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1.
Abstract A programme for the biological control of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) was carried out in Tunisia between 1996 and 1998. Two exotic parasitoids, Ageniaspis citricola (Logvinovskaya) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) and Semielacher petiolatus Girault (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), were introduced from Australia, mass-reared in a greenhouse on Citrus aurantium L. seedlings infested with P. citrella, and released in different orchards located in the major citrus-growing area of Tunisia. In 1996, A. citricola was recovered in 39.13% of release sites, reaching a maximum percentage of parasitism of 28%. In 1997, the parasitoid was recovered in a third of all release points, with an average percentage of parasitism of 5%. However, the wasp was unable to survive the winter 1998, and has become extinct. The non-establishment of A. citricola may have been due to the more arid climatic conditions present during the rainless summer and most of the autumn in Tunisia. By contrast, the establishment, dispersal, and reduction in citrus leafminer population observed with S. petiolatus between 1997 and 1998 shows this species to be well-adapted to the Tunisian climate. The average percentage parasitism of P. citrella by S. petiolatus increased from 6.6% in 1997 to 15% in 1998. Moreover, S. petiolatus was established in 76% of release points in 1997 and in 82% in 1998. It spread as much as 30 km from some release points, with no apparent decline in parasitism levels with distance. Semielacher petiolatus is considered to be an effective biological control of the leafminer in Tunisia. Its biological control action would supplement the action of the native parasitoids Pnigalio sp. and Cirrospilus pictus Nees (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). 相似文献
2.
Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella and its parasitoids in Sargodha region of Pakistan 
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下载免费PDF全文 In order to identify the parasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella, an important pest of Citrus, the larvae and pupae of this pest were collected from Citrus reticulata Blanco orchards in the Sargodha region of Pakistan. The parasitoid species were identified, and their abundance was recorded. A total of two species were identified: Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayan) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Out of a total of 409 P. citrella larvae and pupae collected, 73 C. phyllocnistoides and 39 C. ingenuus adults emerged. This paper documents the species and the abundance of the parasitoids associated with P. citrella in the Sargodha region of Pakistan. 相似文献
3.
The South American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a major threat to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. After its first detection in Spain in 2006, it spread rapidly through the Western Palaearctic region, arriving in Tunisia 2 years later. The aim of this research was to assess whether generalist indigenous parasitoids are adapting to this exotic host in Tunisian tomato crops. For this, we conducted a survey in four Tunisian tomato-growing areas by sampling infested leaves of tomato and solanaceous weeds and exposing artificially infested sentinel plants. Two ectoparasitoid species were found attacking and developing on T. absoluta: Bracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Necremnus sp. nr artynes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), whereas no egg or pupal parasitoids were found. The eulophid wasp was the most abundant with a peak of apparent parasitism rate of 25.5%. It emerged from parasitized T. absoluta young larvae in exposed sentinel plants and in sampled infested tomato leaves, both in greenhouse and open field cultivations. Bracon sp. showed a gregarious development on T. absoluta mature larvae and it was collected only on sentinel plants exposed in the Ragueda (Kiarouan) site, with 10.23% of estimated parasitism. Although further research is still needed to assess properly the ecological role of these parasitoids in the biological control of T. absoluta, this study represents the first step toward establishing the scientific basis for including these parasitoids in the Tunisian IPM and biological programs against this pest. 相似文献
4.
Antonios E. Tsagkarakis Argyro P. Kalaitzaki Dionyssios P. Lykouressis 《Phytoparasitica》2013,41(1):23-29
The relative abundance as well as the percentage of parasitism of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its parasitoids were studied in a citrus orchard with orange, mandarin and lemon trees in Greece. Infestation of P. citrella on each citrus host, as expressed by the number of mines per leaf, was significantly higher on lemon than on mandarin. The P. citrella parasitoid complex included the native species Neochrysocharis formosa and Pnigalio pectinicornis, as well as the introduced Citrostichus phyllocnistoides. The most abundant of those was N. formosa in all of the citrus species. The average percentage of parasitism was 13.1%, 13.8% and 11.7% on orange, mandarin and lemon, respectively. No significant differences in parasitism rate by each of the three parasitoid species separately were recorded among the three citrus species. 相似文献
5.
