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1.
Chenopodium spp. is being used as a leafy vegetable and subsidiary grain crop in different parts of the world due to its rich nutritional quality and its ability to grow in stress conditions. A field experiment was conducted in Lucknow (India) to assess the genetic diversity in 40 accessions of Chenopodium spp. based on mineral composition of the leaves. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the first 4 PCs (Principal Component) accounted for 74.70% of the total variance among the accessions. The first PC (PC1) accounted for 41.96% of the total qualitative variation and had nickel, zinc and chromium with high positive and copper with high negative coefficients. The most important loadings for PC2 were calcium and potassium. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into 4 major clusters. The first cluster, which showed maximum diversity, had 17 accessions, all of C. quinoa having high content of most of the heavy metals viz. zinc, chromium, nickel and cadmium. Cluster II was the largest consisting of 18 accessions which had low content of nickel, cadmium and chromium. Cluster III contained 3 accessions that had lowest amount of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc, while accessions in cluster IV were characterized by high levels of calcium, sodium, magnesium, nickel, chromium and cadmium. Significant genotypic differences existed in the heavy metal uptake by plants. Mineral uptake and concentration in Chenopodium spp. corresponds to the taxonomic categorization in the genus and could also be utilized as a supplementary taxonomic tool for grouping together of closely related taxa. Conclusively the diversity can be exploited in plant breeding programs for increasing nutritional value and for bioremediation purposes.  相似文献   

2.
利用苹果SSR引物分析山楂属植物遗传关系   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
SSR引物在不同物种间具有通用性,从141对苹果属(Malus spp.)SSR引物中筛选出10对适合于山楂属(Crataegus spp.)植物的SSR引物,并对8个种37份山楂种质资源的遗传关系进行了分析。10对SSR引物共检测到91个多态性谱带,每个位点的等位基因数为3～13个,平均为9.1个。位点杂合度为0.432～0.790,平均为0.688。10对SSR引物可以将20份山楂资源区分开,17份不能区分的资源分为3组,第1组为3个伏山楂品种,第2组和第3组分别包括大果山楂的2个和12个品种。基于SSR标记构建的聚类树状图将供试37份山楂资源分成2个类群,第1类群包括6个山楂野生种,第2类群包括供试的所有伏山楂、山楂和大果山楂资源。该聚类结果与传统形态学分类一致。  相似文献   

3.
To clarify the variation and characteristics of polyphenolic compounds in Malus germplasm, and also to provide a theoretical basis for the application of apple landraces in China, polyphenolic compounds and concentrations were analysed in 103 Malus accessions from China using ultra performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The apple landraces of North China, which should have undergone more artificial selection than those of Northwest China and Northeast China, are used as table fruit, or as parents for breeding table varieties with high polyphenolic concentrations from. Wild species have been appropriated as parents for historical hybridisation of new genetic resources with high polyphenolic concentrations. The apple landraces ‘Bandayulenggunzi #1’ and ‘Duanzhigunzi’ possess the greatest concentrations of total polyphenols detected, and so could be used as table fruit by consumers directly, or as parents for breeding varieties with high polyphenolic concentrations from by breeders. The apple landraces originating from North China, Northwest China and Northeast China, are significantly separated by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and the wild species and apple landraces are evidently discriminated by LDA as well. Hierarchical cluster analysis of polyphenolic compounds of Malus accessions resulted in clusters derived from closely-related biochemical pathways.  相似文献   

4.
Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) polymorphism in Citrus indica Tanaka (Rutaceae), an endemic and threatened wild species, was examined along with three other closely related wild taxa (C. medica L., C. latipes (Swingle) Tanaka, and C. sp. ‘Memang athur’) by analyzing 53 representative accessions sampled from North-east India. Jaccard's similarity values among 53 accessions of Citrus ranged from 0.46 to 0.97 (average = 0.75). Genetic similarity values among all the 34 accessions of C. indica were found in the range of 0.82 to 0.97 with an average of 0.90. Heterozygosity (Ht = 0.123) and Shannon's information index (I = 0.188) values estimated for C. indica revealed significantly low level of genetic variation within the species. UPGMA dendrogram grouped all 53 accessions of Citrus into four major clusters: Cluster I – C. latipes; Cluster II – C. medica; Cluster III – ‘Memang athur’ and Cluster IV – C. indica. The dendrogram placed all the 34 accessions of C. indica in five sub-clusters under Cluster IV. The placement of C. indica accessions in various sub-clusters and groups in the dendrogram was based on molecular differentiation of individual accessions rather than their geographical origin. Very low genetic diversity and destruction of its natural habitat pose serious threat to C. indica even in the Citrus Gene Sanctuary in Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (NBR) in Meghalaya. Low genetic variability, heterozygosity and Shannon's information index in C. medica, C. latipes and ‘Memang athur’ are also concerns that need to be addressed for developing appropriate strategies to conserve the genetic diversity extant in these valuable genetic resources.  相似文献   

