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1.
外来广聚萤叶甲对非靶标植物的选择行为 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为评估外来广聚萤叶甲作为入侵豚草的潜在生物防治作用物对非靶标植物的潜在风险,分别观察了成虫产卵和初孵幼虫取食的选择行为,首次在杂草天敌寄主专一性测定中采用生存分析（失败时间分析）法,比较了在三裂叶豚草、苍耳、食用农家向日葵三道黑品种、油用向日葵辽丰F51品种、多花向日葵和菊芋等菊科向日葵族非靶标植物上的产卵识别期和初孵幼虫取食前期的差异。研究结果表明,在三裂叶豚草和苍耳上产卵的概率与豚草没有显著差异,但在几种向日葵属植物上产卵的概率显著低于豚草;初孵幼虫对农家向日葵的取食选择概率与豚草没有显著差异,在其他供试植物上的取食前期均显著延长（P〈0.05）。对应用广聚萤叶甲防治外来入侵豚草对非靶标植物的潜在风险进行了讨论。 相似文献
2.
A prioritization process for invasive alien plant species incorporating the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014 
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下载免费PDF全文 E. Branquart G. Brundu S. Buholzer D. Chapman P. Ehret G. Fried U. Starfinger J. van Valkenburg R. Tanner 《EPPO Bulletin》2016,46(3):603-617
When faced with a large species pool of invasive or potentially invasive alien plants, prioritization is an essential prerequisite for focusing limited resources on species which inflict high impacts, have a high rate of spread and can be cost‐effectively managed. The prioritization process as detailed within this paper is the first tool to assess species for priority for risk assessment (RA) in the European Union (EU) specifically designed to incorporate the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014. The prioritization process can be used for any plant species alien to the EU, whether currently present within the territory or absent. The purpose of the prioritization is to act as a preliminarily evaluation to determine which species have the highest priority for RA at the EU level and may eventually be proposed for inclusion in the list of invasive alien species of EU concern. The preliminary risk assessment stage (Stage 1), prioritizes species into one of four lists (EU List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU Observation List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU List of Minor Concern and the Residual List) based on their potential for spread coupled with impacts. The impacts on native species and ecosystem functions and related ecosystem services are emphasized in line with Article 4.3(c) of the Regulation. Only those species included in the EU List of Invasive Alien Plants proceed to Stage 2 where potential for further spread and establishment coupled with evaluating preventative and management actions is evaluated. The output of Stage 2 is to prioritize those species which have the highest priority for a RA at the EU level or should be considered under national measures which may involve a trade ban, cessation of cultivation, monitoring, control, containment or eradication. When considering alien plant species for the whole of the EPPO region, or for species under the Plant Health Regulation, the original EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants remains the optimum tool. 相似文献
3.
The EPPO Decision‐support scheme (DSS) for Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) was fundamentally revised by the PRATIQUE EU project. Based on the examples of Polygonum perfoliatum (mile‐a‐minute‐weed) and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), its applicability for invasive alien plants was tested. By means of a comparison of the risk analysis procedures with EPPO schemes before and after the project, pest group specific enhancements are outlined. For the two plants tested here, documented invasion history as well as biotic and abiotic requirements show that they can establish and spread in Europe and cause damage. PRATIQUE revisions to the EPPO DSS increased transparency, user friendliness and consistency for PRAs on invasive alien plants. This was accomplished through more comprehensive rating guidance, and aspects such as allowing individual risk elements to be documented and summarized to give a conclusive end result. 相似文献
4.
The EFSA assessment of Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae as biocontrol agent of the invasive alien plant Acacia longifolia: a new area of activity for the EFSA Plant Health Panel? 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 This paper summarizes the first assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Plant Health (PLH) Panel of a biological control agent (BCA) of an invasive plant. This followed a request by the European Union (EU) Commission to assess the risk to plant health in the EU of an intentional release of the bud‐galling wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae for the control of Acacia longifolia. The EFSA PLH Panel also published a statement on the process of assessing the risk of the intentional releases of BCAs of invasive alien plants. Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae feeds on A. longifolia and Acacia floribunda. Acacia longifolia is an invasive alien plant species that has a negative effect on biodiversity and ecosystems in Portugal, whereas A. floribunda is not invasive in the EU. Both species are cultivated as ornamental plants in some EU countries. Climatic conditions in the EU are suitable for establishment of T. acaciaelongifoliae where host species are present. This BCA is moderately likely to spread in the EU by natural means, but could be intentionally moved to control A. longifolia in other locations. Its potential effects on invasive A. longifolia and on the cultivated ornamentals were assessed. The EFSA PLH Panel has shown with this work how such advice could be provided in the European Union. 相似文献
5.
Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is one of the most aggressive invasive weeds, threatening natural ecosystems and agroecosystems in over 30 countries worldwide. Parthenium weed causes losses of crops and pastures, degrading the biodiversity of natural plant communities, causing human and animal health hazards and resulting in serious economic losses to people and their interests in many countries around the globe. Several of its biological and ecological attributes contribute towards its invasiveness. Various management approaches (namely cultural, mechanical, chemical and biological control) have been used to minimise losses caused by this weed, but most of these approaches are ineffective and uneconomical and/or have limitations. Although chemical control using herbicides and biological control utilising exotic insects and pathogens have been found to contribute to the management of the weed, the weed nevertheless remains a significant problem. An integrated management approach is proposed here for the effective management of parthenium weed on a sustainable basis. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
6.
After a difficult start, classical biological control of weeds is becoming recognized as an option for management of invasive plants in European Union (EU) Member States with intentional releases in three countries over the past 5 years. Many European countries are benefitting from the presence of Stenopelmus rufinasus, the azolla weevil, which has been accidentally introduced to the region. However, the UK experience with the official release of the psyllid Aphalara itadori against Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and the subsequent release of the rust Puccinia komarovii var glanduliferae against Impatiens glandulifera showed the regulatory framework that could be followed by EU Member States. This process was followed in advance of the subsequent release of Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae, a specific Australian bud‐galling wasp, against the invasive Acacia longifolia in Portugal. Soon the case of Ophraella communa, another accidental introduction that is severely limiting Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations, will influence affected countries, some of which have been uninterested in this technique until now, to consider the advantages and disadvantages of classical biocontrol. The future looks bright for classical weed biocontrol and the EU Regulation on Invasive Species should further aid this situation. 相似文献
7.
The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides the background for National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) to regulate and control invasive alien species that are harmful to plants. This subject was specifically discussed for the first time 10 years ago at IPPC level, and further explored by an IPPC open‐ended working group. The resulting concept was considered at EU level, and the EU Council supported the suitability of the plant health framework for these species, requesting the EU Commission to further analyse the needs for regulatory work in the EU plant health regime. Subsequently the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) started a new working programme. The international conference ‘Invasive alien species and the IPPC’ set a signal for IPPC contracting parties to encourage their NPPOs to enforce actions on invasive alien species. IPPC standards on pest risk analysis (PRA) were adapted so as to include invasive alien species harmful to plants, and a memorandum of cooperation was adopted between the Secretariats of the IPPC and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). At present, the EU Commission, DG Environment is developing a European strategy on invasive alien species. The EU Plant Health Regulatory System is currently subjected to a major evaluation process in which a clearer inclusion of invasive alien species into the system is one of the strategic discussions. 相似文献
8.
This study presents a list of invasive alien plants that are found along roadsides in seven selected European countries – Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, Norway, Slovenia and Sweden – and an overview on the role of roadsides as a habitat for invasive alien plants. This compilation is based on national lists of invasive alien plants, a literature search and expert consultation. Comprising 89 species from 31 plant families, species introduced for horticulture dominate the list (65%). Thirteen species (14%) are widespread (occur in four or more countries) and include well‐known invasive plants such as Fallopia japonica, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Solidago canadensis and Solidago gigantea. Seventeen species are listed either on the EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants or on the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. Five species are on the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern (EU Regulation 1143/2014). The compiled list provides a snap‐shot of invasive alien plants currently found along roadsides in the selected countries. It allows for a more targeted approach to monitoring, containment and control of the most problematic invasive alien plants identified in each country. Moreover, the list may also be used to identify emerging (potentially) invasive alien plants along roadsides in other European countries that warrant monitoring and/or management. 相似文献
9.
