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Forest certification has increased the cost of companies which has affected the international trade of wood products. This paper examines forest certification costs of companies, and based on this, uses partial equilibrium to analyze its trade restriction effects, and uses space price gradient field model to check whether it is a substitution for tariff barriers. Our conclusion shows that forest certification has restricted the trade of wood products due to its high certified cost, and clarifies that in the case of tariff reduction, trade of wood products are hindered by different levels and different costs of forest certification. This paper implies that efforts should be made to increase the amount of certified forests worldwide. It is necessary to lower the certified cost and important that government policy measures to support certification should include consideration of who bears the cost, support for aggregation of smallholder growers and improved communication in timber supply chains. 相似文献
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森林认证的现状与发展趋势 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
森林认证出现于20世纪90年代初,10年来,森林认证在全球范围内取得了快速的发展。文中介绍了森林认证的起源和发展现状,指出了森林认证的发展趋势,并对我国开展森林认证提出了建议。 相似文献
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Since its inception nearly 15 years ago, environmental certification has become an important issue in the wood products industry. One research question that has been examined is the potential willingness for supply chain participants to pay a premium for certified products or raw materials to offset certification costs. This study examines stated willingness to pay for four wood products from the perspective of U.S. consumers. Data was collected in 1995 and 2005 from the population of U.S. residential consumers to detect changes in willingness to pay for certified wood products along time and increase the statistical strength of the model. Results of an ordered probit model suggest that higher probabilities of paying a premium are associated to consumers who seek out certified products and who believe certification can lessen environmental impacts such as tropical deforestation. There is also a strong relationship between respondent income and willingness-to-pay. Despite the current industry structure in the U.S. that has adopted a mass-certification strategy that does not place price premiums on certified products, results suggest that such premiums may exist for imported certified tropical wood products. Analysis of marginal effects suggests consumers' willingness to pay a 10% premium for three of the four certified items studied. Niche markets may potentially be exploited in the U.S. and price premiums captured by wood products manufacturers in tropical regions and/or American importers. 相似文献
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The forest flora of eastern North America includes many herbaceous plant species traded in domestic and international medicinal
markets. Conservation concerns surrounding wild-collection exist and transitioning to cultivation in agroforestry systems
has potential economic and ecological benefits. Costs and revenues associated with adopting forest cultivation were modeled
for eight North American medicinal forest plants. Sensitivity analysis examined profit potential in relation to (1) discount
rates; (2) propagation methods; (3) prices; (4) growing period; (5) production costs; and (6) yields. Results indicate that
intensive husbandry of six of eight species would be unprofitable at recent (1990–2005) price levels. Exceptions are American
ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), and under certain circumstances (e.g., maximum historic prices, low production costs) goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.). Direct marketing to consumers and retailers might improve grower profits, but is undermined by the availability of cheaper,
wild-collected product. We suggest that the North American medicinal plant industry could play a key role in facilitating
any transition from wild to cultivated product, perhaps through development of a certification and labeling program that brands
“forest cultivated” products. This could generate price premiums, to be passed along to growers, but must be accompanied by
aggressive consumer education. A “forest cultivated” certification and labeling program has potential to benefit industry
and consumers if assurances regarding product identity and quality are a central feature. Plant species that are not viable
candidates for commercial cultivation due to limited consumer demand (i.e., species with “shallow,” erratic markets) are best
addressed through proactive government and industry initiatives involving targeted harvester education programs. 相似文献
6.
