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1.
冀北山地不同树种组成桦木林枯落物及土壤水文效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为弄清不同树种组成的林分对林地枯落物及土壤持水能力的影响,采用浸泡法和双环法对冀北山地5种不同树种组成的桦木林进行研究,结果表明:1林地枯落物半分解层储量均大于未分解层,总储量变化范围为12.85~20.87t/hm~2,白桦纯林储量最大,阔叶混交林最小;2枯落物最大持水量变化范围为73.27~106.99t/hm~2,有效拦蓄量变化范围为59.22~81.86t/hm~2,均为杨桦混交林最大、落桦混交林最小;3枯落物持水量与浸泡时间呈对数关系,随时间推移逐渐增大,而吸水速率与浸泡时间呈指数关系,随浸泡时间推移而逐渐下降;4土壤容重是油松白桦林最大、杨桦混交林最小,总孔隙度是杨桦混交林最大(60.66%)、阔叶混交林次之(59.31%)、油松白桦林最小(45.43%),土壤最大持水量和有效持水量均是杨桦混交林最大、阔叶混交林次之、油松白桦林最小;5土壤入渗速率和入渗时间呈明显幂函数关系。综合来看,杨桦混交林和阔叶混交林枯落物和土壤持水能力较强。 相似文献
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Hermle S Vollenweider P Günthardt-Goerg MS McQuattie CJ Matyssek R 《Tree physiology》2007,27(11):1517-1531
Fast-growing trees such as Salix viminalis L. and Populus tremula L. are well suited to phytoremediate heavy metal contaminated soils. However, information on tree performance, particularly leaf function, under conditions of heavy metal contamination is scarce. We used yearly coppiced saplings of S. viminalis and P. tremula growing in model ecosytems to test four hypotheses: (1) heavy metal contamination impairs photosynthesis by injuring leaf structure; (2) the effects of heavy metal contamination are enhanced by acidified rainwater and low soil pH; (3) heavy metal contamination increases dark respiration and, thus, repair processes; and (4) heavy metal contamination is tolerated and remediated better by S. viminalis than by P. tremula. We investigated heavy metal accumulation, tissue injury and gas exchange in leaves of plants subjected to controlled soil contamination with heavy metal dust. Additional treatments included acidic and calcareous natural forest subsoils in combination with irrigation with rainwater at pH 5.5 or 3.5. In both provenances of P. tremula that were studied, but not in S. viminalis, heavy metal treatment reduced photosynthesis and transpiration by varying amounts, except in the hot and dry summer of 2003, but had no effect on dark respiration. At light saturation, net CO(2) uptake and water-use efficiency were reduced by heavy metal contamination, whereas the CO(2) concentration in the leaf intercellular air space was increased. Rainwater pH and subsoil pH only slightly modified the effects of the heavy metal treatment on P. tremula. Gas exchange responses of P. tremula to heavy metals were attributed to leaf structural and ultrastructural changes resulting from hypersensitive-response-like processes and accelerated mesophyll cell senescence and necroses in the lower epidermis, especially along the transport pathways of heavy metals in the leaf lamina. Overall, the effects of heavy metals on P. tremula corroborated Hypothesis 1, but refuted Hypotheses 2 and 3, and were inconclusive for Hypothesis 4. Both P. tremula and S. viminalis showed appreciable potential for storing heavy metals in aging foliage. 相似文献