5.
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was performed in eight cultivars of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and 12 accessions in eight related Solanum species to evaluate the applicability of this analysis for assessing the phylogenetic relationships and identifying cultivars. A total of 552 polymorphic amplified bands were obtained from 34 of the 100 primers tested, and the percentage of polymorphisms was 99.1%. Cluster analysis based on the ISSR markers classified the Solanum species into seven groups: (i) S. melongena; (ii) S. aethiopicum and S. anguivi; (iii) S. incanum; (iv) S. violaceum and S. kurzii; (v) S. macrocarpon; (vi) S. virginianum and (vii) S. torvum. Combining the ISSR markers obtained by a few of the 34 primers was enough for distinguishing of the eight cultivars of eggplant. This ISSR analysis was demonstrated to be available for the phylogenetic study and the cultivar identification.  相似文献   

6.
Genetic diversity was evaluated by RAPD markers and morpho-agronomic characters for a total of 42 accessions of Barberton daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) consisting of 29 commercial and 13 wild accessions. A total of 74 polymorphic bands were obtained employing a set of 12 primer pairs. The average genetic similarity coefficient for the 42 accessions, evaluated by Jaccard index was 0.55 ranging from 0.28 to 1.00. The genetic structure found among Barberton daisy accessions was evaluated by hierarchic classification analyses and UPGMA modeling, revealing six clusters of genotypes where two of them include the wild accessions and the remaining four including commercial material, except for wild genotype number 9. Shannon (H′) index was calculated using the molecular markers to investigate the genetic variation among the Gerbera accessions and showed higher values for the commercial cluster in comparison to the values obtained for the individuals from the non-commercial cluster, namely 0.34 versus 0.27, respectively. Therefore, both calculated indices (Jaccard and Shannon) indicated the presence of higher genetic variation among commercial accessions in comparison to the cluster representing non-commercial accessions, suggesting that genetic breeding programs may focus on commercial accessions to recombine interesting genotypes with commercially important and marketing-desired characteristics.  相似文献   

7.
Cucurbita moschata is an important vegetable crop. Although a total of 1032 landraces of C. moschata are maintained in China, little is known about their genetic diversity. Molecular characterization is needed to facilitate the use of this C. moschata germplasm collection in breeding. Seventy-four Chinese accessions and 15 accessions from other countries were selected for evaluation based upon variation in fruit traits and geographical origin of molecular diversity with AFLP analysis. Nine pairs of EcoRI/MseI primers produced 500 fragments, of which 75.57% were polymorphic, indicating a high degree of diversity. The accessions from China were classified into two clusters, which were clearly differentiated from the accessions originating from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Ecuador. Chinese group genetically more closely related to other Asian countries group (India and Japan). In general, the accessions from the Americas had a greater number of unique loci than those from China. The differences are probably due to a limited number of introductions and genetic drift. The Americas are the center of origin of C. moschata and therefore more diverse. With AFLP analysis, the accessions did not clearly group according to fruit shape; however, sub-clusters exist in acorn- and dumbbell-shaped accessions. The assessment of genetic distance, along with some unique traits among the different genotypes, could be useful in further genetic studies and the selection of the most adequate accessions for use in breeding programs.  相似文献   

8.
The genetic diversity among 128 Iranian Rosa persica (R. persica) accessions in the different populations was analyzed. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) technique was used to produce 171 polymorphic fragments. The number of polymorphic loci ranged from 101 to 147 and the polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.289 to 0.073, with an average of 0.16. This shows extreme variability and genetic diversity among the studied R. persica populations. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm = 0.376) indicated that gene flow was relatively low among populations of the species. Cluster analysis using the UPGMA method grouped all accessions into six clusters. The results did not show relative agreement with the genotypes’ region of origin. Based on an analysis of molecular variance, 48% of the genetic variation of R. persica was within population and 52% was among populations. The present analysis revealed that Iranian R. persica genotypes are highly variable and genetically distinct from their origins. The apparent unique nature of the R. persica genotypes revealed by our results supports the case for the implementation of more intense characterization and conservation strategies, and provides useful information to address breeding programmes and germplasm resource management in Rosa spp.  相似文献   

