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1.
秸秆热解工艺优化与生物炭理化特性分析 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
以肥料化利用为目标,优化秸秆热解工艺,实现秸秆生物炭的高值化利用。该研究以水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜和棉花秸秆为原料,以炭化温度、保温时间和升温速率为因素进行正交试验,采用综合评分法优化热解工艺,并分析最优工艺条件下生物炭的理化特性。结果表明,影响秸秆生物炭品质因素的主次顺序为炭化温度、保温时间、升温速率。以生物炭的肥料化利用为目标,5种秸秆炭化的最优工艺参数组合是炭化温度500℃、保温时间30 min、升温速率10℃/min。在最优工艺条件下,5种秸秆生物炭的炭产率约为32%~38%,固定碳的质量分数大于45%,C元素的质量分数大于53%,N元素的质量分数为0.7%~2.5%,K元素的质量分数为3.41%~6.81%。生物炭表面有含氧官能团且内部有丰富的介孔结构。该研究为秸秆生物炭的肥料化利用提供数据支撑。 相似文献
2.
热解温度对生物质炭碳保留量及稳定性的影响 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
以核桃壳为生物质炭生产原料,研究热解温度(200~700℃)对生物质炭产率、元素组成、表面官能团分布及其稳定性的影响,以期探明生物质炭基本性质随热解温度变化的规律,为全面了解生物质炭固碳减排效果提供理论参考。结果表明,生物质炭的C含量随温度升高而增加,H和O元素含量却随温度升高而降低。此外,生物质炭的H/C和O/C随着温度增加而减少。生物质炭的产率及碳保留量随着温度的升高而降低。红外光谱分析结果表明,经过热解核桃壳原材料分子中所含的-C-O和O-CH3基团消失,随着热解温度升高,生物质炭中的烷烃基团-CH逐渐减少,芳香化程度逐渐升高。500℃制备生物质炭的K2Cr2O7和KMn O4氧化碳损失量均最低,分别为10.4%和1.66%。相关分析表明,生物质炭的产率、碳保留量及稳定性与热解温度之间均具有显著相关关系。 相似文献
3.
热解温度对玉米秸秆炭产率及理化特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
4.
水热炭化被认为是极具潜力的安全处置与资源化利用鸡粪的技术措施之一。该研究将鸡粪在190和260℃水热炭化处理不同时间(1、6和12 h),收集并测定固体产物生物质炭特性,目的在于了解水热炭化反应温度和时间对鸡粪生物质炭特性的影响。结果表明,鸡粪经过水热炭化处理后,46%~56%的干物质转化为生物质炭,C、P质量分数分别增加了5%和59%以上,而H、O、N、K质量分数则分别降低了9%~18%、26%~65%、19%~37%和92%~97%。表面电荷量降低,p H值依变性也减弱,其中有效阳离子交换量降低了50%~90%。生物质炭中1~5μm孔隙显著减少,主要形成1和100μm左右的孔隙。总体来看,水热炭化反应温度越高,反应时间越长,这些指标提高或降低的幅度越大,生物质炭的炭化程度越高;比起反应时间,反应温度对生物质炭性质的影响更大。该文还讨论了鸡粪生物质炭作为土壤调理剂的应用价值与潜力,研究结果可为鸡粪生物质炭在土壤改良等方面的应用提供基础数据。 相似文献
5.
《农业工程学报》2018,(22)
为分析中试规模条件下的生物质连续炭化特性并系统评估中试设备运行性能,以棉秆、稻壳和果木剪枝等典型农林废弃物为原料,进行了生物质连续炭化中试系统生产测试,分析了炭化温度对产物理化性质、组分分布和产率的影响规律,并在此基础上对设备运行过程、能量平衡、能量转化效率和应用前景等进行了系统评估。结果表明:系统运行过程中温度和压力控制精准,物料滞留时间为36 min,炭化温度分别为550、600、650℃时,炭化温度对产物特性与产率影响明显,炭化温度越高生物炭中固定碳含量越高,650℃时的果木剪枝炭化比550℃时固定炭含量提高12.7百分点;炭化温度越高热解气产率越大,650℃时果木剪枝炭化比550℃时产气率提高7.8百分点;炭化温度在600℃时处理棉秆,系统能量转化效率为74.10%,能流分析表明,此条件下部分燃气回用加热可支撑系统热解。该研究为生物质连续炭化工程装备的开发和示范推广提供了重要技术支撑。 相似文献
6.
炭化温度和时间与棉杆炭特性及元素组成的相关关系 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8
为了揭示炭化温度和时间对生物质炭特性及元素组成的影响,以棉花秸秆为生物质炭制作原料,对比研究不同炭化温度（300、450、600℃）和时间（0.5、1、2、4、6 h）制备的棉秆炭的pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、电导率等特性及有机碳、氮和矿质元素含量及其间的相互关系。结果表明：棉秆炭化出炭率、棉秆炭有机碳含量随炭化温度的升高和时间的延长而降低（出炭率： 48.66%（300℃）>35.39%（450℃）>31.06%（600℃）,有机碳：564.02 g/kg（300℃）>405.94 g/kg（450℃）>259.36 g/kg（600℃）;在300℃下,pH值随着时间的延长而增大,450℃和600℃下基本保持在10.5左右;电导率随炭化温度的升高而增加,在炭化时间内变化不明显,且炭化温度300～450℃对棉秆炭的电导率影响相对较小,600℃影响较大;CEC随炭化温度的升高而降低,在300℃下随炭化时间的延长而增大,450和600℃下则降低。棉秆炭中全磷,全钾,速效钾,钙,镁含量随着温度的升高和时间的延长逐渐增加,全氮和碱解氮则相反,速效磷含量则表现出90.07 mg/kg（450℃）>60.72 mg/kg（600℃）>20.18 mg/kg（300℃）的变化趋势。炭化温度和时间与棉秆炭指标间相关分析表明,炭化温度和时间与出炭率、CEC、有机碳、全氮和碱解氮间呈负相关,与pH值、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾、钙和镁含量呈正相关。综合分析,低温短时间（300℃,1～2h）制备的棉秆炭对农业利用预期效应较好,该研究结论为新疆棉秆炭的制备和农业利用提供理论依据和数据支撑。 相似文献
7.