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在野外样方调查和主要环境因子测定的基础上,利用聚类分析和DCCA排序技术对新疆阿尔泰山小东沟林区的森林植被进行类型划分,并定量分析植被与环境因子的关系。结果表明:利用聚类分析可将阿尔泰小东沟林区的木本植物群落划分为6个类型(灌丛、欧洲山杨林、苦杨林、疣枝桦林、新疆落叶松林和新疆落叶松与新疆冷杉、新疆云杉的针叶混交林)。DCCA排序分析表明,海拔和坡向等地形因子以及土壤类型、土壤全氮、土壤全磷、土壤水分含量和大石砾含量等土壤因子是影响阿尔泰林区植物分布的主要因子,林区不同群落类型的分布格局主要是由地形和土壤因子的共同作用所控制的。 相似文献
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以4种不同桦木组成比例的林分类型为研究对象,比较其土壤水分-物理性质,结果表明:土层深度与容重呈正相关,落桦混交林土壤容重最大(1.14g/cm~3),桦木混交林最小(1.00g/cm~3);土壤孔隙度整体规律基本一致,随土层深度增加而减小,土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤总孔隙度均是黑桦纯林最大,分别为45.0%、9.6%、53.6%;土壤持水量(除桦木混交林规律不明显外)整体规律基本一致,随土层深度的增加而减小,土壤毛管持水量均值桦木混交林最大(43.2%),土壤最大持水量均值黑桦纯林最大(49.3%);土壤入渗速率与时间呈幂函数关系,初渗速率和稳渗速率规律一致,均是桦木混交林最大、桦杨混交林最小。 相似文献
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利用椴树吸引光肩星天牛成虫产卵又抑制其卵及幼虫发育的特殊功能,对失去生物控制天牛危害能力的林木和林分,实施控虫生物因子补偿及诱控功能的放大,调控天牛种群数量。椴树和杨树分别套笼接虫,诱控树种上的平均产卵刻槽数为15．8个／株,孵化率为0;合作杨上的平均产卵刻槽数为16．1个／株,孵化率为10．56％。光肩星天牛对沙枣和几种感虫树种的嗜好程度有明显差异。在产卵刻槽数量上,加杨〉沙枣〉白桦、毛白杨、北京杨、糖槭;在取食面积上,锗槭〉沙枣〉加杨、白桦、毛白杨、北京杨。通过野外次生林椴树控虫调查结果显示,椴树的引诱距离为10m以内,引诱强度最好的距离为6～8m。以径粗6—10cm的杨树点滴注入或喷布诱控树种提取剂,50d后检查死虫数,其杀虫率在70％。 相似文献
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冀北山地杨桦次生林群落乔木层种群生态位研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用Levins和Pianka公式计测了冀北山地杨桦次生林群落乔木层8个种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并对种群的生态位和环境适应性进行了探讨。结果表明：白桦、山杨和棘皮桦为主要树种,其他树种均为伴生树种。白桦、色木槭、稠李、山杨等具有较大的生态位宽度,分别为0．8668．0．8541、0．7219和0．6829,而蒙古栎和山荆子等生态位宽度较小。生态位重叠值小于0．5的种对有14对,占总数的50％。生态位重叠值大于0．5的种对有13对,占总数的46．43％。不发生重叠的种对有1对,占总数的3．57％。具有较大生态位宽度的树种是主要优势种,具有广泛的适应性。生态位宽度较大的物种与其他种类间的生态位重叠也较大。 相似文献
7.
帽儿山地区山杨次生林林木竞争关系的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于山杨（Poptdus davidianaD．）次生林固定标准地M712、M720的每木检尺数据,采用Hegyi单木竞争指数对帽儿山林场天然山杨次生林的种内、种间竞争强度进行定量分析。研究结果表明：山杨次生林林木所受到的竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小。山杨次生林种内竞争较与伴生树种枫桦的种间竞争弱。山杨次生林种内和种间竞争强度的顺序为：枫桦〉白桦〉蒙古栎〉杏树〉黄菠萝〉山杨〉胡桃楸〉槭树〉榆树〉水曲柳〉椴树〉暴马丁香〉桦树〉花楸〉花曲柳〉色木。 相似文献
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大青山不同森林结构与根际土壤微生物数量变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大青山不同林龄根际土壤微生物数量变化规律是细菌、放线菌数量和微生物的总数均随着树龄的增长呈现减少趋势。不同林木树种组成,根际土壤微生物数量变化呈现出一定的规律性,在榆林地区的土壤细菌数量及微生物总量分布依次为山杏〉油松×沙棘〉油松×山杏〉油松×柠条〉油松〉沙棘〉柠条;劈柴沟地区不同树种组成土壤微生物总量及土壤细菌数量变化为山杨〉白桦×落叶松〉落叶松〉油松〉白桦。不同密度的根际土壤微生物数量的规律是2 m×3 m≥3 m×3.5 m〉1.5 m×2 m〉1 m×3 m≥1.5 m×2 m,基本上是随密度增加土壤微生物数量减少。 相似文献
10.
