共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
行星边界层参数化方案(PBL)对天气气候和大气环境的模拟与预报具有重要影响.通过基于单柱模式(SCM)的乌鲁木齐单点理想实验,以及新疆2019年8月15—18日的一次降水天气过程的模拟检验及诊断分析,研究了YSU、ACM2、BOULAC、GBM、MYJ和QNSE 6种常用的PBL参数化方案模拟的大气比湿、位温等气象要素... 相似文献
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基于WRF模式的新疆巴音布鲁克盆地强降雨天气数值模拟效果分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了验证中尺度数值模式WRF中参数化方案对新疆中天山地带巴音布鲁克盆地天气模拟的适用性,以寻找对该区域天气模拟WRF模式中最优参数化方案组合。利用WRF模式对新疆中天山地带巴音布鲁克盆地2场强降水过程进行数值模拟,选取2种不同的边界层参数化方案(YSU,MYJ),2种不同的云动力参数化方案(GrellFreitas,Grell-3),3种不同的云微物理参数化方案(Lin,WSM6,Thompson),3种不同的长短辐射参数化组合方案(New Goddard/New Goddard,Dudhia/RRTM,GFDL/GFDL),组成36种参数化方案组合。模式模拟采用双层嵌套的方式,其中内层嵌套区域为4 km精度,对中天山地带巴音布鲁克盆地进行数值模拟。同时,借助气象部门的自动站观测资料,与小时降雨量、空气温度、10 m风速、表面大气压强等边界层结构特征进行了比较分析,评估不同参数化方案的模拟差异。得出最优参数化方案组合:陆面参数化方案为YSU方案,云动力方案为Grell-Freitas方案,云微物理方案为WSM6,长波辐射和短波辐射参数化方案为Duhia/RRTM。各边界层参数化方案组合均能够模拟出降雨趋势变化特征,但最优参数化方案组合模拟结果与实际观测结果仍然存在一些差异。 相似文献
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中尺度大气数值模拟及其进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
首先,以MM5,RAMS,WRF模式为例,简要介绍了各模式的动力学框架、物理过程以及应用情况,同时比较了当前国内外几种著名的中尺度数值模式性能。其次,归纳分析了积云、行星边界层和陆面过程3种主要的参数化方案。积云参数化方案按其发展过程分为对流调整、大尺度水汽辐合和质量通量3类方案,对各个方案的优缺点进行了总结;行星边界层参数化方案分为总体行星边界层、高分辨行星边界层参数化方案和大涡模拟3部分,概括了每种方法的特点;还分析了陆面过程参数化的发展过程、非均匀下垫面参数化和目前主要的陆面模式。然后,简要概括了客观分析方法和3类主要的资料同化方法。最后,对该领域存在的问题进行了阐述,并展望了中尺度大气数值模拟今后的发展趋势。希望通过对这些问题的综合分析,有助于进一步开展中尺度大气数值模拟的研究。 相似文献
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利用兰州市激光雷达观测结果,结合地面观测数据以及HYSPLIT模式结果,综合分析2018年11月25日-30日兰州市的强沙尘天气过程.结果显示此次沙尘过程起源于甘肃省河西走廊一带,自西北向东南方向传输,并影响兰州市,对兰州市的影响时长达5天;沙尘期间兰州市边界层高度低于1km;激光雷达监测结果显示兰州市沙尘过程期间消光... 相似文献
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以黑河流域一次降水过程为研究个例,利用中尺度数值预报模式WRF 3.1进行物理过程参数化方案选择的分组敏感性试验,分别讨论了WRF模式中的微物理、积云对流、陆面过程和边界层参数化方案对黑河流域降水模拟的敏感性,并利用该流域内12个气象站的日降水资料进行了验证。研究表明：没有确定的某个物理过程参数化方案在所有试验方案中的模拟效果一致好,不同的参数化方案配合使用模拟效果更佳。对比分析模拟结果发现,要有效地模拟出降水中心位置和降水量、降水区分布形态和范围,应同时选用MYJ边界层参数化方案与Noah陆面过程参数化方案;微物理参数化方案中选择Ferrier方案时,对降水的模拟效果要好于选用WSM3、WSM5、Lin方案;积云对流参数化方案对降水模拟的敏感性明显弱于其他物理过程参数化方案。 相似文献
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区域性沙尘天气预警系统的开发与应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
综述了目前国内外沙尘天气监测及预警的研究现状,进而阐述了区域性沙尘天气预警系统设计的目标及意义、系统设计方案、系统结构与功能,介绍了环北京地区沙尘天气预警系统与内蒙古地区沙尘天气预警系统两个应用实例,最后讨论了预警系统后期待完善的设计思路及目标。 相似文献
8.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘天气特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站2007—2011年的地面(10 m)风速、风向和沙尘天气等气象要素,分析沙漠腹地的沙尘天气特征。结果表明:1塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘频率和强风频率年、月分布具有较好的一致性,沙尘天气具有明显的季节性,春、夏季占全部沙尘频次的88.3%,冬季仅占总数的2.3%。2春、夏季沙尘天气的高发时段为12:00—00:00;20:00发生频次最多,分别占春、夏季沙尘频次的12.7%和10.8%,秋季和冬季沙尘天气高发时段为14:00—21:00。3出现沙尘天气时,风向主要集中在E、ENE、N和NNE 4个方向。4沙漠腹地临界起沙风速ut5%为4~5 m·s-1,一般地表的临界起沙风速ut50%为5~6 m·s-1;5从NfDO分布来看,春、夏两季要明显高于秋冬季节,其中4月最大,为0.284。因此,沙漠腹地春、夏季易发生沙尘天气。 相似文献
9.
