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3种除草剂防除大蒜田杂草药效试验 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
经田间试验明确,异丙草胺、二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚3种除草剂土壤处理对大蒜安全,72％异丙草胺乳油用药量1 875-3 000 mL/hm2、23.5％乙氧氟草醚乳油用药量1 500 mL/hm2、33％二甲戊灵乳油用药量1 875-2 250mL/hm2对灰绿藜、萹蓄、无芒稗和狗尾草等多种一年生杂草有较好地防除效果,并对大蒜有一定的增产作用。 相似文献
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为明确小麦Triticum aestivum田新型除草剂砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配应用于大豆Glycine max-玉米Zea mays带状复合种植田的可行性,在温室内采用Gowing法测定砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配的联合作用类型,并通过盆栽法测定两者复配制剂80%砜吡·嗪草酮水分散粒剂（water dispersiblegranule,WDG）的杂草防除谱以及对大豆和玉米的安全性。结果显示,砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配防除禾本科杂草马唐Digitaria sanguinalis和稗Echinochloa oryzicola的联合作用类型属于增效作用;对阔叶杂草苘麻Abutilon theophrasti和龙葵Solanum nigrum的联合作用类型属于加成作用。80%砜吡·嗪草酮WDG对6种禾本科杂草马唐、稗、牛筋草Eleusine indica、狗尾草Setaira viridis、虎尾草Chloris virgata、大狗尾草Setaira faberii和4种阔叶杂草马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、青葙Celosia argentea、铁苋菜Acalypha australis、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus的防除效果均很好,其GR50在6.1~21.6 g (a.i.)/hm2之间,GR90在16.3~50.5 g (a.i.)/hm2之间,对苘麻和龙葵的防除效果略差,其GR50分别为53.3 g (a.i.)/hm2和25.4 g (a.i.)/hm2,GR90分别为282.1 g (a.i.)/hm2和96.7 g (a.i.)/hm2,低于其田间推荐剂量300~360 g (a.i.)/hm2,且该药剂对玉米和大豆的安全性都很高,在玉米与马唐、稗、牛筋草、马齿苋、青葙及铁苋菜这6种杂草之间的选择性指数均大于13.6,在大豆与这6种杂草之间的选择性指数均远大于28.5。表明砜吡草唑完全可与嗪草酮复配应用于大豆-玉米带状复合种植田的杂草防除。 相似文献
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采用定点观察与踏查相结合的方法,调查了保护性耕作燕麦田的杂草种类及危害特点; 设置化学单因素和多因素除草、机械除草、农业措施控草、人工除草、机械+化学除草及综合除草6个大处理,37个小处理,研究了保护性耕作燕麦田杂草综合防除的效果和草害水平。结果表明：保护性耕作燕麦田主要分布的杂草有6科14种,其中藜、猪毛菜和狗尾草为主要危害杂草,其发生时间主要在5月中旬—6月中上旬;不同措施对保护性耕作燕麦田杂草的防除效果差异明显,其对杂草的防除效果依次为综合除草＞人工除草＞机械+化学除草＞化学多因素除草＞化学单因素除草＞机械除草＞不同覆盖度控草＞不同播量控草＞耕作制度控草＞不同播期控草。 相似文献
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发展化学除草重视综合治理 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
我国农田杂草有２５０多种，全国农田受草害面积４３００多万ｈｍ２，平均受草害减产１３．４％，每年减产粮食１７５０万ｔ，皮棉２５．５万ｔ和大豆５０万ｔ。传统农业生产采用机械作业及人力等除草。随着农村经济的发展，化学除草面积迅速扩大，全国农田化学除草面积从１９７５年的１７０万ｈｍ２增加到１９９５年的４１３３万ｈｍ２。但是，长期化学除草也带来了除草剂土壤残留对后茬作物药害、农田杂草种群更替和产生抗药性等新问题。必须重视农田杂草综合治理，通过采用各种有效的农业技术措施，为农作物保持良好的生态条件，结合化学除草才是最有效的防除杂草方法 相似文献
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农田杂草的环保型防除 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
化学除草以其省工、省时、使用简便、除草速度快而成为人们农田除草的首选方法。但因其除草剂淋溶性、残效性均较大 ,长期大量不合理使用会造成土壤及地下水遭受污染 ,当茬及下茬作物产生药害 ,杂草产生抗药性。本文旨在从杂草防除的环保型角度出发 ,介绍我们采用的杂草防除技术。1 农田杂草来源1 1 田外杂草1 1 1 种子 从外地调种可能是田间杂草异地传播的一个不可忽视的来源。1 1 2 粪肥 农家肥原料有秸秆、杂草、落叶、垃圾、人粪尿等 ,如果不经高温沤制 ,草籽仍保持生命力 ,会随肥料进入农田。1 2 3 水源 农田沟渠中有大… 相似文献
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为探究安全、高效的胡萝卜田苗后杂草化学防除技术,采用盆钵法研究了13种苗后茎叶处理除草剂对胡萝卜的室内安全性,并对筛选得到的苗后除草剂进行了初步的田间药效及安全性试验。结果表明：供试13种除草剂中扑草净对胡萝卜的安全性较好,在225 g（a.i.）/hm2剂量下,胡萝卜苗的鲜重为53.61 g,与对照无显著差异,未出现药害反应;在450、750 g（a.i.）/hm2剂量下分别出现了1级和2级的低级别药害反应;而噁草酮、氰草津、嘧啶肟草醚、双草醚、辛酰溴苯腈、乙氧氟草醚、乙羧氟草醚、咪唑乙烟酸、灭草松、噻吩磺隆、双氟磺草胺和氯吡嘧磺隆在推荐剂量下,对胡萝卜鲜重抑制率为19.30%~100.00%,出现了3~5级的药害反应。扑草净对胡萝卜田杂草有较好的防效,在剂量为450~600 g（a.i.）/hm2时对胡萝卜田杂草总体的株防效和鲜重防效均达到80.56%以上,且对胡萝卜安全,无药害反应。胡萝卜田苗后杂草化学防除建议使用450~600 g（a.i.）/hm2扑草净进行茎叶喷雾处理,可达到对禾本科和阔叶杂草的有效防除,且对胡萝卜安全。 相似文献
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喹草酮与莠去津复配防除杂草效果及对高粱的安全性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为明确对羟基丙酮酸双氧化酶抑制剂类新型除草剂喹草酮应用于高粱田的可行性，于2018-2019年在温室和田间测定喹草酮与莠去津复配的除草效果及对高粱的安全性。温室试验结果表明，喹草酮与莠去津复配对狗尾草Setaria viridis和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti均有很好的防除效果，两者按有效成分用量比1：4~1：7配比对狗尾草的GR50在134.40~168.92 g （a.i.）/hm2之间，明显好于喹草酮和莠去津单独施用时的GR50，分别为150.53g （a.i.）/hm2和589.30g （a.i.）/hm2；两者复配对狗尾草的共毒系数在234.80~311.03之间，远大于120.00，显示出明显的增效作用；对苘麻的共毒系数在140.16~168.38之间，也表现出增效作用；对马唐Digitaria sanguinalis也有较好的防除效果；喹草酮与莠去津按有效成分用量比1：5复配的制剂在最高用量3 600g （a.i.）/hm2处理下，3个高粱品种生长均正常，且对高粱和杂草之间的选择性指数远大于6.59，对高粱的安全性高。田间试验结果表明，喹草酮与莠去津复配应用于高粱田对高粱安全，且对田间杂草野稷Panicum ruderale、虎尾草Rabdosia eriocalys、稗Echinochloa crus-galli、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus和藜Chenopodium album等均有极好的防除效果，2018-2019年对高粱田杂草的总株防效分别为94.2%和92.8%，鲜重防效分别为95.6%和94.2%，明显高于药剂对照50%异甲·莠去津悬浮剂土壤处理和37%二氯·莠去津悬浮剂茎叶处理的防除效果。表明喹草酮与莠去津复配应用于高粱田防除杂草效果良好。 相似文献