In 1971, a series of five afforestation trials were established along a north-south gradient on open peatlands in Sweden. All areas were drained, fertilized and planted with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Survival and height of the planted trees as well as the amount of natural establishment, i.e. downy birch (Betula pubescens), silver birch (Betula pendula), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and other deciduous species: (e.g. Salix sp., Sorbus aucuparia), by seeding from nearby forests were measured 18–22 years later. The amount of naturally established trees exceeded the number of living planted trees in all five areas. Next to downy birch, Scots pine was the most common naturally established species. Large variations in both amount and height of natural establishment were found along the climatic gradient. Planted trees were taller than naturally established trees, except for the northernmost area. Number and height of naturally established trees correlated positively to closeness to nearest forest and to nearest ditch. These trees also responded positively to PK fertilization in the three southernmost areas. In the two northernmost areas no such response was found. It was concluded that natural seeding from neighbouring forests can be counted on and recommended in afforestation of low-productive peatlands in Sweden, provided that downy birch is accepted as a dominant tree species. 相似文献
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The pressurized gas transport which improves the oxygen supply of the roots of the wetland tree black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), is based on the existence of a thermo-osmotically active porous tissue partition in the lower part of the trunk with pore diameters in the range of, or smaller than, the mean free path length of the gas molecules (e.g., 70 nm for O(2) at 20 degrees C and 100 kPa). Anatomical studies have shown that only the cambial layer or the phellogen of the lenticels have intercellular spaces small enough to be responsible for thermo-osmotic activity. The final localization of the thermo-osmotically active partition and the determination of the pore sizes were done by diffusion and effusion experiments with basal trunk pieces of 3- to 4-year-old trees. The mean pore sizes of the intercellular system were not smaller than 100 nm in diameter in the cambial layer separating the bark from the wood, but 14 +/- 7 nm in diameter in the phellogen underlying the lenticels. Because of these small pores, the phellogen of the lenticels is the significant thermo-osmotically active partition for the transport of air to the root system in black alder. 相似文献
13.
The levels of heavy metals that accumulated in stemwood of mature trees grown for 20 years in a plantation in an abandoned peat quarry in areas that were fertilized with different amounts of domestic sewage sludge(180,360,and720 Mg ha~(-1) on a dry basis) were compared with trees grown in a reference nonfertilized area.Included in the study was a hybrid poplar(Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides) developed for use as an energy crop,three local tree species and one introduced tree species.The concentrations of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in the stemwood of the trees grown in the fertilized and nonfertilized fields were determined,and found to be significantly lower than their respective concentrations in the soil.Cd and Cr were found only in several wood samples at concentrations close to the limits of detection or qualification; therefore,they were not analyzed further.A correlation analysis suggested that 75%of the correlations between the concentrations of heavy metals in the stemwood and the concentrations in the soil were negative.The ability of trees to accumulate the metals from soil in most cases decreased for Cu and Ni; however,the correlations were not as clear for Pb and Zn.The followingsequence for the levels of heavy metals found in the stemwood of the analysed trees was Zn [ Pb [ Ni [ Cu [(Cr,Cd).The results of this study showed that the levels of heavy metals in the studied wood would not exceed the permitted limits of heavy metal pollution in the air and ash when used for energy production. 相似文献
