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1.
J. C. Zadoks 《EPPO Bulletin》1984,14(3):325-335
The costs of plant protection on a national basis were calculated using the Netherlands, 1978, as an example. A combination of public statistics and enquiry data yielded a value of total costs due to pests and diseases of over one billion (109) guilders, of which 10 % for public expenses, 58 % for private expenses, and 32 % for residual damage. Very preliminary estimates of cost effectiveness in terms of marginal benefit/cost ratios were 16 for « inspection and control >> 90 for « research >> 10 for « teaching >> and about 4 for « private expenses >> and for « overall cost effectiveness >>. Such data have limited meaning when the delay times for various types of crop protection activities are disregarded.  相似文献   

2.
公共植保、绿色植保的发展与展望   总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19  
近年来,为顺应绿色消费、可持续发展国际发展潮流,保障国家粮食安全、农产品质量安全、农业生态安全和农业贸易安全,中国植保界适时提出了公共植保、绿色植保理念,并在实践中按照此理念的要求着力推进植保工作。本文通过对公共植保、绿色植保的发展历程和工作举措等内容的深入剖析,充分阐述了其在植保体系、治理对策、技术模式、服务方式、工作机制等方面的重大进展,全面总结了其在提高植保技术到位率和促进粮食生产安全、农产品质量安全、农业生态安全、农业贸易安全等方面的显著成效,并在深入分析当前问题的基础上提出了进一步推进公共植保、绿色植保事业的5点建议。  相似文献   

3.
Common voles (Microtus arvalis) are common small mammals in some European landscapes. They can be a major rodent pest in European agriculture and they are also a representative generic focal small herbivorous mammal species used in risk assessment for plant protection products. In this paper, common vole population dynamics, habitat and food preferences, pest potential and use of the common vole as a model small wild mammal species in the risk assessment process are reviewed. Common voles are a component of agroecosystems in many parts of Europe, inhabiting agricultural areas (secondary habitats) when the carrying capacity of primary grassland habitats is exceeded. Colonisation of secondary habitats occurs during multiannual outbreaks, when population sizes can exceed 1000 individuals ha?1. In such cases, in‐crop common vole population control management has been practised to avoid significant crop damage. The species' status as a crop pest, high fecundity, resilience to disturbance and intermittent colonisation of crop habitats are important characteristics that should be reflected in risk assessment. Based on the information provided in the scientific literature, it seems justified to modify elements of the current risk assessment scheme for plant protection products, including the use of realistic food intake rates, reduced assessment factors or the use of alternativee focal rodent species in particular European regions. Some of these adjustments are already being applied in some EU member states. Therefore, it seems reasonable consistently to apply such pragmatic and realistic approaches in risk assessments for plant protection products across the EU. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

4.
Genomics, and especially functional genomics, will prove to be one of the major keys in capturing the promising benefits of crop biotechnology. The world will need more food, and better quality food, than can be provided by the old crops of the 20th century. Genetic manipulation (alias plant breeding) has produced excellent results over the past 50 years. However, improvements have been linear and have often been limited to higher yields rather than improved nutritional quality. The use of new tools in crop breeding will allow more precise, more easily measured and more beneficial traits to be added to crops around the world. The application of genomics and use of transgenics must be regulated by sound scientific principles and not by amorphous ideological misinformation. Given a fair chance, genomics will improve crop production, crop protection and enhance the quality of life for billions of people. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

5.
Following the obligatory implementation of integrated pest management in the European Union (EU), the plant protection means suitable for application in organic agriculture attracted the attention of quite a wide group of potential users. In spite of the common rules of organic production, as well as the uniform principles of placing plant protection products on the market, the availability of products that can be legally used in organic crop protection differs significantly among the Member States. There is a uniform list of 10 basic substances that can be used in the protection of organic crops throughout the entire EU. Twelve Member States have official registers of plant protection products for use in organic agriculture, and the total number of qualified products per country varies from 11 in Lithuania to 576 in Italy. Some products that improve plant vigour or resistance and may be of use in protection of organic crops are placed on the market as biostimulants. They fall under the law that governs fertilisers and the systems of their registration vary widely among the Member States. In addition, there exist a number of products that have been legally introduced onto the markets of some Member States without registration as a consequence of a loophole in the law. The use of unregistered products in organic agriculture raises some doubts, but currently it seems that there is no legal basis on which to explicitly prohibit the practice. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

