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分离得到一株对黄瓜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Bary有拮抗作用的枯草芽孢杆菌G8,其无菌发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀得广谱抗菌粗蛋白。为明确枯草芽孢杆菌G8的理化性质,研究了温度、pH变化、UV照射、有机溶剂、蛋白酶和保存时间对抗菌蛋白稳定性的影响。结果表明:此粗蛋白耐酸,在pH值1~10范围内均有抑菌活性,将其pH值调为1.0作用16h后保持原有活性的69.2%;对温度有较高的稳定性,抗菌蛋白经100℃处理60min保持原有活性的80.8%;对蛋白酶K和有机溶剂不敏感;抗菌粗蛋白抑菌活性持久,在常温下120天保持原有活性的71.54%。初步研究了抗菌粗蛋白对黄瓜菌核病菌的抑制作用。结果显示,病菌菌丝消融、原生质渗漏、菌丝细胞泡囊化,并抑制病菌菌核萌发。 相似文献
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研究了分离自棉花根际土壤的短短芽孢杆菌A57菌株对棉花立枯病菌、枯萎病菌和黄萎病菌的拮抗作用,在PDA平板上对峙培养,平均抑制率分别是33.5%、39.5%、29.5%。通过显微镜观察,发现拮抗细菌的主要拮抗机理是通过产生拮抗物质能够造成病原真菌菌丝体断裂、扭曲、畸形,抑制分生孢子的萌发,造成孢子畸形。以枯萎病菌为指示菌,研究了该菌株表现最佳拮抗活性时的菌液发酵条件,结果表明,A57适宜培养基为LB培养基,pH8,好气条件下抑菌活性最好。用硫酸铵沉淀法提取A57菌株的粗提蛋白,对供试的病原菌仍具有较高的拮抗活性,70%浓度时其拮抗活性最大,A57粗提蛋白对枯萎病原菌的最大抑制率为23.7%,同时该菌经硫酸铵沉淀后获得的粗体蛋白的上清液对病原指示菌仍具有一定的拮抗活性,说明A57拮抗细菌起拮抗作用的不仅有大分子蛋白类物质还有小分子拮抗物质。 相似文献
4.
香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌的筛选及其作用机制研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
通过分离和筛选,从香蕉园或者其他果园的土壤中分离获得13株对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense)具有抑制作用的拮抗菌,并对部分拮抗菌抑制病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发进行了试验。结果表明,拮抗菌株d4、d5、B3和p发酵液对香蕉枯萎病菌生长具有显著的抑制作用,在平板上产生的抑菌圈直径为21.75～34.75 mm,抑菌效果具有持续稳定性,对孢子萌发的抑制率为90.49%～97.18%;拮抗菌对病菌的作用表现为对菌丝的消融、菌丝细胞的泡囊化、抑制病菌分生孢子的萌发、孢子芽管的扭曲。 相似文献
5.
以葡萄灰霉病病菌为供试菌,采用平板对峙法,研究了葡萄果穗附生细菌对葡萄灰霉病的拮抗效果。同时,进行生理生化、16S r DNA序列鉴定与同源性分析。结果表明,在分离得到的13株附生细菌中,其中11株对葡萄灰霉病有不同程度的拮抗作用,且拮抗菌的保护作用优于治疗作用。其中,B5和B12对葡萄灰霉病病菌孢子的抑菌率均为100%,对葡萄灰霉病病菌菌丝的抑菌率分别为14.49%和15.17%,显著高于其他拮抗菌(P0.05)。B5、B12菌株具有良好的拮抗和离体抑制效果,拮抗菌鉴定与同源性分析结果表明,B5属于芽孢杆菌属,B12属于枯草芽孢杆菌。 相似文献
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为了进一步明确拮抗放线菌JY-22对马铃薯干腐病的生防潜力,采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了JY-22无菌发酵液(JY-22SFB)对马铃薯干腐病菌的抑菌作用及抑菌活性稳定性。JY-22SFB原液对马铃薯干腐病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有很强的抑制作用,抑制率分别为74.5%和100%,其中对孢子萌发的抑制效果与浓度为30 mg/mL的化学药剂50%多菌灵相当。JY-22SFB处理后马铃薯干腐病菌菌丝生长畸形、易断裂。JY-22SFB对热处理和紫外线照射处理具有很好的稳定性,水浴80℃处理3 h和紫外线照射30 min对其抑菌活性没有影响。JY-22SFB浸泡处理可明显降低马铃薯干腐病菌的致病性。通过形态和分子鉴定,确定该菌属链霉菌属吸水链霉菌Streptomy-ces hygroscopicus。研究表明菌株JY-22在马铃薯干腐病生物防治中具有潜在的利用价值。 相似文献
7.