9.
亚洲部分茄子品种资源数量分类   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8  
易金鑫 《园艺学报》2000,27(5):345-350
观测了部分亚洲国家及地区的 10 2份茄子种质资源的 50个性状 ,采用数量分类学的方法对观测群体进行分类。Q型分析结果表明 ,在 3个分类水平下 ,可将群体分别划分为野生种及栽培种 ;栽培种又可进一步分为半栽培类群、栽培短茄类群和栽培长茄类群 ;类群还可进一步分为 6组。在R型分析的基础上探讨了各性状的相关性以及类群间的进化次序  相似文献   

10.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most widely grown and economically important fruit crops in the world. Skin colour is one of the most important criteria for marketing of apple fruits. Thus, improving fruit colouring is one of the main objectives of apple breeding programs. Even though environmental conditions may affect the colouring of apple, understanding the genetic basis of colouring is important to accelerate the breeding process. In recent years, molecular biology and genetic studies were conducted to explore the molecular basis of colouring in apple. Many genes responsible for the anthocyanin synthesis were identified and their associations with colouring of apple fruit flesh and/or skin were demonstrated. In addition, some DNA markers associated with fruit flesh and skin colour have been developed for screening apple cultivars and hybrids. In this study, 90 apple accessions of international, national, and local decents were selected from the genetic resources collection. Genomic DNA was isolated from leaf tissue of all acession and screened with four different DNA markers associated with fruit flesh and skin colour. Apple accessions in the collection were characterized and their genotypes and genetic potential for fruit colouration were determined by different DNA markers. Additionally, the use of these DNA markers in different apple accessions, well-characterized cultivars and uncharacterized local and national types were investigated.

  相似文献   

11.
The taxonomy and phylogeny of Indian Citrus is revisited using PCR-RFLP of the trnD-trnT and rbcL-ORF 106 regions as well as sequence data analysis of the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region of cpDNA. The study was based on 50 accessions of Citrus genotypes, collected from wild, semi-wild and domesticated stocks. Of the 13 restriction enzymes (RE) used for restriction digestion of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons, four (Hinf I, Msp I, Alu I, Hae III) generated 47 restriction fragments, of which 24 (51%) were polymorphic. PCR-RFLP data showed a genetic distance ranging from 0 to 0.79 among 50 accessions of Citrus, and a cluster analysis, based on Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method, placed all the accessions in eight major clusters. Analysis of trnL-trnF sequences from 23 representative accessions of Citrus showed a pair-wise sequence divergence rate in the range of 0–0.064. NJ, minimum evolution (ME) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses of trnL-trnF sequences produced phylogenetic trees, which placed all the 23 accessions in five clusters. PCR-RFLP analysis resulted in a well resolved phylogenetic tree with branches supported by moderate to high bootstrap values, while the trnL-trnF sequence-based trees showed only moderate to low bootstrap support for the internal tree branches, indicating uncertain origin of some Citrus genotypes. This study shows that the trnL-trnF spacer sequence data can detect genetic variation in Indian Citrus genotypes, but the utility of the data in inferring phylogeny at intra and inter-specific levels is limited probably by factors such as hybridization, bud mutations, apomixis and polyploidy. However, PCR-RFLP and trnL-trnF data supported the recognition of C. maxima, C. medica, and C. reticulata as the basal species of edible Citrus.  相似文献   

12.
Knowledge of genetic divergence among inbred lines is essential for cross breeding. The objectives of this study were to (1) analyze the level and character of genetic diversity in C. moschata accessions, and (2) classify the genetic divergence among inbred lines in C. moschata to assist in selection of parent genotypes for genetic improvement. Twenty agronomic characters were investigated and rich diversities were demonstrated among 39 inbred lines of C. moschata from China. Various degree correlations among these characters made it possible to summarize the diversities of the twenty characters into 3 major principal components: leaf, fruit and flesh quality factor. Forty-one inbred lines of pumpkin were clustered into four groups based on principal component data, which is more distinct for classification that based on the original data of the 20 characters. However, parent inbred lines whose hybrids displayed significant heterosis in fruit weight, soluble solid and fruit shape were located in different clusters or sub-clusters based on standardized original data. It was suggested that genotypes in the same clusters may represent members of one heterotic group.  相似文献   