为了研究不同参数化方案组合对干旱区暴雨模拟的影响,借助新一代中尺度数值模式WRF对2012年7月29日腾格里沙漠边缘一次暴雨过程进行数值模拟研究。选取不同的微物理、积云、陆面过程和边界层参数化方案,得到14种组合;结合同期外场试验观测资料和区域降水实况,对不同组合方案的降水模拟性能进行对比分析。结果表明:不同组合的模拟结果差异显著,选用Thompson、KF、Pleim-Xiu与MYNN 2.5 level参数化方案的组合(case 11)在24 h累计降水、单站逐时降水及降水的TS评分中均表现较好且区域平均误差最小,能够较为真实地模拟出本次暴雨过程。进一步对比不同组合方案模拟物理量变化的差异发现,降水量差异正是模拟物理量差异的客观表现,并对此次暴雨过程发生机制进行了诊断分析。 相似文献
10.
通过对沙尘天气史料的甄别,运用信息化处理方式,对唐代西北地区沙尘天气的发生特征进行了研究。检索到唐代西北地区沙尘天气记录40条,将其中记载序列较好的唐都长安沙尘记载进行了时间分布分析,发现唐代沙尘天气发生等级有着明显的增高趋势,探讨了这种变化的人文动因以及沙尘源因素。唐代后期以来,河西、新疆、内蒙古西部等沙尘源地战乱的增多以及土地利用方式的改变、唐代后期河西走廊等地的沙漠化等因素均与之有很大的关系。研究历史上沙尘天气发生发展的特征,不仅能够复原此类天气发生的历史实况,而且对于我们今天科学地认识沙尘天气的历史过程及其机制,做好预测预防工作,推动生态文明建设有着重要的史鉴意义。 相似文献
11.
ZHANG Chunlai 《干旱区科学》2022,14(6):589-603
During aeolian processes, the two most critical factors related to dust emissions are soil particle and aggregate saltation, which greatly affect the vertical profiles of near-surface dust concentrations. In this study, we measured PM10 concentrations at four different heights (0.10, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 m) with and without continuous and simultaneous aeolian saltation processes on a Gobi surface in northwestern China from 31 March to 10 April, 2017. We found that the vertical concentration profiles of suspended PM10 matched the log-law model well when there was no aeolian saltation. For the erosion process with saltation, we divided the vertical concentration profiles of PM10 into the saltation-affected layer and the airflow-transport layer according to two different dust sources (i.e., locally emitted PM10 and upwind transported PM10). The transition height between the saltation-affected layer and the airflow-transport layer was not fixed and varied with saltation intensity. From this new perspective, we calculated the airflow-transport layer and the dust emission rate at different times during a wind erosion event occurred on 5 April 2017. We found that dust emissions during wind erosion are primarily controlled by saltation intensity, contributing little to PM10 concentrations above the ground surface compared to PM10 concentrations transported from upwind directions. As erosion progresses, the surface supply of erodible grains is the most crucial factor for saltation intensity. When there was a sufficient amount of erodible grains, there was a significant correlation among the friction velocity, saltation intensity and dust emission rate. However, when supply is limited by factors such as surface renewal or an increase in soil moisture, the friction velocity will not necessarily correlate with the other two factors. Therefore, for the Gobi surface, compared to limiting dust emissions from upwind directions, restricting the transport of suspended dust in its path is by far a more efficient and realistic option for small areas that are often exposed to dust storms. This study provides some theoretical basis for correctly estimating PM10 concentrations in the Gobi areas. 相似文献
12.