我国是遭受外来入侵生物危害最严重的国家之一?目前国内对外来入侵植物的鉴定主要依靠调查人员的经验和专家的人工识别, 存在费时费力和主观性强的问题?针对上述问题, 本文在Android环境下开发了一个实时便捷的外来入侵植物智能识别系统, 由移动客户端APP?云服务器和基于深度学习的外来入侵植物识别模型组成?调查者可以通过手机客户端APP拍摄植物图像, 上传至云服务器, 识别模型会自动识别图像上的植物, 识别结果和防治信息在1~2 s内反馈至用户客户端, 还可以远程请求专家鉴定?该系统对35科135种入侵植物的平均识别率达到85.3%?基于Android的外来入侵植物智能识别系统实现了中国常见入侵植物信息查询?自动识别?入侵植物采集点地图显示和专家远程鉴定等功能, 为野外调查人员提供了一个便捷准确的外来入侵植物自动识别和调查工具? 相似文献
10.
探讨云南省昆明地区常见农田杂草种类组成及外来入侵杂草的来源,为农田杂草防控提供理论依据。昆明地区常见农田杂草分属34科共计151种;优势科的现象十分明显,其中菊科(Compositae)占31种,禾本科(Gramineae)占22种,十字花科(Cruciferae)占10种。在所调查的151种杂草植物中,外来杂草有48种,其中菊科外来杂草植物有13种;48种外来杂草植物中,来自美洲大陆的外来杂草共占28种,来自非洲大陆的外来杂草植物占3种,来自欧洲大陆的外来杂草占10种。昆明地区常见的农田杂草以菊科、禾本科、十字花科、蓼科杂草植物为主,占调查总杂草种数的47.1%;昆明地区常见农田外来杂草以菊科、苋科、禾本科杂草植物为主,占总调查外来杂草种数的45.8%;昆明地区常见农田外来杂草以来自美洲大陆地区的草本植物为主,占总外来杂草植物种数的58.3%。因此,在农业生产中,要加强对菊科、苋科、禾本科杂草植物的监管及有效防控;在引进外来植物物种时,要对来自美洲的植物特别是菊科植物加强风险评估及鉴定。 相似文献
11.
Simon V. Fowler 《Pest management science》1993,37(4):393-397
Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) is an invasive native weed in the UK causing problems in upland agriculture and in land of amenity and conservation value; it may represent a risk to human health. Existing control methods such as cutting or herbicide use are subject to practical, economic or environmental constraints in many areas of the UK. Classical biological control of bracken would involve the introduction of specialist bracken-feeding herbivores from other parts of the world. Classical biological weed control has a reasonable record of success in other parts of the world and an exemplary safety record, but remains untried in the UK. The typical development of a classical weed biocontrol programme is presented using the UK bracken programme as an example. Finally the current position of this classical biocontrol programme is reviewed with an assessment of the prospects for the future. With appropriate funding, a full field release of at least one species of South African bracken-feeding moth should be achieved during the mid-1990s. 相似文献
12.
外来入侵物种三裂叶豚草(Ambrosia trifida L.)及其风险分析 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
外来入侵物种严重威胁着农业生产、生态安全及人类健康,已成为世界各国广泛关注和研究的热点。本文对外来杂草三裂叶豚草(Ambrosia trifida L.)的起源和分布、生物生态学特性、经济和生态影响及其控制管理措施等进行了系统综述。根据生物生态学特性、潜在风险及管理控制的难度等指标,初步建立了外来杂草的风险评估体系。应用该体系对三裂叶豚草进行了风险评估,得出其风险值为83,属高度危险的检疫性有害生物。 相似文献
13.