Z. Mendel A. Protasov D. Blumberg D. Brand Nitza Saphir Z. Madar J. La Salle 《Phytoparasitica》2007,35(4):330-332
Four parasitoids emerged from leaves galled by the waspOphelimus maskelli (Ashmead) that were collected in Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia:Closterocerus chameleon (Girault) and an unidentified Tetrastichinae species (Eulophidae); andStethynium ophelimi Huber andStethynium breviovipositor (Huber (Mymaridae).C. chamaeleon andS. ophelimi were released in eucalyptus plantations infested withO. maskelli in Israel. The recovery of the parasitoids, as well as several aspects of their possible role in control of the galls, were
studied. In view of the parasitism of the galler in Wagga Wagga, we suggest that the proportion ofS. ophelimi in the Israeli population ofO. maskelli will increase markedly as soon as the gall wasp population density reaches a very low level. 相似文献
6.
Biological Control of Alfalfa Weevil in North America 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is of Eurasian origin. This destructive pest of alfalfa (lucerne) was accidentally established in North America on three separate occasions. These introductions are commonly identified in the literature as biological strains: western alfalfa weevil, Egyptian alfalfa weevil (=Hypera brunneipennis Boheman), and eastern alfalfa weevil. Alfalfa weevil has been the target of classical biological control almost since its discovery in North America more than 90 years ago. These efforts have resulted in establishment of at least nine exotic parasitoids and egg predators: Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson), B. anurus (Thomson) and B. stenostigma (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); Microctonus aethiopoides Loan and M. colesi Drea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the latter of undetermined origin; Oomyzus incertus (Ratzenberg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); Dibrachoides dynastes (Forester) and Peridesmia discus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae); and Anaphes luna (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). A fungal pathogen, Zoophthora phytonomi Arthur (Phycomycetes: Entomophthoraceae), of undetermined origin, is becoming an increasingly important alfalfa weevil mortality factor. Most major USA alfalfa production areas now benefit from a complex of alfalfa weevil biological control agents. Collectively, these agents have effected substantial reduction in the economic importance of alfalfa weevil across the northern USA However, biological agents provide only partial control of alfalfa weevil, and importance of their contribution differs considerably with production area. Still, the benefits achieved, especially from reduced need for insecticides in alfalfa production, mark this as one of the great success stories of classical biological control in North America. 相似文献
7.
Fourteen species in two families of the order Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae (1 sp.) and Eulophidae (13 spp.), were recorded during
the study ofCameraria ohridella parasitoids at eight localities in Serbia. Among the observed parasitoids, the most significant species wereMinotetrastichus frontalis, Pediobius saulius, Pnigalio agraules andClosterocerus trifasciatus. In addition, at some localities the speciesMinotetrastichus platanellus andCirrospilus talitzkii were also significant. The parasitoids do not have a significant effect on the abundance ofC. ohridella because in the majority of study samples parasitism levels did not exceed 20%.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 23, 2004. 相似文献
8.