利用和田绿洲空气质量日报数据和同期的常规气象资料,分析了2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日该区的空气质量特征,探讨了气象条件和空气质量之间的相互关系。结果表明:和田绿洲近3 a平均环境空气质量指数(AQI)为199,达到空气质量中度污染标准,污染天数占总日数的78.1%。其中,春季空气质量最差,以严重污染为主;其次是夏季,以轻度和严重污染为主;再次是秋季和冬季,以轻度污染为主。PM10、PM2.5浓度年平均分别为332μg·m^-3和100μg·m^-3,超标率为75.7%和49.5%,其余污染物超标率在3%以下,其中PM10浓度春季最大,夏、秋季其次,冬季最小;PM2.5浓度春季最大,夏、冬季其次,秋季最小;SO2、NO2、CO浓度冬季最大,秋、春季次之,夏季最小;O3浓度夏季最大,春、秋季次之,冬季最小。除降水量外,AQI与其余气象因子均呈极显著相关;除平均气温与PM2.5、相对湿度与CO、降水量与SO2、PM10、O3、PM2.5无相关外,其余气象因子对污染物浓度均有显著影响;能见度与AQI和各类污染物浓度均为极显著相关。随着能见度的上升,AQI下降,在同样能见度条件下,AQI在沙尘多发期的夏半年高于沙尘少发期的冬半年;不管在沙尘多发期还是少发期,随着能见度的转好,SO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5浓度呈减少趋势,O3浓度呈增多趋势,NO2浓度无明显的规律,而且PM10、O3、PM2.5浓度夏半年高于冬半年,SO2、CO、NO2浓度冬半年高于夏半年。在沙尘天气期间,最低能见度小于1 km的浓浮尘和沙尘暴天气AQI相互接近,最低能见度在1~3. 5 km的浮尘和扬沙天气AQI相互接近,当最低能见度大于3.5 km时,浮尘天气的AQI高于扬沙天气的AQI;PM10、PM2.5浓度随着最低能见度升高而变小,其他污染物浓度虽然随着最低能见度的变化有一定的差别,但规律不明显。 相似文献
13.
The measurement and assessment of dust emissions from different landforms are important to understand the atmospheric loading of PM10(particulate matter ≤10 μm aerodynamic diameter) and to assess natural sources of dust; however, the methodology and technique for determining the dust still present significant research challenges. In the past, specialized field observation and field wind tunnel studies have been used to understand the dust emission. A series of wind tunnel tests were carried out to identify natural sources of dust and measure the magnitudes of dust emissions from different landforms. The method used in this study allowed the measurement of the PM10 emission rate using a laboratory based environmental boundary layer wind tunnel. Results indicated that PM10 emissions demonstrated strong temporal variation and were primarily driven by aerodynamic entrainment. Sand dunes, playa, and alluvial fans had the largest dust emission rates(0.8–5.4 mg/(m~2·s)) while sandy gravel, Gobi desert and abandoned lands had the lowest emission rates(0.003–0.126 mg/(m~2·s)). Dust emissions were heavily dependent on the surface conditions, especially the availability of loose surface dust. High dust emissions were a result of the availability of dustparticle materials for entrainment while low dust emissions were a result of surface crusts and gravel cover. Soil surface property(surface crusts and gravel cover) plays an important role in controlling the availability of dust-sized particles for entrainment. The dust emission rate depended not only on the surface conditions but also on the friction velocity. The emission rate of PM10 varies as a power function of the friction velocity. Although dynamic abrasion processes have a strong influence on the amount of dust entrainment, aerodynamic entrainment may provide an important mechanism for dust emissions. Large volumes of dust entrained by aerodynamic entrainment cannot only occur at low shear velocity without saltation, but may dominate the entrainment process in many arid and semi-arid environments. So it may also be responsible for large magnitude dust storms. Playa and alluvial fan landforms, prior to developing a surface crust, may be the main sources of dust storms in Qinghai Province. 相似文献
14.