[目的]为进一步了解庐山地区现有外来植物现状,掌握庐山外来植物数据,为庐山外来植物管理提供参考依据.[方法]运用线路踏查法进行野外调查并结合相关文献、标本资料,对庐山外来植物种类、生活型、 原产地、引入途径以及外来入侵植物种类进行研究.[结果]庐山外来植物共有89科309属448种:(1)菊科植物种类最多,有69种,约占总数的15.4％;(2)草本类外来植物有289种,占比最大,约64.5％;其次是乔木,83种,约占总数的18.5％;(3)原产于美洲的植物最多,有178种,约占总数的39.2％;其次是亚洲,有106种,约占23.3％;欧洲、非洲和大洋洲所占植物较少;(4)大部分外来植物为有意引种,引种目的主要为观赏;(5)庐山外来入侵植物有115种,占外来植物总数的25.67％.[结论]庐山的生态环境特殊,外来植物种类丰富,建议加强外来植物监管监测、科学引种,同时加大外来入侵植物危害宣传,完善外来入侵植物防治措施. 相似文献
14.
Although the enemy release hypothesis forms the theoretical basis for classical (=importation) biological control of invasive pests, its core assumptions are not always examined. This could contribute to unrealistic expectations for some biological control programs. In this paper we examine the assumptions that: (i) enemy release has contributed to the invasive nature of four exotic pentatomids in North America; and (ii) classical biological control with egg parasitoids has been or will be successful in reducing populations of these pests below economically significant levels. First, we review the history of biological control programs against invasive stink bugs to highlight the variable and controversial levels of success of introducing egg parasitoids against stink bugs. Then, we use simple stage‐structured matrix models to demonstrate that it may be easy to overestimate the contribution of egg parasitism alone to a reduction in stink bug population growth. Finally, we discuss what realistic expectations might be for success of biological control against invasive stink bugs using egg parasitoids in the context of integrated pest management programs. © 2020 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Pest Management Science © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
15.
Biological invasion is increasing worldwide and the management of invasive species is becoming an important priority for vegetation managers. Success of invasive species management depends on a thorough understanding of the biology of the organism in question and the effectiveness of current management efforts, in order to identify the best practices for management improvement. In this review, we synthesised current biological knowledge of a noxious invasive weed Ageratina adenophora to identify knowledge gaps and assessed management efforts to identify best practices. Finally, we proposed some priority areas for future research to fill knowledge gaps and improve management. Our analysis showed that A. adenophora has already invaded 40 countries, mainly in Asia, Oceania, Africa and Europe. Phenotypic plasticity, allelopathic interference and invasion‐mediated changes in the soil microbial community are the proposed mechanisms that facilitate rapid spread of this weed. However, allelopathy as a mechanism of invasion success of this weed has not been supported by ecologically meaningful experiments. Though mechanical, chemical and biological control measures have been used, their success remains limited and the weed continues to spread in new regions. Among seven biological control agents examined to date, gall fly (Procecidochares utilis) and leaf spot fungus (Passalora ageratinae) have been effective in limited areas to suppress growth of this weed. Some perennial native grasses (e.g. Setaria sphacellata and Lolium perenne) have shown potential to competitively suppress A. adenophora. In conclusion, understanding the invasion mechanisms, exploring further to identify effective biological control agents, combined with approaches of ecological restoration, could help in the management of this weed. 相似文献
16.
Frédéric Baldacchino Beniamino Caputo Fabrice Chandre Andrea Drago Alessandra della Torre Fabrizio Montarsi Annapaola Rizzoli 《Pest management science》2015,71(11):1471-1485
Five species of invasive Aedes mosquitoes have recently become established in Europe: Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Ae. japonicus japonicus, Ae. koreicus and Ae. atropalpus. These mosquitoes are a serious nuisance for people and are also competent vectors for several exotic pathogens such as dengue and chikungunya viruses. As they are a growing public health concern, methods to control these mosquitoes need to be implemented to reduce their biting and their potential for disease transmission. There is a crucial need to evaluate methods as part of an integrated invasive mosquito species control strategy in different European countries, taking into account local Aedes infestations and European regulations. This review presents the control methods available or in development against invasive Aedes mosquitoes, with a particular focus on those that can be implemented in Europe. These control methods are divided into five categories: environmental (source reduction), mechanical (trapping), biological (e.g. copepods, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Wolbachia), chemical (insect growth regulators, pyrethroids) and genetic (sterile insect technique and genetically modified mosquitoes). We discuss the effectiveness, ecological impact, sustainability and stage of development of each control method. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
17.