Jesús Selfa Carlo Polidori Josep Daniel Asís Luis De Pedro Juli Pujade-Villar José Tormos 《Phytoparasitica》2017,45(1):85-93
The most harmful hymenopteran pests of Pinus sylvestris L. are conifer sawflies from the family Diprionidae, including the widespread Diprion pini (L.). Natural enemies of this pest are still poorly known in many European areas where attacks occur. We studied the egg parasitoids of D. pini at four sites in two mountainous areas of Spain: the Sierra de Francia (western Spain) and the Sierra de Albarracín (eastern Spain). At all sites, the dominant egg parasitoid was Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), whereas other three chalcidoid species were rare. All these species were previously recorded in association with D. pini, but we report here their first record in Spain. Neochrysocharis formosa attacked up to 32.3% of egg clusters of D. pini in the Sierra de Albarracín and 18.5% in the Sierra de Francia. In the attacked egg clusters, this species parasitized up to 35% of eggs in the Sierra de Albarracín and 23.7% in the Sierra de Francia, with a marked female-biased sex ratio. Contrary to the clustered pattern of parasitism observed for N. formosa while attacking other gregarious diprionids, the oviposition in egg clusters of D. pini followed a random pattern, probably due to the froth roof (spumous coating) that covers its eggs and interferes with the egg-searching behavior of females. Indeed, other parasitoid species of D. pini have been reported to behave similarly. 相似文献
9.
Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) et son parasitoïde Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) au Maroc 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Leaf galls causing severe damage were observed on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the Gharb‐Maâmora region in 2002 due to Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reported for the first time in Morocco. Since then, this pest has spread to other eucalyptus stands nationwide. During field investigations, the authors noted that the degree of infestation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis differs from one region to another and were classified on a three‐level scale: low, moderate or high. The study of the life cycle of the insect in the field and in the laboratory revealed the presence of two generations per year. This work has shown that Closterocerus chamaeleon (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid used successfully in other EPPO countries as a biological control agent, is present in Morocco. The rate of parasitism was very high, which consequently resulted in the lack of damage caused by the gall pest on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Morocco. 相似文献
10.
Manuela Branco Conceição Boavida Nicolas Durand José Carlos Franco Zvi Mendel 《Phytoparasitica》2009,37(1):51-54
The Eucalyptus gall wasp Ophelimus maskelli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and its parasitoid Closterocerus chamaeleon (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were observed for the first time in Portugal, in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Data on the distribution
of O. maskelli in Portugal, differences in the susceptibility of two host species, Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and parasitism by C. chamaeleon are given. 相似文献
11.
Data are presented on the occurrence of 51 species of the family Eulophidae in Turkey based on material obtained mainly from grass and leaves with leaf miners. The paper combines the faunistic and distributional data obtained from recent studies with all other species of the family known from Turkey up to now. The recorded genera (with the number of recorded species) are:Aprostocetus Westwood (20),Baryscapus Förster (8),Cirrospilus Westwood (2),Diglyphus Walker (5),Hyssopus Girault (2),Euplectrus Westwood (1),Hemiptarsenus Westwood (3),Necremnus Thomson (3),Pnigalio Schrank (2),Pronotalia Gradwell (1) andSympiesis Förster (4). Twenty-eight species are reported for the first time in the Turkish fauna. 相似文献
12.
13.
The present study was conducted to determine egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is an important but sporadic pest in Turkey. High beet armyworm population levels were recently observed in fields of first and second crop maize in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. The parasitoid species complex and its impact on the pest were analyzed in a 4-year study in first and second crop maize. The braconid larval parasitoidsMicroplitis rufiventris Kokujev,M. tuberculifer Wesmael,Meteorus ictericus Nees,Chelonus obscuratus (Herrich Schäffer) (an egg-larval parasitoid),Apanteles ruficrus (Haliday); the ichneumonid larval parasitoidsHyposoter didymator (Thunberg) andSinophorus xanthostomus Gravenhorst; and the egg parasitoidTrichogramma evanescens (Westwood) were found to be the natural enemies attacking the pest. Among the parasitoid species the solitary endoparasitoidH. didymator was the most prevalent species, being reared from 40.5% of the parasitized larvae found. Higher parasitism rates were recorded on first crop than on second crop maize in every year. Possible reasons for this difference in larval parasitism between two growing seasons include lower population of the pest and reduced insecticide applications in first crop maize fields which permitted higher parasitism. However, parasitoid activity was insufficient to counterbalance the population growth of the pest on subsequent second crop maize. 相似文献
14.
