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1.
不同施氮量对半干旱区还田玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放特征的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了揭示还田玉米秸秆在不同施氮水平下的腐解及养分释放特征,在马铃薯田间定位试验中,设置了6个不同施氮水平(T1:0 kg·hm~(-2);T2:75 kg·hm~(-2);T3:150 kg·hm~(-2);T4:225 kg·hm~(-2);T5:300 kg·hm~(-2); T6:375 kg·hm~(-2)),研究其对还田玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放特征的影响。研究表明:还田玉米秸秆的腐解主要发生在前90 d,在此期间玉米秸秆腐解较快,T1～T6处理的玉米秸秆腐解率分别为37.3%、40.3%、44.8%、45.0%、50.8%、48.4%,以T5处理为最高,处理间差异显著(P0.05);同时,T1～T6处理的玉米秸秆碳、氮释放率分别为48.2%～56.6%、33.8%～44.4%,T5处理下秸秆的碳、氮释放率均显著高于其他处理(P0.05),而秸秆磷、钾的释放率分别为43.1%～49.2%、90.5%～93.0%,处理间无显著性差异。还田150 d后,玉米秸秆的腐解率为52.7%～55.8%,养分释放表现为KCPN。综上所述,连续施氮可以显著促进还田玉米秸秆前期的腐解及碳氮的释放,但对磷钾的释放无明显影响,当施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时还田玉米秸秆的腐解效果最好。 相似文献
2.
为探讨关中平原小麦-玉米水分高效利用的栽培技术方式,采用田间定点观测方法,研究秸秆还田+接种蚯蚓处理对土壤含水量的影响。设置CK(对照)、S1(秸秆还田3 000 kg·hm-2)、S2(秸秆还田6 000 kg·hm-2)、E(接种蚯蚓)、S1E(秸秆还田3 000 kg·hm-2+接种蚯蚓)、S2E(秸秆还田6 000 kg·hm-2+接种蚯蚓)共6个处理。结果表明：各处理较CK处理均提高了土壤含水量,S1、S2、E、S1E、S2E处理下土壤含水量分别增加0.21%～27.47%、0.43%～32.85%、1.00%～15.53%、3.25%～36.52%、2.97%～51.24%。CK、S1、S2、E、S1E、S2E处理下土壤含水量分... 相似文献
3.
油菜适应性广、抗逆性强,作绿肥还田可以改善土壤环境,有利于土壤生态系统的可持续发展。试验设置油菜不同还田量处理(CK:不还田;T1:21 000 kg·hm-2;T2:42 000 kg·hm-2;T3:84 000 kg·hm-2),利用高通量测序技术研究土壤线虫群落对油菜还田的响应。结果表明：(1)相较于CK,油菜不同还田量能够使土壤pH降低4.19%～6.59%,土壤总盐含量降低4.07%～6.86%,土壤容重降低9.68%～12.90%;T2处理土壤有机质含量较CK增加了27.42%,T3处理土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量较CK增加了35.46%和11.12%;(2)土壤样品中共检测出线虫3纲3目13科19属24种,各处理优势营养类群均为食细菌类线虫;随着油菜还田量的增加,食细菌类线虫与捕食杂食类线虫相对丰度逐渐降低,而食真菌类线虫与植物寄生类线虫的相对丰度逐渐升高;与CK相比,油菜还田后土壤线虫丰富度指数降低,多样性指数升高,富集指数EI与结构指数SI降低;(3)土壤有机质和速效钾是影响线虫群落结构变化的主要环境因子。... 相似文献
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促腐条件下小麦玉米秸秆还田土壤养分变化特征研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用盆钵培养法,模拟定西市李家堡镇典型的黄土高原旱作农业区旱作覆膜方式,通过秸秆添加腐解剂还田研究小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆腐解120 d土壤养分含量的动态变化特征。结果表明:在小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆120 d的腐解过程中,各处理土壤有机质、碱解氮、全氮的增加速率一致表现为先增后减,土壤磷素、钾素的增加速率变化趋势为增—减—增—减;添加腐解剂处理的土壤养分增加速率均大于秸秆直接还田(对照),培肥土壤效果明显;小麦、玉米秸秆添加腐解剂F3的处理土壤养分含量高于其他处理,即内含具特殊功能的芽孢杆菌、丝状真菌、放线菌和酵母菌的秸秆腐解剂F3增加土壤养分的效果最好;相同腐解剂下不同种类秸秆处理的土壤养分含量表现为:WF1CF1,WF2≥CF2,WF3CF3,即由好氧性的多个菌种复合培养而成的秸秆腐解剂F1对小麦秸秆促腐优势最大;F3对玉米秸秆的促腐作用优于F1和F2;富含分解纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和其他生物有机物质的微生物菌群的秸秆腐解剂F2对小麦、玉米秸秆的促腐效果基本相似。 相似文献
5.
