首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4(+) T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization.  相似文献   

2.
The enormous number of commensal bacteria in the lower intestine of vertebrates share abundant molecular patterns used for innate immune recognition of pathogenic bacteria. We show that, even though commensals are rapidly killed by macrophages, intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) can retain small numbers of live commensals for several days. This allows DCs to selectively induce IgA, which helps protect against mucosal penetration by commensals. The commensal-loaded DCs are restricted to the mucosal immune compartment by the mesenteric lymph nodes, which ensures that immune responses to commensal bacteria are induced locally, without potentially damaging systemic immune responses.  相似文献   

3.
Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are critical to innate and adaptive immunity to the intestinal bacterial microbiota. Here, we identify a myeloid-derived mucosal DC in mice, which populates the entire lamina propria of the small intestine. Lamina propria DCs were found to depend on the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 to form transepithelial dendrites, which enable the cells to directly sample luminal antigens. CX3CR1 was also found to control the clearance of entero-invasive pathogens by DCs. Thus, CX3CR1-dependent processes, which control host interactions of specialized DCs with commensal and pathogenic bacteria, may regulate immunological tolerance and inflammation.  相似文献   

4.
To establish chronic infections, viruses must develop strategies to evade the host's immune responses. Many retroviruses, including mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), are transmitted most efficiently through mucosal surfaces rich in microbiota. We found that MMTV, when ingested by newborn mice, stimulates a state of unresponsiveness toward viral antigens. This process required the intestinal microbiota, as antibiotic-treated mice or germ-free mice did not transmit infectious virus to their offspring. MMTV-bound bacterial lipopolysaccharide triggered Toll-like receptor 4 and subsequent interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent induction of the inhibitory cytokine IL-10. Thus, MMTV has evolved to rely on the interaction with the microbiota to induce an immune evasion pathway. Together, these findings reveal the fundamental importance of commensal microbiota in viral infections.  相似文献   

5.
Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
One potential outcome of the adaptive coevolution of humans and bacteria is the development of commensal relationships, where neither partner is harmed, or symbiotic relationships, where unique metabolic traits or other benefits are provided. Our gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a vast community of symbionts and commensals that have important effects on immune function, nutrient processing, and a broad range of other host activities. The current genomic revolution offers an unprecedented opportunity to identify the molecular foundations of these relationships so that we can understand how they contribute to our normal physiology and how they can be exploited to develop new therapeutic strategies.  相似文献   

6.
Exposure to microbes during early childhood is associated with protection from immune-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma. Here, we show that in germ-free (GF) mice, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells accumulate in the colonic lamina propria and lung, resulting in increased morbidity in models of IBD and allergic asthma as compared with that of specific pathogen-free mice. This was associated with increased intestinal and pulmonary expression of the chemokine ligand CXCL16, which was associated with increased mucosal iNKT cells. Colonization of neonatal-but not adult-GF mice with a conventional microbiota protected the animals from mucosal iNKT accumulation and related pathology. These results indicate that age-sensitive contact with commensal microbes is critical for establishing mucosal iNKT cell tolerance to later environmental exposures.  相似文献   

7.
孙培茎  于洪涛  王志祥 《安徽农业科学》2013,(14):6312-6313,6315
[目的]从细胞免疫学角度探讨杨树皮类脂(PBL)对改善感染鸡传染性贫血病毒(CIAV)鸡的免疫器官的细胞免疫水平的影响。[方法]以人工感染与未感染CIAV的1日龄SPF鸡作为试验模型,分别连续饲喂PBL 7 d,在第7、27、47天采用流式细胞术检测外周血中CD4+和CD8+的含量,并计算CD4+/CD8+。[结果]PBL能够增加健康SPF雏鸡外周血的CD4+T淋巴细胞的数量,提高非特异性细胞免疫功能和体液免疫功能。[结论]杨树皮类脂对CIAV诱导的免疫抑制雏鸡外周血的CD4+和CD8+T细胞水平的降低具有一定抑制作用。  相似文献   