Large forest estates actively participate in the marketing of timber in France. However, the marketing of wood from private and public large forest estates (over 25 ha) could be improved by better managing price risk in multiannual supply contracts of the timber industry: creation of compensation funds for forest owners or calls to financial markets linked to processed timber products for industrialists. But, the development of supply contracts does not mean that private or public auction procedures should be abandoned. Similarly, by supplementing “forest area development schemes”, it would be possible to increase the mobilisation of timber produced on small (1 to 10 ha) and medium (10 to 25 ha) forest estates: more forestry cooperatives or local forest agencies and a new timber pre-sale mode adapted to small forest estates are necessary (sales subject to the buyer's choice of purchasing standing timber or cut wood delivered to a depot by the seller). 相似文献
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Ruhong Li J. Buongiorno J.A. Turner S. Zhu J. Prestemon 《Forest Policy and Economics》2008,10(7-8):480-490
We assessed the impact on the world forest sector of a progressive elimination of illegal logging. The analysis compared predictions from 2007 to 2020, with and without a gradual reduction of illegally logged industrial roundwood from 2007 to 2011. A large part of the curtailment of timber supply due to the stoppage of illegal logging would be compensated by increased legal production incited by higher prices. As a result, without illegal logging the world annual production of industrial roundwood would decrease by no more than 1%, even though it would decrease by up to 8% in developing countries. World prices would rise by 1.5 to 3.5% for industrial roundwood and by 0.5 to 2% for processed products, depending on the assumption on illegal logging rates. World consumer expenditures for wood products and producer revenues would rise by 1 to 2% without illegal logging. World value added in forest industries would remain the same. However, the changes in consumer expenditures would be more than double the changes in producer revenues in countries dependent on illegally logged timber of domestic or foreign origin such as Indonesia and China. Symmetrically, changes in producer revenues would be almost twice the changes in consumer expenditures in countries with little illegal logging and efficient industries, such as Canada, Germany and the United States. Value added in forest industries would decrease most in countries with heavy illegal logging (12% in Indonesia and up to 9% in Brazil), and it would increase most in Germany, Canada (4%), and the United States (2%). Without illegal logging, the world forest inventory would increase slightly, as the increase in developing countries would more than compensate the decrease in developed countries. 相似文献
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Maxim Trishkin Eugene Lopatin Timo Karjalainen 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(3):283-293
This study explores for the first time the attitudes and motivation associated with forest certification among forest industry companies in northwestern Russia. Interviews were carried out in the form of a structured questionnaire including 35 forest industry companies operating in northwestern Russia. Although development of certification in individual companies was initiated by general market demand, representatives of certified companies also emphasized the importance of internal corporate policy. Certified and noncertified groups of respondents identified market demand as a main driving force influencing development of forest certification. Ensuring the legality of wood origin, company's image and competitiveness of wood products were recognized as the most important benefits associated with forest certification. Absence of mandatory requirements from authorities and customers appeared to be the largest obstacle among both groups of respondents. Representatives of noncertified companies pointed out economic inaccessibility and low level of preparedness of management as of high importance, which is mainly associated with absence of quality management system. The results of the study indicated a general positive attitude on forest certification; it was noticed that respondents have gaps in understanding the principles and limited awareness with regards to forest certification, especially among noncertified forest industry companies. 相似文献
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森林认证与中国木材产品市场 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
森林认证作为促进森林可持续经营的一种市场机制已经在世界范围内广泛开展 ,特别是欧洲和北美国家的消费者普遍要求在市场上销售的木材产品应贴有经过认证的标签 ,以证明他们所购买的木材产品源自可持续经营的森林。因此 ,中国的森林经营认证和林产品的产销监管链认证 (绿色标签 )对于促进森林的可持续经营 ,稳定企业现有产品市场份额 ,进入新市场具有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
中美贸易摩擦是中美经济关系中的重要问题。2018年中美贸易摩擦爆发后,双边经贸关系曲折不断,木质林产品贸易面临极大考验。文中在梳理2015—2020年中美双边木质林产品贸易数据的基础上,分析贸易摩擦对双边木质林产品贸易的影响。结果显示,中美贸易摩擦对双边贸易规模具有较大影响,贸易总额、进口额和出口额均大幅下降;木家具和人造板等木质林产品贸易受到较大冲击,双方短期内均难以找到替代市场;中国从美国进口原木和锯材大幅下降,但中国木材供应和木材安全未受到威胁。未来,建议从增加国内木材供应、拓展替代市场、优化林业产业结构、建立国际国内双循环的林产品市场方面积极应对贸易摩擦。 相似文献
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Private timberlands in the United States have the biological potential to provide larger quantities of timber on a sustainable basis than they do today. Most opportunities for increasing growth and harvest lie on nonindustrial private lands in the South. Past studies, based on fixed scenarios of future prices, also suggest that many of these opportunities for intensified management can be undertaken with positive economic returns. Translation of these physical and apparent economic potentials into projections of future management and harvest requires a model of private timber management investment behavior. This study examines the dynamics of investment in private forest management according to a model of timber markets and timber supply in which intertemporal levels of private investment, harvest, and timber prices are all endogenous. The results of this model are used to examine the extent and types of possible future private management investments and how these will affect timber supply. In addition, the sensitivity of these projections to variations in key market and behavioral determinants is examined through simulation of alternative scenarios involving reduced public timber harvest and