长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤养分和作物产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过长期定位试验,研究了黄土高原西部旱农区传统耕作措施(T)和5种保护性耕作措施免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕+地膜覆盖(NTP)对土壤有机质、速效养分以及作物产量的影响。结果表明,经过6 a不同耕作措施后,各处理土壤有机C、NO3-N以及速效P含量均有所提高,其中有机C含量比试验初期提高了4.92%~18.05%,NO3-N含量提高了17.98%~31.08%,速效P含量提高143.04%~212.87%。各处理土壤速效钾含量均有所下降,其中以NTS和TS降幅较小,仅为2.75%和6.26%。6 a间小麦和豌豆平均产量均以NTS最高(分别为2 030 kg·hm-2和1 381 kg·hm-2),而NT最低(1 608 kg·hm-2和1 060 kg·hm-2)。传统耕作秸秆还田能促进土壤耕层肥力的提高,但产量效应不明显;地膜覆盖有些年份增产效应明显,但不利于土壤肥力的持续提高。因此,在黄土高原西部旱农区实施免耕秸秆覆盖既有利于作物产量的提高,也可以改善耕层土壤肥力。 相似文献
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带膜还田时玉米秸秆的腐解率和还田层的温湿度变化趋势 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用尼龙网袋法对河西绿洲灌区带膜还田时玉米秸秆的腐解率及其还田层的温、湿度变化趋势进行分析,旨在为当地玉米秸秆还田提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果表明,秸秆还田在早晨8∶00左右可以提高土壤表层温度,在傍晚8∶00左右可以减缓土壤温度降低,其中翻压带膜还田时,秸秆还田层的日均相对湿度、最大相对湿度和最小相对湿度均高于覆盖带膜还田,但是相对湿度的日较差却低于覆盖带膜还田。同时,还田层的日最低温度高于覆盖带膜还田,而日均温度、最高温度和温度日较差却低于覆盖带膜还田。还田层温度、相对湿度和腐解时间是还田秸秆腐解的主要影响因子,其中还田层的温度影响最大,相对湿度和腐解时间其次。秸秆覆盖带膜还田时,还田层温度和相对湿度对还田秸秆的腐解起主要作用,腐解时间起次要作用。秸秆翻压带膜还田时,还田层温度、相对湿度和腐解时间三者对还田秸秆的腐解率均起主要作用。翻压带膜还田30天进入秸秆腐解高峰期,月腐解率达15%~16%,覆盖带膜还田60天进入腐解高峰期,月腐解率达11%~16%。经过180天的腐解后,翻压带膜还田的秸秆累积腐解率为72.5%,覆盖带膜还田秸秆的累积腐解率为56.0%。可见,在河西绿洲灌区进行秸秆带膜还田时,翻压带膜还田要好于覆盖带膜还田。 相似文献
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玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和不同生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以田间试验方法研究了玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对后茬冬小麦产量和小麦生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响。试验采用裂区设计,主处理包括玉米秸秆还田(S1)和不还田(S0)2个处理,副处理为5个不同施氮水平,分别为0、84、168、252 kg·hm~(-2)和336 kg·hm~(-2)。结果表明,施氮量较低时(分别低于99 kg·hm~(-2)和79 kg·hm~(-2)时),秸秆还田处理小麦产量低于秸秆不还田处理,施氮量较高时则相反;两条氮肥肥效曲线呈相交规律。施氮252 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产9.5%和2.1%,施氮336 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产7.0%和5.6%。冬小麦冬前分蘖期土壤硝态氮主要累积在0~40 cm土层;施氮量高于84 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量有高于相同施氮量下不还田处理的趋势,其中0~20 cm土层N336+秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量比不还田处理提高25%(武功试验地)。冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮较冬前分蘖期大幅降低,此期秸秆还田处理0~20 cm土层硝态氮累积量有低于秸秆不还田处理的趋势。周至县连续三年田间试验结果表明,秸秆还田处理冬小麦收获期土壤硝态氮累积量有高于秸秆不还田处理的趋势,不施氮肥处理0~1 m土层秸秆还田比不还田处理累积量显著提高43.4%。秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响与施氮量有关,施氮量较低时秸秆还田条件下冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮含量较低,引起作物速效氮供应的短期(返青期追施氮肥前)缺乏,影响小麦生长,进而导致小麦减产。连续秸秆还田处理有利于小麦收获期2 m土壤硝态氮累积,减少向下淋溶。 相似文献
8.
秸秆还田对半干旱区农田土壤养分含量及玉米光合作用的影响 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
为了提升和保育辽西半干旱区农田土壤质量,采用盆栽试验的方式探讨了不同处理方式、不同用量玉米秸秆还田对土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田后,其土壤含水量比对照组提高了3%~7%;有机质含量比对照组提高幅度为1.9%~19%;全氮含量比对照组提高幅度为0.7%~14.4%;速效磷含量比对照组提高了2.51~14.75 mg/kg;速效钾含量比对照组提高了7.33~188.07 mg/kg;碱解氮含量比对照组提高了8.46mg/kg;净光合速率比对照组提高了3~11.03 CO2μmol/(m2.s);秸秆还田可以缓解土壤碱化。 相似文献
9.
秸秆还田后覆膜镇压对旱地冬小麦土壤温度和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在黄土高原雨养条件下,研究了玉米秸秆还田+全膜覆土穴播+播前镇压(T1),玉米秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前镇压(T2),玉米秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前不镇压(T3),小麦秸秆还田+全膜覆土+播前镇压(T4),小麦秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前镇压(T5),小麦秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前不镇压(T6),露地穴播(CK)对冬小麦土壤温度和产量的影响。结果表明:各处理全生育期0~25 cm土层均温依次为T4(15.26℃)>T1(14.94℃)>T5(14.80℃)>CK(14.66℃)>T3(14.64℃)>T2(14.57℃)>T6(14.47℃);还田方式间比较,秸秆还田+全膜覆土穴播+播前镇压、秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前镇压处理在整个生育期表现为增温效应,秸秆还田+不覆膜+播前不镇压表现为降温效应;小麦秸秆还田增温效果大于玉米秸秆还田;各还田处理均表现为增产效应,平均较CK增产69.36%、27.94%、19.38%、45.12%、13.30%、9.79%。 相似文献
10.
生物炭施用量对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过田间定位试验研究不同用量生物炭施用及传统秸秆还田对黄土高原旱地冬小麦生育期内土壤水分、养分及产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验设置5个处理,分别为对照(CK)、生物炭施用量为15 t·hm-2(BC1)、30 t·hm-2(BC2)、45 t·hm-2(BC3)及秸秆还田(SR)。试验结果表明,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮及速效钾、有机质含量在小麦整个生育期内均随生物炭施用量的增加而增加;土壤储水量(0～200 cm)及速效磷含量随生物炭施用量的增加先增加后减少;产量及水分利用效率随生物炭施用量的增加先增加后减少,当生物炭用量为30 t·hm-2时,产量及水分利用效率最大,分别为6 640 kg·hm-2、18.1 kg·hm-2·mm-1,比对照(CK)分别显著增加17.2%、17.8%;秸秆还田(SR)使作物增产10.5%,但对水分利用效率影响并不显著。因此,施用适量生物炭在改善土壤水肥特性的同时,能够显著提高作物产量及水分利用效率。 相似文献
11.