一次沙尘暴过程中的沙地面微气象要素及起沙参数分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用在巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖地区设立的风沙观测实验场获得的资料,分析了2010年4月7日在该地区所发生的沙尘暴过境前后气象要素的变化,计算了这次沙尘暴起沙过程中的一些参数,结果表明:在沙尘暴过境前贴地层风速风向经过了一个波动调整加速过程,在沙尘暴过境时空气处于暖干,沙地面处于高温低湿状态,同时气压和水汽压都会明显下降,所有这些都有利于地表起沙;贴地层风速最大的时段是地表起沙最为严重的时段,该地的100cm临界起沙风速大约为6.5m/s,平均粗糙度为0.0014m;地表摩阻速的平均值为0.29m/s,同200cm高度的风速呈线性相关,拟合方程为y=0.0417x+0.0175,相关系数R=0.9199。 相似文献
15.
利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站边界层铁塔梯度观测、湍流观测和PM10浓度资料,分析一次典型冷锋天气过程兰州大气边界层结构和湍流输送特征及其与PM10浓度的关系。结果表明：冷锋过境前边界层有逆温层出现。随着锋面过境,逆温层完全被破坏、消失,混合层迅速发展,边界层低层温度和湿度垂直梯度变得很小,风速垂直梯度则明显增大;PM10浓度先升后降。冷锋过境时垂直湍流输送强烈,经向和纬向动量均向下输送。动量下传使地表尘沙大量扬起,造成冷锋过境初期颗粒物浓度骤升。 相似文献
16.
Batjargal BUYANTOGTOKH 《干旱区科学》2021,13(7):653-673
Non-erodible elements such as stones and vegetation are key to controlling wind erosion and dust emission in drylands. Stony deserts are widely distributed in the Gobi Desert, but the effect of stones on wind erosion and dust emission have not been well studied, except under artificial conditions. In this study, we evaluated the effect of stones on wind erosion and dust emission by measuring the sand saltation threshold in a stony desert in Tsogt-Ovoo in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, under natural surface conditions during sand and dust storms. We quantified the amount of stones by measuring the roughness density, and determined the threshold friction velocity for sand saltation by measuring wind speed and sand saltation count. Our results showed that the threshold friction velocity increased with the roughness density of stones. In the northern part of the study area, where neither a surface crust nor vegetation was observed, the roughness density of stones was 0.000 in a topographic depression (TD), 0.050 on a northern slope (N.SL), and 0.160 on the northern mountain (N.MT). The mean threshold friction velocity values were 0.23, 0.41, and 0.57 m/s at the TD, N.SL, and N.MT sites, respectively. In the southern part of the study area, the roughness density values of stones were 0.000 and 0.070-0.320 at the TD and southern slope sites, respectively, and the mean threshold friction velocities were 0.23 and 0.45-0.71 m/s, respectively. We further compared the observed threshold friction velocities with simulated threshold friction velocities using Raupach's theoretical roughness correction and the measured roughness density values, and found that Raupach's roughness correction worked very well in the simulation of threshold friction velocity in the stony desert. This means that the results of our stone measurement can be applied to a numerical dust model. 相似文献
17.