Vladimir Žikić Hossein Lotfalizadeh Martin Schwarz Saša S. Stanković Maja Lazarević Katarina Kos Ehsan Rakhshani Hans-Peter Tschorsnig 《Phytoparasitica》2018,46(5):617-626
The species of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) are known as ermine moths and can be found on various host plant species, sometimes appearing as pests. They are attacked by a wide range of parasitoids. We studied parasitoid complexes of several communities in Austria, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia and Sweden during 2014–2018. From four species, Yponomeuta cagnagella (Hübner), Yponomeuta evonymella (Linnaeus), Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller and Yponomeuta padella (Linnaeus), we reared 15 parasitoid species of seven hymenopteran and one dipteran family. In this study, the family Ichneumonidae is the most numerous, while Ageniaspis fuscicollis (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was found in all four Yponomeuta species. Within reared parasitoids, A. fuscicollis is new record for Slovenia and Austria, Baryscapus evonymellae (Bouché) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Diadegma armillatum (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) are new records for Slovenia and Agrypon canaliculatum (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Dolichogenidea dilecta (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Elasmus steffani Viggiani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Herpestomus brunnicornis (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Trieces tricarinatus (Holmgren) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Mesochorus nuncupator (Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) are new records for Serbia. Also, Yponomeuta cagnagella is a new host record for Pteromalus semotus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Y. padella for E. steffani. Finally, we reviewed parasitoids of European Yponomeuta species and their associated host plants. In total 154 species are recorded from nine hymenopteran and one dipteran family. 相似文献
15.
A study concerning the parasitism of Cameraria ohridella, a pest of Aesculus hippocastanum invading Europe, has been carried out in Serbia and Macedonia in 1998 and 1999. From C. ohridella 14 species of parasitoids were reared, which are polyphagous and occur in the whole of Europe. Twelve of the species found belong to the Chalcidoidean family Eulophidae. The rates of parasitism at different sampling dates did not exceed 25%. The results, when compared with data from central Europe, showed that C. ohridella most certainly does not originate from Serbia or Macedonia – the regions in which C. ohridella was observed for the first time – as an indigenous leaf miner on A. hippocastanum. 相似文献
16.
Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major pest of oilseed rape in Europe and North America. The last decade has seen growing interest in the occurrence, importance and efficiacy of its parasitoids as biocontrol agents. The infestation of pods by C. obstrictus larvae and their parasitism rates were assessed in a total of nine commercially-grown crops and fifteen experimental plots of winter oilseed rape in 2004–2007. Pod samples were collected at the pod maturation stage and incubated in emergence traps. Emerged larvae, their exit holes and parasitoids were counted and identified; the percentage of infested pods and parasitism rates were calculated. Pod infestation by larvae increased continuously over the study period. The parasitism level was lowest in 2005 and increased thereafter up to 96%. The most abundant parasitoid was Trichomalus perfectus (Walker), but Mesopolobus morys (Walker) and Stenomalina gracilis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were also reared from host larvae. This study showed that naturally-occurring ectoparasitoids of C. obstrictus were capable of becoming established as viable populations and have the potential to contribute to biological control of C. obstrictus. 相似文献
17.
《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2003,33(4):163-169
Survey studies of Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) and its parasitoid Cales noacki Howard (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) were made in 4 provinces; namely Adana, Mersin, Hatay and Osmaniye, which are the main citrus growing areas of the East Mediterranean region of Turkey. Inoculative parasitoid releases were made in regions where no or low natural parasitism occurred after obtaining preliminary results on presence of the parasitoid. The population dynamics of A. floccosus and C. noacki were examined in Silifke (Mersin), Dörtyol (Hatay) and Yüreir (Adana), where the A. floccosus population was remarkably high at the beginning of the study in 1999. However, after parasitoid release, the pest population declined in all the sites and did not attain the same high levels again. Five predators, three parasitoids and one entomopathogen species were determined as natural enemies of A. floccosus. In addition, seven plant species, six of them belong to Rutaceae, were found as host plants for A. floccosus. 相似文献
18.