A. D. Avgelis V. I. Manios 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1989,95(3):167-170
Tomato plants infected by tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) were composted. Although the temperature in the stack of tomato residues did not exceed 47°C during composting, ToMV was not detected in samples during composting. Moreover, tomato seedlings grown in pots containing a mixture of Russian peat and the composted material did not become infected. Because ToMV was detected in samples stored in an incubator at 47°C up to the 75th day of the incubation, it was concluded that the biological degradation of ToMV seems to play a more important role than the heat inactivation of the virus.Samenvatting Met tomatemozaïekvirus (ToMV) geïnfecteerde tomateplanten werden gecomposteerd. Hoewel de temperatuur in de composthoop tijdens de compostering niet hoger werd dan 47°C, kon ToMV niet worden geïsoleerd uit monsters, die tijdens de compostering werden genomen. Bovendien werden tomatezaailingen, die in een mengsel van potgrond met gecomposteerd materiaal waren opgegroeid, niet met het virus geïnfecteerd. Omdat ToMV tot 75 dagen na het begin van de incubatie bij 47°C in de monsters kon worden aangetoond, kan worden geconcludeerd, dat de biologische afbraak van ToMV een belangrijker rol speelt dan de inactivering ten gevolge van de warmteontwikkeling. 相似文献
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The begomovirus Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and the crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), in single and co-infections, are very common in tomato crops in Brazil. Both viruses are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaciMEAM1 (biotype B). The objective of this study was to analyse the interaction between ToSRV and ToCV in tomato plants of cultivars Santa Clara and Kada. Plants at 15, 30 and 45 days after emergence were inoculated with 30 viruliferous B. tabaci per plant. The following treatments were compared: plants inoculated with ToSRV, ToCV, ToSRV + ToCV, and healthy (control). The interaction between these viruses was analysed by measuring the virus titre by qPCR and the fresh and dry weights of the aerial parts of the tomato plants. Based on two independent assays, no significant effects for co-infection of ToSRV and ToCV on virus titres and plant development were observed compared to single infections. The dry weight of tomato plants of both cultivars infected with ToSRV, ToCV, or co-infected did not differ significantly. However, the dry weight of Santa Clara tomato plants infected with ToSRV, ToCV and ToSRV + ToCV showed mean reductions of 21.5%, 25.5% and 32%, respectively, compared to healthy plants, and mean reductions for Kada were 31.7%, 37.5% and 38%, respectively. 相似文献
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Petrović Branka Vučurović Ana Zečević Katarina Delibašić Goran Krstić Branka Stanković Ivana 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2021,128(5):1327-1339
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The most effective management strategy for tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) has been the use of resistant tomato (Sw-5b+) cultivars.... 相似文献
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Quaglia Mara Bocchini Marika Orfei Benedetta D’Amato Roberto Famiani Franco Moretti Chiaraluce Buonaurio Roberto 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2021,128(4):989-998
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The purpose of this study was to determine whether zinc phosphate treatments of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) can attenuate bacterial speck... 相似文献
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Pim Lindhout Wanda Korta Jeanne Dijkstra 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(6):307-310
Samenvatting Een methode werd ontwikkeld om de resistentie van in de kas geteelde tomateplanten tegen tomatemozaïek virus (ToMV) te bepalen. Bladeren van een vatbare en een resistente cultivar werden afgesneden en geïnoculeerd met ToMV. Na 6, 10 en 17 dagen werden de geïnoculeerde bladeren getoetst op de aanwezigheid van virus met ELISA en door inoculatie van bladeren vanNicotiana glutinosa. Met beide toetsmethoden kon de virustoename in de vatbare cultivar al vroeg na inoculatie duidelijk worden aangetoond. In de bladeren van de resistente cultivar was een zeer kleine hoeveelheid virus pas laat na de inoculatie aantoonbaar. Met deze methode is het mogelijk om de resistentie tegen ToMV te bepalen, tevens zaad te winnen en landbouwkundige eigenschappen te evalueren, zonder de plant te infecteren. 相似文献
18.