8.
Ryu JH  Kim SH  Lee HY  Bai JY  Nam YD  Bae JW  Lee DG  Shin SC  Ha EM  Lee WJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5864):777-782
Although commensalism with gut microbiota exists in all metazoans, the host factors that maintain this homeostatic relationship remain largely unknown. We show that the intestinal homeobox gene Caudal regulates the commensal-gut mutualism by repressing nuclear factor kappa B-dependent antimicrobial peptide genes. Inhibition of Caudal expression in flies via RNA interference led to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides, which in turn altered the commensal population within the intestine. In particular, the dominance of one gut microbe, Gluconobacter sp. strain EW707, eventually led to gut cell apoptosis and host mortality. However, restoration of a healthy microbiota community and normal host survival in the Caudal-RNAi flies was achieved by reintroduction of the Caudal gene. These results reveal that a specific genetic deficiency within a host can profoundly influence the gut commensal microbial community and host physiology.  相似文献   

9.
Intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IELs) are likely to play a key role in host mucosal immunity and, unlike other T cells, have been proposed to differentiate from local precursors rather than from thymocytes. We show here that IELs expressing the alphabeta T cell receptor are derived from precursors that express RORgammat, an orphan nuclear hormone receptor detected only in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, fetal lymphoid tissue-inducer (LTi) cells, and LTi-like cells in cryptopatches within the adult intestinal lamina propria. Using cell fate mapping, we found that all intestinal alphabeta T cells are progeny of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, indicating that the adult intestine is not a significant site for alphabeta T cell development. Our results suggest that intestinal RORgammat+ cells are local organizers of mucosal lymphoid tissue.  相似文献   

10.
为了观察非洲鸵鸟皮肤抗菌肽对雏鸡免疫器官指数及T淋巴细胞数量的影响,进而研究其对雏鸡免疫系统的调节能力.选取50只1日龄健康雏鸡,随机分为两组:试验组(T)从1日龄开始每天在饮水中加入浓度为1μg/ml的鸵鸟皮肤抗菌肽提取物,对照组(C)饮水中不添加抗菌肽提取物,分别于1、4、7、10、17日龄时随机抽取5只雏鸡称重后处死,采取免疫器官称重并运用ANAE染色方法测定免疫器官T淋巴细胞数量.结果发现抗菌肽能够提高10-17日龄雏鸡体重,提高4～7日龄雏鸡的免疫器官指数及7日龄免疫器官的T淋巴细胞数量(P<0.05).结果表明饮水中添加非洲鸵鸟皮肤抗菌肽可以促进雏鸡免疫器官发育,增强机体的细胞免疫.  相似文献   

11.
The classical paradigm for dendritic cell function derives from the study of Langerhans cells, which predominate within skin epidermis. After an encounter with foreign agents, Langerhans cells are thought to migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they initiate T cell priming. Contrary to this, we show here that infection of murine epidermis by herpes simplex virus did not result in the priming of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by Langerhans cells. Rather, the priming response required a distinct CD8alpha+ dendritic cell subset. Thus, the traditional view of Langerhans cells in epidermal immunity needs to be revisited to accommodate a requirement for other dendritic cells in this response.  相似文献   

12.
The virulence mechanisms that allow pathogens to colonize the intestine remain unclear. Here, we show that germ-free animals are unable to eradicate Citrobacter rodentium, a model for human infections with attaching and effacing bacteria. Early in infection, virulence genes were expressed and required for pathogen growth in conventionally raised mice but not germ-free mice. Virulence gene expression was down-regulated during the late phase of infection, which led to relocation of the pathogen to the intestinal lumen where it was outcompeted by commensals. The ability of commensals to outcompete C. rodentium was determined, at least in part, by the capacity of the pathogen and commensals to grow on structurally similar carbohydrates. Thus, pathogen colonization is controlled by bacterial virulence and through competition with metabolically related commensals.  相似文献   

13.
为研究感染APP对猪外周血免疫功能影响,将24头健康杜洛克、长白猪和约克夏三元杂交(DLY)仔猪按性别、体重分为2组,分别用生理盐水(对照组CG)和含3.8×107CFU.mL-1猪放线杆菌(APP)稀释液(试验组TG)喷雾鼻腔。结果表明,TG猪血液中白细胞总数(WBC)、中性粒细胞数(GRA)、中间细胞数(MID)均极显著升高(P<0.01),淋巴细胞数(LYM)却极显著降低(P<0.01)。TG猪外周血CD3+T细胞降低(P>0.05),CD3+CD4+T细胞极显著降低(P<0.01),CD3+CD8+T细胞及CD4+/CD8+值显著降低(0.010.05)。结果表明,感染放线杆菌后,猪整体防御机能和呼吸道粘膜局部免疫功能增强,而机体整体免疫功能下降。  相似文献   