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Correlations between leaf abscisic acid concentration ([ABA]), stomatal conductance (gs), rate of stomatal opening in response to an increase in leaf water potential (si), shoot hydraulic conductance (L) and photosynthetic characteristics were examined in saplings of six temperate deciduous tree species: Acer platanoides L., Padus avium Mill., Populus tremula L., Quercus robur L., Salix caprea L. and Tilia cordata Mill. Species-specific values of foliar [ABA] were negatively related to the mean values of gs, si, L and light- and CO2- saturated net photosynthesis (P(max)), thus providing strong correlative evidence of a scaling of foliar gas exchange and hydraulic characteristics with leaf endogenous [ABA]. In addition, we suggest that mean gs, si, L and Pmax for mature leaves may partly be determined by the species-specific [ABA] during leaf growth. The most drought-intolerant species had the lowest [ABA] and the highest gs, suggesting that interspecific differences in [ABA] may be linked to differences in species-specific water-use efficiency. Application of high concentrations of exogenous ABA led to large decreases in gs, si and P(max), further underscoring the direct role of ABA in regulating stomatal opening and photosynthetic rate. Exogenous ABA also decreased L, but the decreases were considerably smaller than the decreases in gs, si and Pmax. Thus, exogenous ABA predominantly affected the stomata directly, but modification of L by ABA may also be an important mechanism of ABA action. We conclude that interspecific variability in endogenous [ABA] during foliage growth and in mature leaves provides an important factor explaining observed differences in L, gs, si and Pmax among temperate deciduous tree species. 相似文献
15.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(7):642-650
Determining the effects of decomposed leaf litter mixtures, consisting of litter from different tree species, on the properties of soil is important for evaluating nutrient cycling and interspecific relationships. In this study, leaf litter mixtures consisting of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco combined individually with eight broadleaf plant species were ground and mixed with soil to analyze the effects of their decomposition on the quantity of soil microbes, the activities of soil enzymes, and the soil chemical properties and to determine the interactions between the different types of litter within a mixture during decomposition. In terms of soil properties as a whole, we found that when P. orientalis litter was mixed separately with litter from Amorpha fruticosa L., Caragana microphylla Lam., Betula platyphylla Suk., or Hippophae rhamnoides L., the resulting litter mixtures showed synergistic interaction effects on soil, but when P. orientalis litter was mixed with litter from Populus simonii Carr., Ulmus pumila L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., or Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. showed antagonistic interaction effects. 相似文献
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【目的】研究寒温带森林根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量的动态变化,为揭示森林土壤碳氮养分利用机制和碳氮循环提供参考,为研究区森林保护与合理经营提供科学依据。【方法】以我国寒温带针阔混交林为研究对象,选择主要组成树种樟子松、兴安落叶松、白桦和山杨,采用抖落法采集根际和非根际土壤样品,对土壤微生物量碳氮含量动态特征进行研究,探讨不同树种根际土壤微生物量碳氮的富集程度、差异性和生长季变化以及其对土壤营养库的贡献率。【结果】不同树种根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量月际变化差异显著,根际土壤微生物量碳含量波动范围为114.14~451.05 mg ·kg -1 ,氮含量波动范围为40.38~185.00 mg ·kg -1 。根际土壤微生物量碳富集率依次为樟子松(87.99%)>白桦(78.22%)>兴安落叶松(73.14%)>山杨(56.96%),微生物量氮富集率依次为山杨(81.50%)>白桦(77.63%)>樟子松(76.42%)>兴安落叶松(51.40%)。土壤微生物量碳氮比为1.42~5.24,樟子松、兴安落叶松、白桦、山杨根际和非根际土壤微生物量碳氮比生长季变幅分别为1.42~5.24、1.57~3.79、1.67~4.55、1.55~2.59和1.79~3.53,其均值分别为2.64、2.63、2.81、2.11和2.36。根际微生物量碳对土壤有机碳库的贡献率为0.83%~0.95%,微生物量氮对土壤有机氮库的贡献率为3.63%~5.08%。【结论】寒温带针阔混交林主要树种生长季根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量均显著高于非根际,根际效应显著;在生长季末期,针叶树种根际效应相比阔叶树种更为强烈;针叶树种根际土壤微生物量对土壤结构和功能的影响高于阔叶树种。 相似文献
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Biomass investment in leaf lamina versus lamina support in relation to growth irradiance and leaf size in temperate deciduous trees 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Foliar biomass investment in support and assimilative compartments was studied in four temperate deciduous tree species along a natural light gradient across the canopy. The species ranked according to shade tolerance as Betula pendula Roth. < Populus tremula L. < Fraxinus excelsior L. < Tilia cordata Mill. Long-term light conditions at sampling locations were characterized as seasonal mean integrated quantum flux density (Q(int), mol m(-2) day(-1)) estimated by a method combining hemispherical photography and light measurements with quantum sensors. Leaf morphology was altered by Q(int) in all species. Both lamina and petiole dry mass per lamina area (LMA and PMA, respectively) increased with increasing Q(int). Shade-tolerant species had lower LMA at low Q(int) than shade-intolerant species; however, PMA was not related to shade tolerance. Across species, the ratio of petiole dry mass to lamina dry mass (PMR) varied from 0.07 to 