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泰州市农田杂草的变化与防除对策 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
近年来,随着多种轻型栽培技术的大面积推广,尤其是直播、套播面积的逐年扩大,江苏省泰州市农田杂草的发生程度呈加重趋势,突出表现为草害面积加大、重草田块数量上升、田间草相趋于复杂。同时,由于近年来缺乏除草剂新品种,长期使用同类除草剂,使得杂草抗药性呈增强趋势,从而加大了农田杂草的发生危害和防除难度。为有效控制农田杂草危害,我们在调查摸清杂草发生新特点的基础上,优化配套农业措施和推广化学防除技术,有效地保障了农作物丰产丰收。1农田杂草发生特点1.1麦田杂草1.1.1麦田杂草种类增多,草相变化大近年来对麦田杂草调查显示,全市… 相似文献
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通过对广西东南部红黄壤区20个乡镇蔗田杂草调查明确,广西贵港蔗田杂草种类有152种,分属32科,其中菊科27种,占总数17.76％,其次是禾本科22种,占总数14.47％,其他依次为莎草科、苋科、大戟科、锦葵科等。蔗田杂草发生危害的特点是种类多、密度大、生长量大、前期生态控制作用小。药剂芽前土壤处理试验结果表明,F6285有效量30 g／667 m2、啶嘧磺隆3.3 g／667 m2、禾耐斯90 g／667 m2,药后40 d杂草株防效和鲜重防效均在86.5％以上,显著高于都尔、莠去津。药剂茎叶处理试验结果表明,阿·敌有效量140 g／667 m2、阿灭净有效量130 g／667 m2、啶嘧磺隆有效量3.3 g／667 m2+展着剂885.22.5 g／667 m2,药后30 d株防效和鲜重防效均可达到78.5％以上。 相似文献
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ZE PU ZHANG 《Weed Biology and Management》2003,3(4):197-203
More than 200 species of weeds are infesting main crop fields in China, among which approximately 30 species are major weeds causing great crop yield losses. About 35.8 million hectares of crop fields are heavily infested by weeds and the annual reduction of crop yields is 12.3–16.5% (weighted average). Along with rural economic development, approximately 50% of the main crop fields undergo herbicide application. Chemical weed control has changed cultural practices to save weeding labor in rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and cotton. At the same time, continuous use of the same herbicides has caused weed shift problems and weed resistance to herbicides. Consequently, integrated weed management in main crops is being developed. 相似文献
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近年我国农田杂草防控中的突出问题与治理对策 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
我国田园杂草有1 400多种,严重危害的130余种,恶性杂草37种。我国杂草发生面积约9 246.7万hm2次,防治面积1.04亿hm2次,挽回粮食损失2 699万t,每年主粮作物仍有近300万t产量损失。杂草防控中的突出问题是:杂草群落演替,难治杂草种群增加;除草剂单一使用,杂草抗药性发展迅速;除草剂对作物药害频发,影响种植结构调整;新除草剂创制能力不足,难以满足不同作物田除草需求;农村劳动力短缺,杂草防控更依赖于化学防治。解决上述问题,应实施以下对策:加强杂草发生危害的监测预警,科学轮换使用除草剂,推广除草剂减量与替代技术,加快新除草剂研制及推广应用,加速耐除草剂作物商业化进程,推进统防统治及农民培训。 相似文献
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HIROAKI WATANABE 《Weed Biology and Management》2011,11(4):175-189
Since the introduction of rice production in Japan, lowland areas have been managed for rice production with the purpose of better rice growth, as well as lesser weed infestation. Rice is cropped every year in lowland fields by repeated cultivation of a single crop, with high yields and without soil sickness usually being observed in upland fields. This is probably because the irrigation water supplies various nutrients for healthy rice growth and the drainage washes out and removes harmful factors. However, until recently, the wet or flooded conditions of lowland fields in the Asian monsoon region never have allowed humans to cultivate useful summer crops, except rice or some aquatic plants. Therefore, the management of lowland areas in the Asian monsoon region has been significantly different from European field management, where crop rotation has been the traditional standard practice. Paddy weeds are aquatic plants or hygrophytes that have adapted to lowland fields. Traditionally, tillage and puddling were practiced seasonally in lowland fields on a regular schedule every year. Rice cultivation technology was developed and supported by regional irrigation systems that created stable environments for typical paddy weeds to complete their life cycle. After the introduction of chemical weed control, rice fields became very severe habitats for these paddy weeds, where they could not grow and reproduce without strategies for survival under herbicide exposure. Even so, many of the traditional paddy weeds survived because of their accumulated or uneradicated seed banks, although several aquatic plants were listed as endangered or threatened species. The important weed species changed, sometimes rapidly and sometimes slowly, depending both on their reproductive system and their biological response towards field management and weed control systems. Very recently, the level of perennial weeds, herbicide‐resistant weeds, and weedy rice has increased in paddy fields that are highly dependent on herbicide use. In addition, several hygrophyte species have invaded paddy fields. In order to address these issues, the improvement and application of integrated weed management methods are expected to be critical. 相似文献
