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1.
四种不同生态系统的土壤解磷细菌数量及种群分布 总被引：67，自引：0，他引：67
通过分析农田、林地、草地和菜地土壤有机磷细菌和无机磷细菌的数量及种群结构,发现有机磷细菌数量比无机磷细菌多;有机磷细菌主要是芽孢杆菌属,其次是假单胞菌属;而无机磷细菌主要是假单胞菌属。菜地土壤解磷细菌的数理和种类最多,不同的细菌解磷能力差异很大,其解磷能力与培养介质的ｐＨ值有一定的关系;许多菌株在进一步的纯化过程中失去了解磷能力。 相似文献
2.
通过导入几丁质酶基因提高荧光假单胞杆菌P5的生防效果 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
从质粒pUC1965得到含有几丁质酶基因的6．5kb DNA片断，将该基因与大肠杆菌-荧光假单胞杆菌穿梭质粒pDSK519连接，获得重组质粒pDSK51965。重组质粒转入荧光假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas flurescence)P5，获得工程菌株fluorescence P5-1。与野生菌株相比，平板拮抗实验表明，工程菌株对小麦全蚀病(Gaeumannomyces graminis vat．tricici)、水稻纹枯病(Rhizoctonia salani)和棉花立枯病(R.salani)抑菌效果明显提高；盆栽防病实验表明，工程菌株显著地提高了对水稻纹枯病及棉花立枯病的防效，并提高了对小麦全蚀病的防效。 相似文献
3.
从甘蔗根际土壤及甘蔗不同组织内分离到的928个细菌菌株中，对甘蔗黑穗病菌有拮抗作用的细菌菌株有301个．占32．4％．其中拮抗能力强(拮抗带大于10mm)的菌株有18个，占1．9％。经在KBA培养基上培养．发现具有拮抗作用的细菌主要是荧光菌和非荧光菌中的白色菌群。在18个拮抗性强的菌株中，13个菌株来自甘蔗的茎、芽(生长点)，占72％；5个菌株来自根际土壤，占28％；12个菌株为革兰氏阳性细菌中的芽孢杆菌属；6个菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌，其中4个菌株分别为假单胞杆菌属、不动杆菌属、伯克氏菌属及沙雷氏菌属，其余2个菌株有待进一步鉴定。 相似文献
4.
光合细菌对鱼病原细菌生长的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从发病的棒花鱼（Abbottina rivularis）和鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）分离得到7株菌,经人工感染证实其中的B3、J1和J2等3株菌均为病原细菌。B3和J1鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）,J2鉴定为豚鼠气单胞菌（Aeromonas caviae）。采用平板扩散法测定了光合细菌嗜酸红假单胞菌Y7（Rhodopseudomonas acidophila Y7）、球形红假单胞菌X3（R．spheroids X3）和桃红荚硫菌S（Tniocapsa roseopersicina S）对病原细菌B3和J2生长的影响。结果表明：在营养琼脂平板上3种光合细菌对两种病原细菌（B3和J2）无明显拮抗作用,但光合细菌能覆盖在病原细菌上生长;3种光合细菌对病原细菌生长有明显的抑制作用,其中球形红假单胞菌X3抑制作用最大,但X3代谢产物对病原细菌生长无明显抑制作用,说明X3对病原细菌的抑制作用来自菌体细胞。X3还能明显抑制水体中的病原菌B3和J2的生长。 相似文献
5.
用接合转移方法构建杀虫防病荧光假单胞菌 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以经过改造的含有转座子Ｔｎ５的自杀质粒ｐＳＵＰ２０２１为载体，通过接合转移将苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因ｃｒｙ Ｉ Ａ（ｃ）片段插入生防细菌荧光假单胞菌Ｐ３０３菌株染色体组。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹分析分别证实杀虫基因的导入和杀虫蛋白的表达。室内生物测定结果表明新构建的ＰＴ２１０、ＰＴ２１２等荧光假单胞菌工程菌菌株不仅保持了野生型自然菌株对小麦全蚀病良好的抑菌活性，而且表现出对小菜蛾和玉米暝 相似文献
6.