constraints on planting investment of nonindustrial private owners.The base case illustrates the substantial potential of timberlands for increased growth and harvest. This requires, however, investments in planting well beyond those observed in recent years. Given this, the area in planted forests would almost triple within the next 30 years. Expanded investment would allow immediate increases in timber harvest and sustained increases in timber inventory, with virtually no trend in softwood log prices. Projected increases in plantation area would concentrate timber production on fewer hectares, with more hectares managed passively. Naturally regenerated forests in the future would cover at least three-quarters of the private timberland area, with hardwoods continuing to dominate. Restricting nonindustrial private plantation investment to levels observed in the recent past markedly alters projections for softwoods, thus raising prices and reducing timber harvest relative to the base case across the full projection period. In contrast, reductions in public timber harvest alone result in increased prices and reduced total cut in the near term, but have limited impact on the outlook three-five decades hence, because private investment effectively compensates for public timber harvest reductions. 相似文献
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Ikuo Ota 《Small-Scale Forestry》2010,9(1):81-92
Forest owners’ cooperatives are one of the leading organizations in the forest sector in Japan. Yusuhara Forest Owners’ Cooperative
(YFOC) in Kochi Prefecture is one of such examples, which obtained FSC forest certification as a resource manager of the forest,
which belongs to more than 1,200 small-scale forest owners. YFOC has successfully expanded sales of FSC-labeled timber in
recent years. Most of their certified timber is purchased by house builders in urban cities including Osaka. This paper analyzes
who desires FSC-certified timber from YFOC and why. Six case studies are reported, which reveal that ecology-oriented house
builders are interested in using FSC certified timber because of traceability of the timber, price advantage from direct dealing,
environmentally sound forest management of YFOC, and relatively high quality of the timber. 相似文献
14.
U.S. forests, including family-owned forests, are a potential source of biomass for renewable energy. Family forest owners constitute a significant portion of the overall forestland in the U.S., yet little is known about family forest owners' preferences for supplying wood-based biomass. The goal of this study is to understand how Massachusetts family forest owners feel about harvesting residual woody biomass from their property. The study estimates the probability that Massachusetts landowners will harvest biomass as part of a timber harvest using data from a survey of 932 Massachusetts family forest owners. Logistic regression results suggest that the likelihood of harvesting for biomass is quite low, and that the supply of participation in biomass harvesting is inelastic with respect to price. These low probabilities may be due to the method used to account for preference uncertainty, as well as the unique nature of Massachusetts forests, forest markets, and landowner attitudes in comparison to other states (e.g., Minnesota). The study suggests that it would be more effective to target renewable energy policy toward different regions and/or markets rather than develop a uniform national policy. 相似文献
15.
Why Certify? Motivations,Outcomes and the Importance of Facilitating Organizations in Certification of Community-Based Forestry Initiatives 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Despite documented challenges, many community-based forestry (CBF) initiatives pursue forest certification. This study asked
community-based forestry practitioners in Vermont what influenced their decisions to seek or not seek certification and what
outcomes were realized from certification. Relationships, public image, value alignment and feedback on management practices
were most commonly cited as both motivations for and results of certification. Expectations for economic benefits were low
and price premiums for products were only occasionally realized. Informants complained of the increasing cost, complexity
and time commitment required of certification. Overall, however, certified CBF informants felt certification was worth the
expense. Group certificates and external funding significantly reduced certification costs to grassroots CBF initiatives.
This study highlights the importance of facilitating organizations that can provide outreach, secure funding, understand the
rules, handle documentation and develop markets for certified products. 相似文献
16.
The development of a market for currently non-merchantable forest material, such as harvest residues or small diameter trees, has been suggested as a possible win-win solution that could: (i) provide a material that can be processed in rural communities reeling from changes in the forest products industry and policy environment; (ii) capture more value from timber management activities; and (iii) provide a financial incentive for treatments to reduce wildfire risk or restore forest stands. Modeling the supply of this material with spatially-explicit potential demand locations allows for a realistic analysis of the feasibility of such a market to stimulate rural development. We model multiple scenarios for the utilization of harvest residues within the current forest products market in western Oregon. Sensitivity analysis explored the effects of cost of the depots on feasibility, including policy designed to support depot establishment through subsidies. Scenarios were also used to assess the effects of increases in federal harvest activities. Results suggest that with relatively high biomass prices, there is some potential for investment in depots to aid rural communities in western Oregon, but there is little change in either the overall feasibility or the location of depot establishment under scenarios of increased federal harvest. 相似文献
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David W. McGill Shawn T. Grushecky Stuart Moss Chad Pierskalla Al Schuler 《Small-Scale Forestry》2008,7(2):105-116
As global competition increases for wood-based products, the need for more efficient supply chains becomes increasingly important.