We report the occurrence of the North American ragweed leaf beetle Ophraella communa in Europe. During our surveys to monitor populations of the invasive alien plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Europe, we found the beetle south of the Alps, in more than 130 sites in southern Switzerland (Ticino) and northern Italy (Lombardia, Piemonte and Emilia‐Romagna). At sites where O. communa was present, up to 100% of the plants were attacked with damage levels high enough to completely defoliate and prevent flowering and seed set of most ragweed plants. That in its first year of discovery, O. communa was already found over a large area of c. 20 000 km2 and in all habitat types occupied by A. artemisiifolia reflects its great dispersal potential and wide habitat suitability. This oligophagous beetle is a successful biological control agent against A. artemisiifolia in China, but despite extensive host specificity tests, the risk of attack and the level of damage of sunflower under field conditions remain unclear. The recently launched COST Action on ‘Sustainable management of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Europe (SMARTER)’ offers an ideal framework to respond quickly to the recent establishment of O. communa in Europe and to collect data that can help determine whether this event should be considered a troublesome introduction or whether it is likely to become the first case of a successful biological control of an invasive weed in continental Europe. 相似文献
18.
孙志凡 《中国生物防治学报》2018,34(4):533-538
随着经济全球化的加速,外来生物入侵现象日益严重。外来入侵生物一直被认为是世界范围内对生物多样性最大威胁之一,其对全球的经济发展、生态环境及人类健康造成了巨大的危害。由于复杂独特的地貌和各种气候类型,中国的外来生物入侵问题也正在面临巨大的挑战。针对这一现状笔者浅析了我国外来生物入侵的立法概况,指出我国在外来入侵生物立法过程中存在的问题,如立法地位低、制度薄弱、立法本意的背离、对长期利益的忽视和法律责任制度不明确等。为了完善我国外来入侵生物的法律制度,本文结合外来入侵生物的国际公约和外国法律,如美国、日本等法律法规,提出相关建议,包括立法化以防止外来生物入侵;整合行政资源,建立专门机构以限制外来生物的使用;建立对外来入侵生物和应急反应机制的跟踪和监控措施。 相似文献
19.
Unlike biocontrol of insect pests, biocontrol of invasive weeds is not largely studied in Eurasia, but remains an ecologically sound approach to invasive species management. The case study of silverleaf nightshade ( Solanum elaeagnifolium ) is a good example of a New World weed which has been introduced and is spreading over the Mediterranean Basin. S. elaeagnifolium economically impacts agricultural areas by competing with cereal crops, damaging pastures, and infesting meadows and roadsides. This paper deals with classical biological control of S. elaeagnifolium in the Mediterranean basin with natural enemies from the region of origin of the target plant, using studies conducted on other continents. Natural enemies are listed and their capability to attack and control the target plant is discussed. Special attention is devoted to Leptinotarsa texana and L. deflecta , chrysomelid beetles already released with success against S. elaeagnifolium in South Africa, one of the five Mediterranean-type regions of the world. 相似文献
20.
Enhancing the effectiveness of biological control programs of invasive species through a more comprehensive pest management approach 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Joseph M DiTomaso Robert A Van Steenwyk Robert M Nowierski Jennifer L Vollmer Eric Lane Earl Chilton Patrick L Burch Phil E Cowan Kenneth Zimmerman Christopher P Dionigi 《Pest management science》2017,73(1):9-13
Invasive species are one of the greatest economic and ecological threats to agriculture and natural areas in the US and the world. Among the available management tools, biological control provides one of the most economical and long‐term effective strategies for managing widespread and damaging invasive species populations of nearly all taxa. However, integrating biological control programs in a more complete integrated pest management approach that utilizes increased information and communication, post‐release monitoring, adaptive management practices, long‐term stewardship strategies, and new and innovative ecological and genetic technologies can greatly improve the effectiveness of biological control. In addition, expanding partnerships among relevant national, regional, and local agencies, as well as academic scientists and land managers, offers far greater opportunities for long‐term success in the suppression of established invasive species. In this paper we direct our recommendations to federal agencies that oversee, fund, conduct research, and develop classical biological control programs for invasive species. By incorporating these recommendations into adaptive management strategies, private and public land managers will have far greater opportunities for long‐term success in suppression of established invasive species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献