土壤食细菌线虫对菲降解的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以菲作为多环芳烃污染物的代表,通过室内培养试验研究了在菲降解菌恶臭假单胞菌存在与否的条件下,接种食细菌线虫对未灭菌土壤中菲去除的影响。析因设计包括4个处理:单独接种恶臭假单胞菌(B),单独接种食细菌线虫(N),同时接种食细菌线虫和恶臭假单胞菌(BN)以及未接种线虫和细菌的对照(CK);分别在培养后第0、5、14、28天进行破坏性采样,测定土壤中菲的残留量,食细菌线虫和恶臭假单胞菌的数量,土壤FDA(荧光素二乙酸酯)水解酶、过氧化氢酶的活性。结果显示,相比CK,在培养前期(0~14天),处理N提高土壤中菲的去除率;而在培养后期(14~28天),BN处理降解菲的优势逐渐显现出来。在培养结束(28天)时,各处理菲的去除率依次为BN(48.2%)B(45.1%)N(44.4%)CK(43.5%)。试验结果还表明,接种食细菌线虫能显著(p0.05)促进细菌以及土壤酶活性。总之,食细菌线虫和细菌的交互作用可能促进土壤中菲的降解。 相似文献
7.
水稻纹枯病是水稻上常见的土传病害之一,为了研发出可防治水稻纹枯病兼具促生效果的功能型生物水稻育苗基质,本研究选用前期筛选出具有固氮解磷功能的根际促生菌:LY5枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、LY11解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)、X2摩拉维亚假单胞菌(Pseudomonas moraviensis)、X3沙芬西芽孢杆菌(Bacillus safensis)、X8绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis),首先探索该5株促生菌对水稻纹枯病病原菌的抑菌率,再将其与水稻纹枯病病原菌混合,在实验室已筛选出的最适配比基质基础上,研发功能型生物水稻育苗基质。在盆栽条件下,与市售水稻育苗基质对比,验证功能型生物水稻育苗基质对水稻纹枯病发病率、水稻幼苗生长和体内抗性相关酶类的影响。结果表明:(1)5株根际促生菌对水稻纹枯病病原菌均具有拮抗作用,抑菌率达到35.31%～40.20%。(2)5株拮抗促生菌能够降低水稻纹枯病的发病率,其中添加LY11菌株的处理较对照处理的每盘出苗数显著增加了110.41%,而发病率显著降低了89.32%。(3)在含有水稻纹枯病病原菌的育苗基质中添加拮抗促生菌后,水稻幼苗的茎粗、百株地下部干物质重、百株全株干物质重、根系活力、根总表面积、根平均直径、根总体积、根尖数等方面均有所提高,其中添加LY11菌株的处理比市售水稻育苗基质处理分别显著提高3.13%、4.21%、4.97%、68.02%、26.77%、16.67%、44.44%、7.82%。(4)添加拮抗促生菌显著促进了水稻幼苗对地上和地下部氮磷钾的吸收。(5)水稻幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性以及丙二醛的含量均显著高于市售水稻育苗基质处理,提高幅度为27.08%～122.72%、16.09%～48.15%、53.33%～233.85%、110.24%～511.71%。因此,本研究研发出5种对水稻纹枯病具有较好的拮抗效果,同时可以显著促进水稻幼苗生长的功能型高效生物水稻育苗基质,其中添加了菌株LY11的育苗基质综合效果最优,为功能型高效生物水稻育苗基质的研制与应用奠定了理论与实践基础。 相似文献
8.
促生荧光假单胞菌对桃树根区土壤环境和植株生长的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
9.
马铃薯环腐病菌内生拮抗细菌的分离，筛选及鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从8个不同来源的3个马铃薯(Solanun trberosum)品种(紫花白、晋薯七号和弗乌瑞它)的块茎中分离到240株内生细菌菌株,通过离体测定和温室实验,共得到55株对马铃薯环腐病菌(Clavibacter michiganenc subsp sepedonicum)有拮抗作用的内生细菌,占总菌数的22.9％。初步筛选出3株具有促生和潜在防治马铃薯环腐病的内生细菌,分别为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp．)A-10’、T3和荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)H1-6。其中A-10’菌株定殖、促生和拮抗作用兼备,具有很好的开发应用前景。 相似文献
10.