13.
Improvement of fruit traits is an important objective in current mulberry breeding programs. In this study, 93 mulberry accessions of diverse origin were genotyped using 15 ISSR markers to identify marker–trait associations with fruit traits. Fifteen ISSR primers generated a total of 104 amplification products, of which 94 were polymorphic, revealing 90.38% polymorphism; the mean PIC value was 0.2698. UPGMA cluster analysis showed clear genetic relationships between the 93 mulberry cultivars, and the major clusters were related to known pedigree relationships and their ecotype. The mean r2 value for all intra-chromosomal loci pairs was 0.0210. Marker–trait associations were investigated using the unified mixed-model approach, considering both population structure (Q) and kinship (K). In total, 24 marker–trait associations (p < 0.01) were identified using different ISSR markers. The results suggest that association mapping in mulberry is a viable alternative to quantitative trait loci mapping, and detection of associations between markers and mulberry fruit traits will also provide important information for marker-assisted breeding.  相似文献   

14.
A comprehensive analysis of various horticulturally important morphological traits of sixty pear accessions located in five districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan) was carried out. Several qualitative and quantitative traits were investigated in situ and after the harvesting of leaf and fruit samples. The rich diversity was observed for qualitative traits (i.?e. growth habit, blooming time, intensity of flowering, fruit setting, ripening time, productivity, and fruit shape and color) among pear accessions. As for the quantitative traits, significant variation was observed for leaf area (8.96–27.17 cm2), flowering duration (11–24 days), fruit weight (68.1–322.3 g), average fruit length (2.68–9.87 cm) and average fruit width (1.82–8.12 cm) between pear accessions. Based on qualitative and quantitative data, two dendograms were constructed by using cluster analysis which separated pear accessions into three distinct groups. The cluster analysis showed considerable differences between the accessions for qualitative and quantitative traits. Furthermore, a close association between accessions was noted inside the clusters for qualitative and quantitative traits. The results showed rich diversity and similarity between the pear accessions and needs further assessment at molecular level to elucidate their phylogenetic relationship.  相似文献   

15.
Summary

RAPD markers were used to estimate genetic diversity in 12 high-yielding jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) accessions obtained from different locations in southern India. Marker data were compared with morphological data obtained over three successive seasons. PCR-amplifiable DNA was isolated using the CTAB method and 171 amplified fragments were obtained using 23 random primers. The genetic dissimilarity matrix was calculated based on Squared Euclidian Distances, which revealed a maximum genetic distance of 7.9% between a clone of ‘Mottavarica’ (‘M0’), and ‘Chandrahalasu’ from distant locations, while the minimum genetic distance (5%) was between the genotypes (‘M0’) and ‘Kerala’, indicating their similar geographical origin. Ward's method of cluster analysis grouped all individuals on the dendrogram into two major clusters according to their geographical location. The present study showed low-to-moderate genetic diversity among the 12 jackfruit accessions, which will assist in the identification and management of jackfruit germplasm for breeding purposes.  相似文献   

16.
SUMMARY

We have described the flowering and fruiting phenology of 14 accessions of six Opuntia species grown in Morocco: O. ficus-indica, O. robusta, O. aequatorialis, O. dillenii, O. leucotricha, and O. stricta. We also determined the physicochemical characteristics of their cladodes. For each accession, we used four-to-20 plants. Two systems were used to measure phenology: the extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH)-scale and the National Phenology Monitoring System. Five principal stages were described: the development of vegetatively-propagated organs (vegetative buds), the development of flower buds, flowering, fruit development, and fruit maturity. The number of vegetative buds varied significantly among the 14 accessions, while only four accessions produced flower buds. After reaching their final size, fruit lengths varied from 3.40–6.40 cm, while fruit diameters varied from 1.93–3.90 cm. The average cladode number differed significantly among genotypes and varied from 1.75–7.75. There were also significant differences in cladode length (13.75–30.63 cm), width (6.25–17.33 cm), thickness (0.65–1.38 cm), fresh weight (FW; 67.50–766.00 g), and dry weight (DW; 8.75–67.15 g) between species. Water content and ash content, as well as total protein and total sugar concentrations, showed significant differences and were within the ranges of 86.67–92.04% (w/w), 12.97–22.08g 100 g?1 DW, 4.64–11.56g 100 g?1 DW, and 3.22–12.51 g 100 g?1 DW, respectively. Our results will help in the development of agronomic management practices and improve the characterisation, valorisation, and use of cactus pear species grown in Morocco.  相似文献   