0.21. It was independent of Q(int) in the simple-leaved species, but decreased with increasing Q(int) in the compound-leaved F. excelsior, which also had the largest foliar biomass investment in petioles. Differences in leaf mass and area, ranging over four orders of magnitude, provided an explanation for the interspecific variability in PMR. Species with large leaves also had greater biomass investments in foliar support than species with smaller leaves. This relationship was similar for both simple- and compound-leaved species. There was a negative relationship between PMR and petiole N concentration, suggesting that petioles had greater carbon assimilation rates and paid back a larger fraction of their construction cost in species with low PMR than in species with high PMR. This was probably the result of a negative relationship between PMR and petiole surface to volume ratio. Nevertheless, petioles had lower concentrations of mineral nutrients than laminas. Across species, the ratio of petiole N to lamina N varied from only 3 to 6%, demonstrating that petiole costs are less in terms of nutrients than in terms of total biomass, and that the petiole contribution to carbon assimilation is disproportionately lower than that of the lamina contribution. 相似文献
19.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):245-250
Natural regeneration was registered on 97 clear‐felled and scarified sites in northeastern Sweden ten growing seasons after planting. On each site, three fix plots were laid out at planting and the planted seedlings were mapped. Ten years later all healthy non‐planted seedlings were registered in an anulus of size 15.7 m2. Non‐planted seedlings were also observed in four 4 m2 squares on each fix‐plot to estimate the zero‐square frequency. Species were classified as Pinus sylvestris, L., Picea abies (L) Karst. and deciduous species (Betula pendulajpubescens Roth./Ehrh., Populus tremula L., Alnus incana (L) Moench.). On average, 7 133 non‐planted seedlings ha‐1 were found, of which 29% were conifers. Among the conifers, 71% were P. abies. More than 2 500 conifer non‐planted seedlings ha‐1 were found on 27% of the plots. The number of non‐planted seedlings was correlated to the presence of neighbouring seed‐producing stands within 100 m and decreased with rising altitude. Pinus sylvestris seedlings were more frequent on dry soils while the deciduous seedlings were more frequent on wet sites. In the 4 m2 squares, the zero‐square frequency was 29% if both conifers were and deciduous seedlings were considered and 63% if only conifers were considered. Mean height of the tallest seedling per species and square was 62 cm for P. sylvestris, 42 cm for P. abies and 107 cm for the deciduous seedlings. Key words: Alnus incana, Betula, broad‐leaves, deciduous, Norway spruce, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula, reforestation, Scots pine. 相似文献
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Floortje Vodde Kalev Jõgiste Loïc Gruson Triin Ilisson Kajar Köster John A. Stanturf 《Journal of Forest Research》2010,15(1):55-64
Natural regeneration of windthrow areas is an important issue when planning forestry measures after forest disturbances. Seedling recruitment was investigated in storm-damaged hemiboreal mixed forests in eastern Estonia. The establishment and growth of seedlings from natural regeneration was registered for tree species in soil pits and in mounds of uprooted trees in stands that were either heavily or moderately damaged. Seedling growth is expected to be better in large but shallow soil pits created by uprooted Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and poorer in small but deep pits created by the hardwoods in the area, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and European aspen (Populus tremula L.). The most abundant regenerating species was birch. Pits hosted larger seedling numbers than mounds, due to soil instability in mounds. Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) showed significantly faster growth than the other seedling species. Norway spruce pits were preferred to pits of other species by both birch and spruce seedlings. Black alder [Alnus glutinosa (L.) J. Gaertn.] did not show a preference for pits of a certain species of uprooted tree. Both spruce and rowan preferred hardwood mounds over spruce mounds. Storm severity also affected species composition: birch predominantly occurred on pits and mounds in heavily disturbed areas, while spruce was more abundant in the moderately damaged areas. The effects of advance regeneration and surrounding stands on seedling microsite preferences should be considered in future research and subsequent management recommendations. 相似文献