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J Petersen 《Weed Research》2003,43(1):33-39
Summary The experiments were carried out in the two spring barley fields of the organic six-course cattle:crop rotation at Foulumgaard, Denmark. The weed density was 300 and 1800 plants m−2 respectively. Pig slurry was applied by hand in microplots by four methods: broadcasting followed by incorporation, or injected in bands to depths of 5, 10 or 15 cm. Spring barley and weeds were sampled separately six times during the tillering and elongation phase of the spring barley. The effect of application method on dry-matter (d.m.) production, nitrogen uptake and recovery of applied nitrogen in the spring barley and the weeds is reported. Slurry banding halved the weed d.m. and weed N uptake compared with broadcasting, irrespective of weed density. Weeds recovered up to 12% of the applied nitrogen, which made them a significant competitor when the slurry was broadcast and incorporated. Banding by direct injection reduced the slurry:soil contact and the weed:crop competition balance for applied nitrogen moved in favour of the crop. Thus, the crop recovery of applied nitrogen at the end of the sampling period was increased from approximately 45% for broadcast and incorporated to approximately 50% for injected slurry, and coincidental weed recovery was reduced to a maximum of 5%. As the nitrogen supply normally affects plant d.m. production, banding of slurry might well improve crop competitiveness and its tolerance to mechanical weed control. 相似文献
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Annual weed populations establish every year from persistent seed banks in the soil. This 3 year study investigated the relationship between the number of weed seeds in the soil seed bank and the resultant populations of major broadleaf and grass weeds in 30 maize fields. After planting the crop, 1 m2 areas were protected from the pre-emergence herbicide application. Soil samples were collected soon after spraying to a depth of 100 mm and the weed seeds therein were enumerated. The emerged weed seedlings in the field sampling areas were counted over the following 8 weeks. Up to 67 broadleaf species and five grass weeds were identified, although not all were found at every site and some were specific to a region or soil type. For the most abundant weeds in the field plots, on average 2.1–8.2% of the seeds of the broadleaf species and 6.2–11.9% of the seeds of the grass weeds in the soil seed bank emerged in any one year, depending on the species. Overall, the results showed a strong linear relationship between the seed numbers in the soil and the seedling numbers in the field for all the grasses and for most broadleaf weeds. For some species, like Trifolium repens , only a weak relationship was observed. In the case of Chenopodium album , which had the largest seed bank, there was evidence of asymptotic behavior, with seedling emergence leveling off at high seed numbers. An estimate of the soil seed bank combined with knowledge of the germination and behavior of specific weed species would thus have good potential for predicting future weed infestations in maize fields. 相似文献
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Hidejiro Shibayama 《Weed Biology and Management》2001,1(1):53-60