The parasitoid fauna of Coccoidea in cultivated and noncultivated areas was studied in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey
in 1994–1997. In total, 25 parasitoid species belonging to Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, and Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) were reared
from 21 different scale hosts. On crop plants, mainly citrus and peach, 13 parasitoids from eleven Coccoidea hosts were determined
while 14 parasitoid species were obtained from twelve scale insects on non-cultivated plants. Seven parasitoid species are
new records for the Turkish insect fauna. Only one of them was found on citrus, while the other six species were sampled in
non-cultivated areas.
The most common parasitoids encountered wereAphytis melinus DeBach,Encarsia berlesei (Howard) (Aphelinidae),comperiella bifasciata Howard (Encyrtidae), andMetaphycus flavus (Howard) (Eulophidae) in cultivated areas andCoccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Aphelinidae) in non-cultivated areas. All other parasitoids species were obtained only from a few scale insects
hosts.
The paper was gratefully dedicated to Prof. Dr. Niyazi Lodos. 相似文献
Erste Untersuchungen zur Parasitoiden-Fauna der Coccoidea in landwirtschaftlich genutzten und nicht genutzten Gebieten der ?stlichen Mittelmeer-Region der Türkei
Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Parasitoiden-Fauna der Coccoidea in landwirtschaftlich genutzten und nicht genutzten Gebieten der ?stlichen Mittelmeer-Region der Türkei in der Zeit von 1994–1997 untersucht. Insgesamt konnten 25 Parasitoiden-Arten aus den Familien Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae und Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) aus 21 verschiedenen Schildlaus-Wirten gezogen werden. Von den Kulturpflanzen, vor allem von Zitrus und Pfirsich, wurden 13 Parasitoide aus 11 Coccoidea-Wirten gewonnen, w?hrend 14 Parasitoiden-Arten aus 12 Schildlaus-Wirten von den Wildpflanzen stammten. Bei sieben Parasitoiden-Arten handelt es sich um Neubeschreibungen der türkischen Insektenfauna. Nur eine von diesen wurde auf Zitrus beobachtet, w?hrend die anderen sechs Arten aus nicht bewirtschafteten Gebieten stammten. Die gel?ufigsten der ermittelten Parasitoiden-Arten warenAphytis melinus DeBach,Encarsia berlesei (Howard) (Aphelinidae),Comperiella bifasciata Howard (Encyrtidae) sowieMetaphycus flavus (Howard) (Eulophidae) auf den bewirtschafteten undCoccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Aphelinidae) auf den nicht bewirtschafteten Fl?chen. Alle anderen Parasitoiden-Arten wurden auf nur wenigen Schildlaus-Wirten beobachtet.
The paper was gratefully dedicated to Prof. Dr. Niyazi Lodos. 相似文献
19.
A study concerning the parasitism of Cameraria ohridella, a pest of Aesculus hippocastanum invading Europe, has been carried out in Serbia and Macedonia in 1998 and 1999. From C. ohridella 14 species of parasitoids were reared, which are polyphagous and occur in the whole of Europe. Twelve of the species found belong to the Chalcidoidean family Eulophidae. The rates of parasitism at different sampling dates did not exceed 25%. The results, when compared with data from central Europe, showed that C. ohridella most certainly does not originate from Serbia or Macedonia – the regions in which C. ohridella was observed for the first time – as an indigenous leaf miner on A. hippocastanum. 相似文献
20.
A new host and distribution record is provided for the whitefly parasitoid Baeoentedon balios Wang, Huang, & Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Specimens were reared from ficus whitefly, Singhiella simplex (Singh) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in St. Petersburg, FL, USA, representing the second confirmed host for B. balios, as well as the first record of Baeoentedon Girault from the Western Hemisphere. 相似文献