6.
In order for a chemical plant protection product to be authorised for sale a registration dossier has to be assembled to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of government regulators. These studies and tests are protected for a period of 10 years in Europe, North America and some other jurisdictions from the date of first product authorisation so that only the data owner can gain commercial benefit from the data. Subsequent regulatory reviews which require new studies should not result in further periods of regulatory data protection exclusive use for the new data but compensation should be payable to the data generator. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

7.
E. BODE 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):113-118
In Germany, as in other countries around the world, plant protection products need to be authorized before being placed on the market. This is true not only for chemicals but also for biological products, which, in Germany, cover microorganisms (including fungi) and viruses. Therefore, an importer or manufacturer of a plant protection product must apply for authorization and submit detailed data and information to prove conformity with the authorization requirements. Beside other important subjects, it must be clearly demonstrated that a plant protection product fulfils the demands of its user as far as its intended fields of use are concerned, and that there are no adverse effects on human and animal (livestock) health, on groundwater or on other aspects of the environment. Although there is an agreement between responsible applicants, authorization holders and competent authorities that such facts should be known, it must be admitted that there are problems with details. Nevertheless, instead of being resistant to official demands for efficacy and safety of biological plant protection products, it would be better to accept them as a guide for the development of good products for the market and as a means of preventing others from being distributed, which could spoil the reputation of biological control.  相似文献   

8.
BACKGROUND: Fewer plant protection products are now authorised for use in ornamental growings. Frequent spraying with the same product or a suboptimal technique can lead to resistance in pests and diseases. Better application techniques could improve the sustainable use of the plant protection products still available. Spray boom systems—instead of the still predominantly used spray guns—might improve crop protection management in greenhouses considerably. The effect of nozzle type, spray pressure and spray angle on spray deposition and coverage in ivy pot plants was studied, with a focus on crop penetration and spraying the bottom side of the leaves in this dense crop. RESULTS: The experiments showed a significant and important effect of collector position on deposition and coverage in the plant. Although spray deposition and coverage on the bottom side of the leaves are generally low, they could be improved 3.0–4.9‐fold using the appropriate application technique. CONCLUSIONS: When using a spray boom in a dense crop, the nozzle choice, spray pressure and spray angle should be well considered. The hollow‐cone, the air‐inclusion flat‐fan and the standard flat‐fan nozzle with an inclined spray angle performed best because of the effect of swirling droplets, droplets with a high momentum and droplet direction respectively. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

9.
Due to rapid developments in plant pathology and increasing international contacts there is a considerable influx of new concepts and terms into Dutch phytopathological communication. Many terms are being directly derived from foreign languages and increasing specialization gives rise to a differential usage of certain terms.To promote clarity, uniformity, and intelligibility of Dutch phytopathological terms and to avoid use of any term which is liable to be misinterpreted the Committee on Terminology of the Netherlands Society of Plant Pathology has prepared an alphabetical list with definitions and explanations of terms, and has made recommendations on their use.The Committee encourages the use of good Dutch terms when available, since they should be intelligible to outsiders and beginners as well as to advisory workers, teachers, and growers who have to deal with practical aspects.It is accepted that terms defined here will have to be continuously reconsidered and adapted to developing understanding of the phenomena.  相似文献   

10.
李芳  刘波 《中国植保导刊》2005,25(11):12-15
可持续植保具有丰富的美学意蕴。可持续植保所强调的整体性与和谐性的观点同生态美学所具有的特色相吻合,将生态美学作为1种价值观、伦理观、教育观,引入植保的研究领域,有助于我们更深刻辩证地认识并解决植物保护所面临的问题,树立可持续控制理念。同时,赋予生态美学更多的现实意义,进而实现可持续植保与社会发展的良性互动。  相似文献   

11.
多旋翼植保无人机喷施新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的飘移风险   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为明确植保无人机喷施新烟碱类杀虫剂对非靶标生物蜜蜂的飘移风险,在田间试验场景下,比较分析多旋翼植保无人机和背负式电动喷雾器喷施新烟碱类杀虫剂时的雾滴飘移量及对蜜蜂的影响。结果表明：应用背负式电动喷雾器和多旋翼植保无人机进行施药作业时,距离施药区下风向5 m处的雾滴飘移率分别为0.50%和23.98%;而多旋翼植保无人机施药时,即使距离施药区下风向17 m处的雾滴飘移率仍高达2.79%,且多旋翼植保无人机施药时的飘移总量显著高于背负式电动喷雾器。喷施新烟碱类杀虫剂时,应用背负式电动喷雾器作业时距离下风向5 m处的蜜蜂在施药后1 d内的死亡数量为75头,分别是距离下风向17 m处和对照组的2.4倍和1.8倍,施药后2~8 d内蜜蜂的死亡数量与对照组无明显差异;应用多旋翼植保无人机作业时距离下风向5 m处的蜜蜂在施药后1 d内的死亡数量为4 721头,分别是距离下风向17 m、29 m处和对照组的3.0倍、6.1倍和112.4倍,施药后2~8 d内蜜蜂的死亡数量明显降低,但距离施药区较近的蜜蜂其死亡数量明显高于对照组,表明多旋翼植保无人机喷施新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂存在较高的飘移风险。  相似文献   