14.
Although microbes have been classically viewed as pathogens, it is now well established that the majority of host-bacterial interactions are symbiotic. During development and into adulthood, gut bacteria shape the tissues, cells, and molecular profile of our gastrointestinal immune system. This partnership, forged over many millennia of coevolution, is based on a molecular exchange involving bacterial signals that are recognized by host receptors to mediate beneficial outcomes for both microbes and humans. We explore how specific aspects of the adaptive immune system are influenced by intestinal commensal bacteria. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that mediate symbiosis between commensal bacteria and humans may redefine how we view the evolution of adaptive immunity and consequently how we approach the treatment of numerous immunologic disorders.  相似文献   

15.
The experiment was conducted to study the dynamic changes of immune responses of chicks immunized with Marck‘s disease(MD) trivalent vaccine and turkey herpesvirus (HVT)at one day age.Results were found that after immunization of chicks with MD vaccines,the interlcukine-2 (IL-2) inductive activity and IL-2 receptor expression of T cells from thymus and spleen significantly increased.suggesting that the immunoregulative function was markedly enhanced in the immune organs;the number of antibody-producing cells,the number and proliferative function of T cells rose markedly in Bursa Fabricius,Splcen and thymus,indicating that the ccllular and humoral immune responses were elevated remarkablly in the central and peripheral immune organs; the number of T and antibody-producing cells as well as the content of IgG,IgA and IgM obviously mounted in cecal tonsil,Harder ian gland mucosal lymphoid tissucs of bronchus along with tears,trachea washings,bilc and intestinal fluids,demonstrating that the local and mucosal immunity was raised in the respiratory and digestive tract;the levels of immune responses mentioned above in the trivalent vaccine-immuniacd chicks were apparently higher than those of HVT-immunized birds.  相似文献   

16.
  相似文献   

17.
Stress-induced suppression of immunity in adrenalectomized rats   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  
Stress-induced suppression of lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin was demonstrated in Isolated lymphocytes and in cultures of whole blood from adrenalectomized rats. The results demonstrate that corticosteroid independent mechanisms participate in the suppression of lymphocyte function by stressors. Stress-induced lymphopenia, however, was found to be adrenal dependent, indicating that the modulation of immunity by stress is complex and multidetermined.  相似文献   

18.
巢警殳  杜鹃  刘雅娟 《安徽农业科学》2012,40(21):10894-10895,10945
[目的]探讨林蛙皮生物活性肽对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。[方法]将小鼠随机分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组、林蛙皮活性肽低、中、高剂量组,每组10只,连续灌胃给药28 d后,采用ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验,检测T淋巴细胞增值,并通过溶血空斑试验和血清溶血素试验检测林蛙皮活性肽对小鼠体液免疫功能的影响。[结果]林蛙皮生物活性肽可明显促进ConA诱导的淋巴细胞增值,增加抗体生成细胞数量,增强血清溶血素抗体效价水平。[结论]林蛙蛙皮生物活性肽对小鼠的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能均具有增强作用。  相似文献   

19.
B cells can function as antigen-presenting cells and accessory cells for T cell responses. This study evaluated the role of B cells in the induction of protective T cell immunity to a Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV)-induced leukemia (FBL). B cell-deficient mice exhibited significantly reduced tumor-specific CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses after priming with FBL or a recombinant vaccinia virus containing F-MuLV antigens. Moreover, these mice had diminished T cell responses to the vaccinia viral antigens. Tumor-primed T cells transferred into B cell-deficient mice effectively eradicated disseminated FBL. Thus, B cells appear necessary for efficient priming but not expression of tumor and viral T cell immunity.  相似文献   

20.
The gut immune system has the challenge of responding to pathogens while remaining relatively unresponsive to food antigens and the commensal microflora. In the developed world, this ability appears to be breaking down, with chronic inflammatory diseases of the gut commonplace in the apparent absence of overt infections. In both mouse and man, mutations in genes that control innate immune recognition, adaptive immunity, and epithelial permeability are all associated with gut inflammation. This suggests that perturbing homeostasis between gut antigens and host immunity represents a critical determinant in the development of gut inflammation and allergy.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号