The area of paddy rice fields in Japan was 1.79 million ha in 1998 almost all of which was planted with young seedlings from nursery boxes by a mechanical rice transplanter. Japanese farmers controlled paddy weeds mainly by chemical herbicides, which were applied around 1.8 times in one growing season of rice by sequential treatment. The cost of herbicides was 35 320 ¥/ha on average, the main of which was ‘one‐shot’ herbicides, while weeding labor for the paddy field, including herbicide application, was 19.0 h/ha, or 29 976 ¥/ha in labor cost, in 1998. Under the Integrated Weed Management (IWM) for sustainable paddy rice production, other technologies for weed management are also recommended to paddy farmers, such as ecological or cultural, mechanical, biological methods and so on. 相似文献
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Planning effective weed control in cropping systems requires exact appraisal of the weed intensity and duration of their competition with the crops. This 2‐year study was carried out in order to determine the critical weed control period in sesame fields. Related and relative crop yields were monitored and analyzed using a four‐parametric log‐logistic model. We recorded data from weed‐free plots and compared these with data from different periods of weed interference. In both the study years, the longer period of weed interference decreased the relative yield of sesame, whereas the yield was increased with increasing duration of the weed‐free period. A 51–78.7% decline in sesame yield was noted if the weeds were allowed to compete with the crop from planting to harvest. In the first year, the duration of the critical period for weed control (CPWC) was 177–820 growing degree days (GDD), which corresponded to 14–64 days after crop emergence (DAE), and between 170 and 837 GDD (13–64 DAE) in the second year; this was based on a 5% acceptable yield loss. The results of this study clearly elaborated that maintaining weed‐free conditions is compulsory from as early as the second week after the emergence of sesame plants, and this should be maintained at least until the ninth week to avoid sesame yield losses by more than 5%. These findings show that growers can benefit from CPWC to improve weed control in sesame production, including the efficacy of a weed control program and its cost. 相似文献
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Change in weed control studies of rice paddy fields in Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper was reviewed on the research status of weed control according to cultivating patterns of rice in Korea. Weed control study in a nursery bed was chiefly carried out to control the species of barnyardgrass at the times of machine transplanting. Propanil and nitrofen were applied successfully in wet-nursery beds, and chlornitrofen and pyrazolate/butachlor were also successfully applied in protected semi-irrigated rice nursery beds in the 1970s. Sequential application of herbicides in the mid-1980s has resulted in the end of hand weeding. In machine transplanting, basic research such as the selection of herbicides was conducted in the early 1970s, and its related research including crop injury, seedling age, and reaction of cultivars were done in the late 1970s to early 1980s. Effects of the continuous application of herbicides and its methods of labor saving for rice cultivation were studied in the mid to late 1980s. When the rice planting methods were newly established, such as transplanting when seedlings were 10-days-old and direct seeding from the early 1990s, weed control research relating to herbicides was carried out (e.g. herbicide registration, crop injury, water management, appropriate application time, and neighboring application with insecticide). Weed control for the dill seeding of fields in wetted and reclaimed saline land have been experimented with, particularly in terms of the physio-ecological characteristics and the control of problematic weeds, and the resistance of weeds to herbicides was also investigated systematically. 相似文献