12.
BACKGROUND: In the greenhouses of south‐eastern Spain, plant protection products are applied using mainly sprayers at high pressures and high volumes. This results in major losses on the ground and less than uniform spray deposition on the canopy. Recently, self‐propelled vehicles equipped with vertical spray booms have appeared on the market. In this study, deposition on the canopy and the losses to the ground at different spray volumes have been compared, using a self‐propelled vehicle with vertical spray booms versus a gun sprayer. Three different spray volumes have been tested with a boom sprayer, and two with a spray gun. RESULTS: The vehicle with the vertical spray boom gave similar depositions to those made with the gun, but at lower application volumes. Also, the distribution of the vertical spray boom was more uniform, with lower losses to the ground. CONCLUSIONS: The vertical spray booms used in tomato crops improve the application of plant protection products with respect to the spray gun, reducing the application volumes and the environmental risks of soil pollution. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

13.
This review aims to increase awareness of the potential for developing plant protection strategies based on natural products. Selected examples of commercial successes are given and recent data from our own laboratory using allicin from garlic are presented. The volatile antimicrobial substance allicin (diallylthiosulphinate) is produced in garlic when the tissues are damaged and the substrate alliin (S-allyl-l-cysteine sulphoxide) mixes with the enzyme alliin-lyase (E.C.4.4.1.4). Allicin is readily membrane-permeable and undergoes thiol-disulphide exchange reactions with free thiol groups in proteins. It is thought that these properties are the basis of its antimicrobial action. We tested the effectiveness of garlic juice against a range of plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes in vitro. Allicin effectively controlled seed-borne Alternaria spp. in carrot, Phytophthora leaf blight of tomato and tuber blight of potato as well as Magnaporthe on rice and downy mildew of Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis the reduction in disease was apparently due to a direct action against the pathogen since no accumulation of salicylic acid (a marker for systemic acquired resistance, SAR) was observed after treatment with garlic extract. We see a potential for developing preparations from garlic for use in organic farming, e.g. for reducing the pathogen inoculum potential in planting material such as seeds and tubers. We have tested various encapsulation formulations in comparison to direct treatment. Note added in proof: The complete chemical synthesis of azadirachtin has now been achieved. Nature (2007) 448: 630–631  相似文献   

14.
两种施药器械对水稻中吡蚜酮残留量影响研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本文建立了水稻样品中吡蚜酮的LC-MS/MS检测方法,同时2019年进行了背负式喷雾器和植保无人机施用吡蚜酮农药试验,对两种器械施药方式下吡蚜酮在水稻样品中的残留量进行了比较。结果表明,吡蚜酮在稻谷和植株空白样品添加的平均回收率在72%~104%之间,相对标准偏差在4%~11%之间,稻谷和植株中的定量限分别为0.01和0.02mg/kg。在同一用量下,在施药后2h和14d,稻谷和植株中吡蚜酮残留量表现为:植保无人机>人工背负式喷雾器。因此在采用植保无人机施药防治病虫害时,需关注农产品中残留量的变化。  相似文献   

15.
Enhancing cotton pest management using plant natural defenses has been described as a promising way to improve the management of crop pests. We here reviewed various studies on cotton growing systems to illustrate how an ancient technique called plant training, which includes plant topping and pruning, may contribute to this goal. Using examples from cotton crops, we show how trained plants can be brought to a state of enhanced defense that causes faster and more robust activation of their defense responses. We revisit the agricultural benefits associated with this technique in cotton crops, with a focus on its potential as a supplementary tool for integrated pest management (IPM). In particular, we examine its role in mediating plant interactions with conspecific neighboring plants, pests and associated natural enemies. We propose a new IPM tool, plant training for induced defense, which involves inducing plant defense through artificial injury. Experimental evidence from various studies shows that cotton training is a promising technique, particularly for smallholders, which can be used as part of an IPM program to significantly reduce insecticide use and to improve productivity in cotton farming. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