In the forest products sector, these supply chains involve individuals and firms ranging from private forestland owners with
standing timber to factories producing final finished products. Long-term timber leases are one mechanism that can be used
to develop access to timber supplies for companies unable or unwilling to purchase land outright for growing timber. To investigate
private forest owner opinions and attitudes regarding long-term timber leases, we conducted a survey of landowners from Wetzel
county, West Virginia. No long-term leases were reported by respondents, but 24% claimed they would enter a lease under certain
conditions. The most frequently listed concern related to long-term timber leases was for the “loss of control”. Results of
this survey are discussed in the light of forest management efforts that might be used to improve the social, financial, and
environmental benefits for private forest owners. 相似文献
18.
An extremely fragmented timber supply, high harvesting costs, low profitability, high subsidies and insufficient competitiveness
characterise forest enterprises in Switzerland. In a case study using a forest district in the state of Solothurn as an example,
it was sought to identify strengths and weaknesses of wood production and to formulate possible improvement opportunities.
The results indicate that there is considerable potential for industry rationalisation. The greatest handicaps are the small
sized forest holdings, excessive numbers of staff, insufficient use of modern harvesting technology and costly business administration.
The most eminent of the proposed improvement measures are those which aim to increase concentration of timber supplies and
reduce production costs. These include greater centralising of timber sales as well as planning and steering of production,
making full use of modern harvesting systems, reducing transaction costs, supporting administration, planning and steering
of wood production with modern information technology and reducing input on stand tending. In principle, amelioration can
be best achieved by close cooperation with neighbours or even merger of enterprises. Consequently, there is a need for related
business tasks to be combined in functions. The paramount prerequisite for success is the willingness and readiness of all
affected stakeholders to make changes. The situation described is typical for Swiss forestry and the proposed solutions could
well be used as models for a wide range of Swiss forest districts. 相似文献
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《Forest Policy and Economics》2001,2(1):57-78
The objective of this study was to project the effects on the world forest sector of eliminating quickly all import tariffs. The projections were done for two scenarios: (1) progressive tariff reduction according to the current schedule of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; (2) complete elimination of all tariffs within the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries. The projections were obtained with the global forest products model (GFPM), for the years 1998–2010. The model gave market equilibrium projections of quantities produced, consumed, imported and exported for each of 180 countries, and for 14 commodity groups, covering roundwood, sawnwood, wood-based panels, pulp and recycled fibers and paper and paperboard. The model also projected world equilibrium prices. The results showed that, with or without ATL agreement, the world consumption and trade of all forest products would continue to grow along the historical trends, and the world prices of forest products would increase moderately. With the elimination of tariffs in APEC countries, the projected world production and consumption of all products would change little (less than 0.5%). The tariff reduction effects would be larger for trade, and the commodity composition of world trade would shift from raw materials to more processed products. The timber harvest would change in a number of countries, but the net effect at the world scale would be small. While the US consumption and production of forest products would change little, the US would reduce its export of logs and increase exports of most processed products. The US timber harvest was expected to be indistinguishable compared to what it would be in the absence of the Accelerated Tariff Liberalization agreement. 相似文献
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Yanjie Hu John Perez-Garcia Alicia Robbins Ying Liu Fei Liu 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2015,30(1):13-29
Over the last decade, while the size of China's economy more than doubled, China has simultaneously become a major producer and exporter of forest products. Although China's domestic supply of wood is significantly constrained both by a limited natural supply and by conservation-oriented policies, the country is increasingly regarded as the world's “wood workshop.” Furthermore, China is the largest driver of demand for the trade in tropical logs and is becoming a significant driver of demand for trade in coniferous logs. In this paper, we describe a spatial equilibrium model adapted to study forest sector markets and policies that affect them. We present the model and the result of two alternative future scenarios. The first scenario analyzes the impact on global forest products markets of a US recovery in wood markets. The second scenario examines the effect on global forest products markets of decelerating growth in Chinese demand for wood products. Through these two scenarios, the modeling output sheds light on the role China's wood products markets have on resource supply and trade around the world. The trade model shows substantial potential changes in global prices, production, and trade activity associated with the recovery in domestic demand in the USA. 相似文献