The near-field optical interaction between a sharp probe and a sample of interest can be exploited to image, spectroscopically probe, or modify surfaces at a resolution (down to approximately 12 nm) inaccessible by traditional far-field techniques. Many of the attractive features of conventional optics are retained, including noninvasiveness, reliability, and low cost. In addition, most optical contrast mechanisms can be extended to the near-field regime, resulting in a technique of considerable versatility. This versatility is demonstrated by several examples, such as the imaging of nanometric-scale features in mammalian tissue sections and the creation of ultrasmall, magneto-optic domains having implications for highdensity data storage. Although the technique may find uses in many diverse fields, two of the most exciting possibilities are localized optical spectroscopy of semiconductors and the fluorescence imaging of living cells. 相似文献
16.
Several instances of multiple imaging of cosmologically distant sources by intervening galaxies and galaxy clusters have been discovered over the past decade. These "gravitational lenses" have distinctive optical properties. Pointlike sources such as quasars generally produce two or four images when lensed, whereas extended sources such as galaxies produce spectacular arcs and rings. The salient features of most of the observations can be reproduced with the use of simple elliptical lens models that approximate the lenses made by ellipsoidal mass distributions such as are common in the universe. In addition to illustrating simple optics in operation on a cosmological scale, multiple images and arcs provide useful probes of the lensing galaxies and clusters. Also, gravitational lenses can make magnified images of cosmologically distant sources and may eventually furnish important cosmographic data such as the Hubble constant. 相似文献
17.
Leonhardt U 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5781):1777-1780
An invisibility device should guide light around an object as if nothing were there, regardless of where the light comes from. Ideal invisibility devices are impossible, owing to the wave nature of light. This study develops a general recipe for the design of media that create perfect invisibility within the accuracy of geometrical optics. The imperfections of invisibility can be made arbitrarily small to hide objects that are much larger than the wavelength. With the use of modern metamaterials, practical demonstrations of such devices may be possible. The method developed here can also be applied to escape detection by other electromagnetic waves or sound. 相似文献
18.
Krishnamoorthy HN Jacob Z Narimanov E Kretzschmar I Menon VM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6078):205-209
Light-matter interactions can be controlled by manipulating the photonic environment. We uncovered an optical topological transition in strongly anisotropic metamaterials that results in a dramatic increase in the photon density of states-an effect that can be used to engineer this interaction. We describe a transition in the topology of the iso-frequency surface from a closed ellipsoid to an open hyperboloid by use of artificially nanostructured metamaterials. We show that this topological transition manifests itself in increased rates of spontaneous emission of emitters positioned near the metamaterial. Altering the topology of the iso-frequency surface by using metamaterials provides a fundamentally new route to manipulating light-matter interactions. 相似文献
19.
胚胎发育涉及一系列复杂的生理学、细胞生物学以及基因组学过程。已有研究表明,胚胎发育早期特别是原肠胚和神经胚时期存在着一定强度的内源生理电场,当存在类似内源生理电场强度的外源电场时,能引导细胞迁移、控制细胞极化、调节细胞增殖和分化,从而在一定程度上影响胚胎发育。本研究主要就内源生理及外源电场对胚胎发育的引导或干扰作用进行综述,以期为胚胎发育研究提供新思路。 相似文献
20.
Yu N Genevet P Kats MA Aieta F Tetienne JP Capasso F Gaburro Z 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6054):333-337
Conventional optical components rely on gradual phase shifts accumulated during light propagation to shape light beams. New degrees of freedom are attained by introducing abrupt phase changes over the scale of the wavelength. A two-dimensional array of optical resonators with spatially varying phase response and subwavelength separation can imprint such phase discontinuities on propagating light as it traverses the interface between two media. Anomalous reflection and refraction phenomena are observed in this regime in optically thin arrays of metallic antennas on silicon with a linear phase variation along the interface, which are in excellent agreement with generalized laws derived from Fermat's principle. Phase discontinuities provide great flexibility in the design of light beams, as illustrated by the generation of optical vortices through use of planar designer metallic interfaces. 相似文献