16.
十三五期间以植保无人机低容量施药技术为代表的现代航空植保产业发展迅速。科研协作研究与大量田间试验示范表明,采用植保无人机施药技术能够提高靶标作物上药液沉积量并减少农药流失,实现精准减量施药;同时能够解决地面机具无法作业时的病虫害防治问题。航空植保技术实现了人机分离作业,避免了农药中毒,降低了劳动强度,极大地提高了作业效率,达到减少农药使用量、提高农药利用率的目的。以水稻为对象,综述植保无人机在农药减量、水稻病虫害防效、技术简易性、农药利用率提升、水稻增产以及成本效益提升等发面发挥的作用。航空植保产业的迅速发展加快了植保无人机智能精准控制系统质量的提升和新技术的研发步伐,且植保无人机的普及性提出了飞防药剂、助剂和施药飘移风险控制技术研发的迫切需求,基于此进一步梳理总结了植保无人机低容量喷雾技术在农药减施增效中的作用和未来发展方向。  相似文献   

17.
European Community (EC) legislation has limited the availability of pesticide active substances used in effective plant protection products. The Pesticide Authorisation Directive 91/414/EEC introduced the principle of risk assessment for approval of pesticide active substances. This principle was modified by the introduction of Regulation (EC) 1107/2009, which applies hazard, the intrinsic toxicity of the active substance, rather than risk, the potential for hazard to occur, as the approval criterion. Potential impacts of EC pesticide legislation on agriculture in Ireland are summarised. While these will significantly impact on pesticide availability in the medium to long term, regulations associated with water quality (Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and Drinking Water Directive 1998/83/EC) have the potential to restrict pesticide use more immediately, as concerns regarding public health and economic costs associated with removing pesticides from water increase. This rationale will further reduce the availability of effective pesticide active substances, directly affecting crop protection and increasing pesticide resistance within pest and disease populations. In addition, water quality requirements may also impact on important active substances used in plant protection in Ireland. The future challenge for agriculture in Ireland is to sustain production and profitability using reduced pesticide inputs within a framework of integrated pest management. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

18.
BACKGROUND: Farmers are being called to use plant protection products (PPPs) more consciously and adopt more sustainable crop protection strategies. Indicators will help farmers to monitor their progress towards sustainability and will support their learning process. Talking the indicators through in farmers' discussion groups and the resulting peer encouragement will foster knowledge acquirement and can lead to changes in attitudes, norms, perception and behaviour. RESULTS: Using a participatory approach, a conceptual framework for on‐farm sustainable crop protection practices was created. The same participatory approach was used to design a dual indicator set, which pairs a pesticide impact assessment system (PIAS) with a farm inquiry. The PIAS measures the risk for human health and the environment exerted by chemical crop protection. The inquiry reveals the farmers' response to this risk, both in terms of the actions they take and their knowledge, awareness and attitude. CONCLUSIONS: The dual indicator set allows for implementation in four tiers, each representing increased potential for monitoring and social learning. The indicator set can be adjusted on the basis of new findings, and the participatory approach can be extrapolated to other situations. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

19.
"绿色"农产品已经成为当今人类的主要关注点,而"绿色"的关键在于植物保护的思想、技术和策略。本文总结了农业生产模式的4个阶段:原始农业、传统农业、化学农业和物理农业,论述了农业生产模式及其与植物保护思想发展的关系,详细阐述了这4种农业生产模式下植物保护思想的产生、发展和变化的过程。同时,重新排序了IPM植保工程的5项措施:植物检疫、农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治。强调针对不同作物,制定标准化的IPM工程操作体系,以确保农产品的绿色品质。  相似文献   

20.
Products containing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses) can be used in plant production as an intervention as well as a prevention method for pest control. Their utilisation is strictly in line with the principles of integrated pest management, provided that they are effective and safe. The rules of registration of microorganisms for crop production in the European Union differ, depending on whether they are placed on the market as plant protection products or not. For over 20 years, uniform rules for registration of plant protection products have been in force. Currently, 36 microorganisms marked up to the strain are approved for use in pest control in the Community. The decision concerning market placement of plant protection products containing approved microorganisms is issued for each member state separately. The approaches to market placement of other products with microorganisms differ within the EU, ranging from a complete lack of requirements to long and costly registration procedures. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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