内加热连续式生物质炭化中试设备炭化温度优化试验 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
为分析内源加热与分段连续热解技术工艺条件下不同物料的热解炭化特性,探明炭化工艺参数对生物炭理化性质、生物炭得率及设备生产率的影响规律,以玉米秸秆、玉米芯和花生壳为原料,进行了设备生产工艺试验。试验结果表明,引风机转速为725 r/min,通过自动调节各进风口开度,使炉内负压维持在60 Pa左右时,不同炭化温度下的生物炭理化性质、设备生产率和生物炭得率均表现出较大差异,其中,固定碳含量和灰分等指标存在显著性差异(P0.05),玉米秸秆对炭化工艺参数最敏感。通过多指标综合评价分析,结合生产实际,玉米秸秆、玉米芯和花生壳的推荐炭化温度分别为550~600、600~650和600~650℃。该研究可为内加热连续式生物质炭化设备的推广应用提供重要的技术支撑。 相似文献
8.
为有效解决现阶段生物质炭化设备存在的炭产率低、炭品质差、余气不能循环利用而污染环境、副产物不能有效分离等问题,设计并研制了一套废气自循环生物质炭化装备,对其炭化炉主体、加热系统、焦油回收装置、余气循环装置、温度压力监控系统分别进行了详细设计和参数确定,并以炭化炉主体和焦油回收装置为加热和冷却对象,采用有限元方法对其进行传热性能研究,最后对其进行了炭化试验研究。结果表明:生物质炭化装备能够满足制炭、副产物回收、废气循环利用、工艺参数精确控制等要求;炉体门框上部温度分布不均,其余炉体内部温度分布均匀,温度梯度平缓,可对生物质进行均匀加热;焦油回收装置在三级冷却水进口流速分别为0.045、0.03、0.015 m/s时,冷却温降分别为:271、111、61℃,烟气温度从500℃降温到50℃,冷却效果显著,并可对挥发分中的焦油和木醋液进行分离;影响炭产率、热值、能源得率的因素顺序为:炭化终温保温时间升温速率。炭产率与能源得率呈正相关,而两者又与热值成负相关。炭化条件在升温速率3℃/min、炭化终温450℃、保温时间3 h工况下较好,在此条件下的炭得率为54.2%,热值为25 767 k J/kg,能源得率为84.8%。 相似文献
9.
采用低温烘焙技术制备玉米秸秆成型生物炭,可解决玉米秸秆带来的环境污染及资源浪费。研究以玉米秸秆成型颗粒为原料,利用固定床反应器,制备了不同烘焙温度(250～400℃)成型生物炭,采用元素分析、工业分析、能量产率、质量产率、机械性能、疏水性、红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、元素K含量等分析生物炭特性。随烘焙温度升高,热值增加,能量产率降低,400℃时,成型生物炭热值为21.86MJ/kg,能量产率为50.17%。成型生物炭颗粒表面裂纹增多,机械性能降低,350℃烘焙成型生物炭(CSP350)机械性能好于400℃烘焙成型生物炭(CSP400),低于成型生物质颗。烘焙生物炭疏水性提升,可贮藏于室外。成型玉米秸秆经烘焙热解发生了脱水、脱羰基、脱甲基反应,纤维素、半纤维素热解剧烈,木质素开始热解。随温度升高,其孔径呈下降趋势,比表面积增大。结果表明,玉米秸秆成型烘焙生物炭可作为优质生物燃料,适宜制备温度为300～350℃。 相似文献
10.
适宜炭化温度及时间改善生物质成型炭品质 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
为制备品质特性较佳的成型炭块,对螺杆挤出的生物质高密度成型燃料进行炭化,试验研究了炭化温度(400、450、500、550和600℃)、升温速率(2、6和10℃/min)和保持时间(60、120和180 min)对成型炭块的工业分析成分、热值和力学强度等品质指标的影响。随着炭化温度的提高,成型炭块的炭得率、挥发分含量降低,固定碳含量提高,热值增大;炭化温度550℃时热值达到最大值,为31.04 MJ/kg,抗压强度和抗跌碎强度均较好。升温速率对成型炭块的力学性能影响较大,升温速率越小,抗压强度越大;升温速率为2℃/min时,成型炭块表面裂纹少,抗压强度达最大值,为439.8 k Pa;相应地,抗跌碎强度亦较佳,为95.5%。保持时间为120 min时成型炭块具有较高的热值29.63 MJ/kg,较大的抗压强度192.1 k Pa和较好的抗跌碎强度96.7%,过长或过短的保持时间都不利于成型炭块品质的提升。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献