LI Jingxin WANG Shigong CHU Jinhua WANG Jiaxin LI Xu YUE Man SHANG Kezheng 《干旱区科学》2018,10(5):686-700
Hotan Prefecture is located at the southwestern edge of Taklimakan Desert, the world's largest shifting sand desert, of China. The desert is one of the main sources for frequent sand-dust weather events which strongly affect the air quality of Hotan Prefecture. Although this region is characterized by the highest annual mean PM_(10) concentration values that are routinely recorded by environmental monitoring stations across China, both this phenomenon and its underlying causes have not been adequately addressed in previous researches. Reliable pollutant PM_(10) data are currently retrieved using a tapered element oscillating microbalance(TEOM) 1400 a, a direct real-time monitor, while additional concentration values including for PM_(2.5), sulfur dioxide(SO_2), nitrogen dioxide(NO_2), carbon monoxide(CO) and ozone(O_3) have been collected in recent years by the Hotan Environmental Monitoring Station. Based on these data, this paper presents a comparison of the influences of different kinds of sand-dust weather events on PM10(or PM_(2.5)) as well as the concentrations of other gaseous pollutants in Hotan Prefecture. It is revealed that the highest monthly average PM10 concentrations are observed in the spring because of the frequent occurrence of three distinct kinds of sand-dust weather events at this time, including dust storms, blowing dust and floating dust. The floating dust makes the most significant contribution to PM_(10)(or PM_(2.5)) concentration in this region, a result that differs from eastern Chinese cities where the heaviest PM_(10) pollution occurs usually in winter and air pollution results from the excess emission of local anthropogenic pollutants. It is also shown that PM_(10) concentration varies within typical dust storms. PM_(10) concentrations vary among 20 dust storm events within Hotan Prefecture, and the hourly mean concentrations tend to sharply increase initially then slowly decreasing over time. Data collected from cities in eastern China show the opposite with the hourly mean PM_(10)(or PM_(2.5)) concentration tending to slowly increase then sharply decrease during heavy air pollution due to the excess emission of local anthropogenic pollutants. It is also found that the concentration of gaseous pollutants during sand-dust weather events tends to be lower than those cases under clear sky conditions. This indicates that these dust events effectively remove and rapidly diffuse gaseous pollutants. The analysis also shows that the concentration of SO_2 decreases gradually at the onset of all three kinds of sand-dust weather events because of rapidly increasing wind velocity and the development of favorable atmospheric conditions for diffusion. In contrast, changes in O_3 and NO_2 concentrations conformed to the opposite pattern during all three kinds of sand-dust weather events within this region, implying the inter transformation of these gas species during these events. 相似文献
18.
利用和田绿洲空气质量日报数据和同期的常规气象资料，分析了2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日该区的空气质量特征，探讨了气象条件和空气质量之间的相互关系。结果表明：和田绿洲近3 a平均环境空气质量指数（AQI）为199，达到空气质量中度污染标准，污染天数占总日数的78.1%。其中，春季空气质量最差，以严重污染为主；其次是夏季，以轻度和严重污染为主；再次是秋季和冬季，以轻度污染为主。PM10、PM2.5浓度年平均分别为332 μg·m-3和100
μg·m-3，超标率为75.7%和49.5%，其余污染物超标率在3%以下，其中PM10浓度春季最大，夏、秋季其次，冬季最小；PM2.5浓度春季最大，夏、冬季其次，秋季最小；SO2、NO2、CO浓度冬季最大，春、秋季次之，夏季最小；O3浓度夏季最大，春、秋季次之，冬季最小。除降水量外，AQI与其余气象因子均呈极显著相关；除平均气温与PM2.5、相对湿度与CO、降水与SO2、PM10、O3、PM2.5无相关外，其余气象因子对污染物浓度 均有显著影响；能见度与AQI和各类污染物浓度均为极显著相关。随着能见度的上升，AQI下降，在同样能见度条件下，AQI在沙尘多发期的夏半年高于沙尘少发期的冬半年；不管在沙尘多发期还是少发期，随着能见度的转好，SO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5污染物浓度呈减少趋势，O3浓度呈增多趋势，NO2浓度无明显的规律，而且PM10、O3、PM2.5浓度夏半年高于冬半年，SO2、CO、NO2浓度冬半年高于夏半年。在沙尘天气期间，最低能见度小于1 km的浓浮尘和沙尘暴天气AQI相互接近，最低能见度在1～3.5 km的浮尘和扬沙天气AQI相互接近，当最低能见度大于3.5 km时，浮尘天气的AQI高于扬沙天气的AQI；PM10、PM2.5浓度随着最低能见度升高而变小，其他污染物浓度虽然随着最低能见度的变化有一定的差别，但规律不明显。 相似文献