17.
目前有多种发展微卫星标记（SSR）的方法,对基因组未测序的物种利用近缘物种引物进行跨物种扩增是一种简便方法。本研究利用马铃薯的640对SSR引物对茄子进行扩增,并利用获得的多态引物进行了12份茄子材料的聚类分析。结果表明：192对引物能够在茄子基因组DNA上扩增出清晰、稳定条带,引物通用率为30．05％;10对引物在随机选择的4份材料上有多态性,聚类分析结果表明类群与材料的来源、果实形态、颜色及青枯病抗性间没有相关趋势。  相似文献   

18.
Traditional apple cultivars from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), potentially diverse due to specific geographic location and history of the country, represent a possible source of valuable traits for future breeding efforts and sustainable fruit growing. A total of 39 accessions, 24 traditional B&H cultivars and 15 modern international cultivars, maintained at the ex situ apple collection “Srebrenik” in Northeast Bosnia were, investigated using 10 SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers and 23 morphologic characteristics. All the used primer pairs manage to amplify clearly distinguishable and highly polymorphic SSR alleles, in average 10.4 alleles per locus. More than two different alleles per locus were detected for seven accessions (five traditional B&H cultivars and two international cultivars). Forty one unique alleles were exclusively present within the B&H cultivars, while seven unique alleles were only detected within international cultivars. The differentiation between traditional B&H and international cultivars (Fst = 0.060; P < 0.0001) was significant, also confirmed by analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) (fCT = 0.092; P < 0.001). Cluster analyses of 39 apple accessions, based on 10 SSR loci, revealed that only two traditional B&H cultivars grouped tightly with international cultivars (Ljepocvjetka and Bobovec Jon), while the rest formed separate clusters. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA), nonparametric multivariate analyses of variance (NPMANOVA) and analyses of similarity (ANOSIM) showed statistically significant difference in morphologic characteristics between traditional B&H cultivars and the international cultivars. Cluster analyses of 39 apple accessions, based on the morphologic data, displayed less differentiation between traditional and international accessions, in comparison to the cluster analyses based on molecular data. No correlation between the molecular and morphologic data set was detected using the Mantel test. Many of the morphologic characteristics which have been analyzed in this study have significant commercial importance, we can assume that unlike the microsatellites these traits have been under agronomic selection pressure.  相似文献   

19.
Summary

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important fruit vegetable, commercially cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. However, the most serious constraint on eggplant production is damage caused by eggplant shoot and fruit borer (ESFB). The development of resistant transgenic plants, using an insecticidal crystal protein gene, is an available crop protection option. A Cry1Ac gene obtained from the National Research Center for Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi, India, was transformed via Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer into an improved inbred line of eggplant (IVBL-9). Hypocotyls proved to be the most effective and suitable explants, with a transformation frequency of 17.3% and 2.9 shoots per explant. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed the presence of a single copy insertion of the Cry1Ac gene in seven independent transgenic plants. The insertion of a single copy of the gene was also confirmed by segregation analysis of T1 seed from T0 plants. ELISA analyses revealed the presence of the Cry1Ac protein, and quantitative estimates confirmed significant levels of Cry1Ac protein (2.46 – 4.33 ng ml–1 leaf extract) expressed in all seven transformed plants. High levels of expression of this insecticidal protein resulted in significant larval mortality and in the reduced growth of any surviving larva on transformed eggplant tissue.  相似文献   

20.
Ninety-five jackfruit types selected from Western Ghats of India, which is the centre of origin for the species, were analyzed using Mahalanobis D2 technique to determine the degree of divergence present among the selections. The studies revealed that majority of selections (91), irrespective of their ecogeographic area, were grouped in one cluster and the remaining 4 types were solitary with one selection in each cluster. Inter cluster distance was maximum between clusters D and E (525.8) and minimum inter cluster divergence was observed between clusters B and C (106.1). Cluster means for all economically important characters were not found to be highest in any one cluster indicating the vast diversity on account of indigenous and cross-pollinated nature of the crop. The maximum relative contribution to the total divergence was by number of seeds per fruit and TSS:Acid ratio indicating the ample amount of variability in these traits and hence the selection process for crop improvement in jackfruit should deem these characters.  相似文献   

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