短小芽胞杆菌AR03对烟草炭疽病的抑制作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为测定短小芽胞杆菌AR03菌株对烟草炭疽病菌的室内拮抗活性和盆栽防治效果,采用平板拮抗法初步筛选菌株拮抗活性,采用抑制菌丝生长法及抑制孢子萌发法筛选该菌株菌悬液的抑菌浓度,采用喷雾法进行防治效果测定。AR03菌株对烟草炭疽病菌的拮抗活性很强,能显著抑制菌丝生长、孢子萌发和病害发生,浓度为1×107 cfu/mL的AR03发酵液能有效抑制菌丝的生长和孢子萌发,AR03菌悬液(1×108 cfu/mL)对炭疽病的盆栽防治效果为83.03%,与对照药剂25%三唑酮可湿性粉剂的防治效果相当。AR03菌株是一株优良的广谱高效生防菌株。 相似文献
8.
枯草杆菌B034拮抗物质及其内源质粒的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) B034是从水稻叶面分离的植物病原细菌拮抗菌,对水稻白叶枯病菌,水稻细条病菌有较强的抑制作用。(NH4)2SO4饱和沉淀粗提液经Sephadex G-100柱层析所得的3个洗脱吸收峰中有两峰具较强的抑菌活性。此拮抗物抗热,对胰蛋白酶敏感,对蛋白酶K、E部分敏感。B034菌株内含有一稳定的大小约8kb的内源质粒。质粒消除后,其拮抗活性也随之消失。用穿梭质粒pMK4的XL1-Blue中对其EcoR Ⅰ酶切4片段分别进行了克隆,并转化到无拮抗活性的Bacillus DB104中,片段Ⅱ+Ⅲ显示了部分的拮抗活性。 相似文献
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辣椒疫病生防菌的筛选及其抑菌机制初探 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
观测了枯草芽孢杆菌BS、GF1和荧光假单胞菌LX1、BCA1 4株生防菌对7株来源不同的辣椒疫病病菌的拮抗作用和防治效果。结果表明:BS对辣椒疫病病菌菌丝的拮抗作用显著高于其它3株生防菌,抑制率达到33.2%~59.4%;温室防病试验中,BS喷雾处理和BCA1灌根处理对辣椒疫病具有明显的防治效果,防效分别达到56.83%和57.81%。BS抗菌粗提物对病菌菌丝生长具有明显的抑制作用,抑菌作用与抗菌粗提物稀释倍数呈负相关,稀释10倍时抑制率达到100%。BS抗菌粗提物处理使辣椒疫病病菌菌丝分枝增多,分枝间距明显缩短,分枝顶端原生质消解;同时可以显著抑制辣椒疫病病菌游动孢子的萌发速度和萌发率。对绿色荧光蛋白标记的BS菌株(gfp-BS)在辣椒幼苗各部位定殖情况的检测表明:该菌可以通过种子细菌化成功定殖于辣椒植株体内,出苗60 d后仍能检测到荧光标记的菌落,其定殖量维持在103 cfu/g以上。 相似文献
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
15.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
16.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献
17.
L. Blommers H. Helsen F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed. 相似文献
18.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
19.
F. K. Crutcher M. A. Henry‐Gregory H. H. Wilkinson S. E. Duke T. Wheeler C. M. Kenerley 《Plant pathology》2018,67(4):839-847
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population. 相似文献
20.
H. A. Van Hoof H. Huttinga A. Knaap H. P. Maas Geesteranus W. H. M. Mosch D. G. J. De Raay-Wieringa 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1979,85(3):87-98
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten. 相似文献