番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV)是一种由烟粉虱传播的单链环状DNA病毒, 在田间可与多种病毒发生复合侵染, 如番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus, ToCV)等?本文对比了TYLCV单独侵染和TYLCV与ToCV复合侵染对烟粉虱获取和传播TYLCV的影响?结果表明, 与取食TYLCV单独侵染的番茄相比, 取食复合侵染番茄的烟粉虱对TYLCV的传毒率显著提高, 且番茄植株和烟粉虱体内TYLCV的病毒积累量也显著提高?试验结果说明复合侵染会提高烟粉虱的传毒率, 促进TYLCV的发生与流行? 相似文献
19.
Phelipanche and Orobanche species (broomrapes) are root holoparasitic plants that cause severe damage to economically important crops. Phelipanche and Orobanche spp. are widespread in Mediterranean areas, in Asia and in Southern and Eastern Europe, attacking dicotyledonous crops and depending entirely on their hosts for all nutritional requirements. Phelipanche aegyptiaca , Phelipanche ramosa and Orobanche cernua are extremely troublesome weeds on tomatoes. These noxious parasites exert their greatest damage prior to their shoot emergence and flowering; therefore, the majority of field loss may occur before diagnosis of infection. This review summarises the four main control measures for the weedy root parasites Phelipanche and Orobanche in tomato, namely chemical and biological control, resistant varieties and sanitation. Some of these methods are commercially widely used by farmers in Israel (chemical control), some are in the final stages of development towards commercialisation (resistant varieties and sanitation), and some still require further development and improvement before commercial implementation (biological control). The review presents an up-to-date summary of the available knowledge on their use for broomrape management in processing tomatoes. 相似文献
20.
Ashish Kaushal A. T. Sadashiva M. Krishna Reddy E. Srinivasa Rao T. H. Singh S. Sriram M. V. Dhananjay R. Venugopalan Kundapura V. Ravishankar 《Plant pathology》2020,69(9):1777-1786
Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus (ToLCBaV), a monopartite begomovirus transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, has become a major constraint in tomato production in the Indian subcontinent. Earlier breeding efforts in India led to the adoption of tomato cultivars carrying the resistance gene Ty-2. However, it has been observed recently that such cultivars/hybrids are susceptible to begomoviruses. This requires the identification of additional or new sources of resistance against ToLCBaV. The present study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of several Ty genes in providing resistance against infection by ToLCBaV. The kinetics of virus multiplication in different Ty resistance gene stocks of tomato were estimated and compared using quantitative PCR data. Accumulation of viral genomic units and symptom severity were lower in tomato lines carrying Ty-3 and Ty-2 + Ty-3 compared with those carrying Ty-2 alone. All tested lines carrying Ty-2 showed typical tomato leaf curl disease symptoms. Tomato lines carrying Ty-2 + ty-5 and ty-5 + Ty-6 combinations had a significantly higher disease severity index and viral genomic units compared to those carrying Ty-3 and Ty-2 + Ty-3 at 30 days postinoculation. The accumulation level of ToLCBaV genomic units serves as a good indicator for resistance selection along with other parameters of disease. We present here a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of Ty-2, Ty-3, and ty-5 alone as well as the combinations Ty-2 + Ty-3 and Ty-2 + ty-5 against ToLCBaV. 相似文献