为探究有机酸对食品中致腐假单胞菌抗生物被膜活性,本试验测定了柠檬酸(CA)和乙酸(AA)对荧光及隆德假单胞菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和生物被膜抑制能力,通过结晶紫法、苯酚-硫酸法和显微镜观察等分析亚抑菌浓度有机酸处理对2种假单胞菌的生物被膜形成、胞外多糖(EPS)和被膜结构变化及菌体运动性和蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,CA和AA对荧光假单胞菌的MIC分别为2.1和1.0 mg·mL-1。2种有机酸添加浓度为1/4 MIC、1/2 MIC时能显著降低荧光和隆德假单胞菌的生物被膜和EPS分泌量,其中,1/2 MIC CA和1/2 MIC AA处理下生物被膜形成分别减少53.00%和52.19%,EPS分泌量分别降低54.43%和57.85%。光学和共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察发现,假单胞菌在亚抑菌浓度有机酸处理下粘附菌量明显降低,被膜变薄,被膜内死细菌增加,其中荧光假单胞菌成熟被膜为50.0 μm,而1/2 MIC AA和1/2 MIC CA处理下仅为9.8和10.2 μm,且菌体群集和泳动性变得微弱,尤其是AA处理。假单胞菌的蛋白酶活性在弱有机酸作用下显著下降,其酶活性降低22.21%~34.10%。综上表明,亚抑菌浓度CA和AA具有良好的抗假单胞菌生物被膜活性,其中AA的抑制作用更强。本研究为有机酸应用于生鲜食品保鲜提供了理论依据。 相似文献
11.
稻秸杆覆盖对小麦根围拮抗细菌组成和小麦纹枯病发生的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
CHEN Huai-Gu CAO Qi-Guang XIONG Gui-Lin LI Wei ZHANG Ai-Xiang YU Han-Shou WANG Jin-Sheng 《土壤圈》2010,20(4):505-514
To assess the effect of rice straw mulching on changes of antagonistic bacteria and the incidence of wheat sharp eyespot, a multi-year field study was performed to compare unmulched plots and the plots mulched with rice straw for two or three years. Bacterial and fungal populations were evaluated in the cultures prepared from the wheat rhizosphere and bulk soils. Rice straw mulching increased the number of pseudomonas colony forming units in wheat rhizosphere and bulk soils. The proportion of total bacteria that were fluorescent pseudomonads was higher in mulched than in unmulched soil. Bacterial isolates antagonistic to Rhizoctonia cerealis were identified using an inhibition zone test. A series of these isolates were typed by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Pseudomonads had higher antagonistic activity against R. cerealis than other species, and more than 80% of rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomonads were antagonistic to R. cerealis. The disease indices were lower in the mulched plots than in the unmulched control. These results suggest that rice straw mulching in a rice-wheat rotation increases the number of fluorescent pseudomonads. Additionally, these fluorescent pseudomonads may contribute to the control of wheat sharp eyespot. 相似文献
12.
Fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from a soil suppressing Fusarium wilt significantly reduced take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) in wheat and Ophiobolus patch (G. graminis var. avenae) in Agrostis turfgrass. The bacteria were mixed into a conducive soil at a concentration of 107 colony-forming units (cfu)g?1 soil at sowing. There were significantly fewer (P ? 0.05) diseased wheat roots in the treatments with the bacteria and pathogen than in those with the pathogen alone. Dry weights of the tops of wheat and Agrostis turfgrass were significantly greater (P ? 0.01) in treatments inoculated with the bacteria in the presence of the pathogens compared to controls with the pathogens alone. Dry weights of the tops of plants from treatments inoculated with the bacteria alone were not significantly different to those of healthy wheat non-inoculated with the bacteria, showing that the fluorescent pseudomonads did not stimulate plant growth. At the end of the experiments, the bacterial isolates (genetically-marked with rifampicin resistance) were recovered from wheat roots and rhizosphere soil at concentrations of 105–107cfu g?1 fresh weight of roots or oven-dried rhizosphere soil.Many of the fluorescent pseudomonads and some non-fluorescent pseudomonads showed in vitro antibiosis on quarter-strength potato dextrose agar (QPDA) against the pathogens. However, there was no correlation between in vitro antibiosis on agar plates and suppression of disease in pot experiments. Further, while some isolates of G. graminis var. tritici and var. avenae were inhibited by certain bacterial isolates, other isolates of the same fungus were not similarly inhibited by the same isolates of bacteria. Most of the fluorescent pseudomonads that produced inhibition zones (>5mm) against G. graminis var. tritici on QPDA did not do so on King's medium B, where fluorescent siderophores were formed. In vitro antibiosis is, therefore, a poor criterion for selecting effective bacterial antagonists of the wheat take-all fungus. All of the fluorescent pseudomonads tested produced siderophores in low-Fe media while a non-fluorescent pseudomonad and the fungal pathogens did not produce siderophores of comparable activity. The addition of 500 μg FeEDTA g?1 with a lower stability constant did not. The evidence suggests that iron competition at the rhizoplane or in the rhizosphere is one mechanism of suppression. 相似文献
13.
The numbers of antagonists to the take-all fungus, and of fluorescent pseudomonads were significantly different in the rhizosphere and “residue” of seminal and nodal wheat roots of similar age.The rhizosphere of 1 week-old and the residues of 3 and 5 week-old nodal roots harboured significantly more antagonists than seminal roots. The rhizosphere of 5 week-old seminal roots, however, supported more antagonists than that of nodal roots of similar age. Combined analysis of all sampling stages showed that the nodal roots exerted a significantly greater “rhizosphere effect” on antagonists than the seminals.Fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere of 1, 3 and 8 week-old seminal roots were present in significantly higher numbers than in nodal roots of similar age. The combined analysis of all stages showed that the rhizosphere of seminal roots supports a significantly larger population of fluorescent pseudomonads.The implication of these differences is discussed in relation to the ecology of the take-all fungus. 相似文献
14.
E.H. Ridge 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1976,8(4):249-253
In a South Australian wheat-field soil the viable counts of “total” aerobic bacteria and of fluorescent pseudomonads were initially greatly depressed by fumigation with 220 kg·ha?1 chloropicrin (CP) or with a combined application of 220 kg·ha?1 of chloropicrin and 220 kg·ha?1 methyl bromide (F). Bacterial numbers rose sharply within 10 days of the completion of fumigation. For a further 14 days the fluorescent pseudomonads formed the major part of the aerobic bacterial population counted and over 5 months later their numbers in F-treated soil remained about 10 times higher than in untreated soil. Numbers of aerobic spore-formers rose more slowly after CP or F treatment. but then remained significantly higher over the 159 days of the trial. Fumigation with 220 kg·ha?1 of methyl bromide alone (MB) had little effect on soil bacterial numbers.A check of random isolates revealed a predominance of Gram-negative organisms in soil treated with CP, this dominance decreasing with time, whereas MB treatment did not result in any detectable change.Fluorescent pseudomonads from rhizospheres of wheat plants in soil fumigated with CP contained smaller proportions of strains antagonistic in vitro to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici than isolates from MB-treated soil or from untreated soil. 相似文献
15.
Four natural organic fertilizers, alone or in combination with the synthetic organic fertilizer isobutylidene diurea (IBDU),
were compared with IBDU alone for their effect on soil/root microbial populations associated with bermudagrass grown on a
golf course putting green in southern Florida, USA. Populations of total fungi, total bacteria, fluorescent pseudomonads,
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, actinomycetes and heat-tolerant bacteria were monitored every 3 months during the 2-year study. On only one sampling date
and for only one bacterial population (S. maltophilia) was a significant difference in microbial populations obtained among the fertilizer treatments. However, the S. maltophilia populations associated with the natural organic fertilizer treatments were not significantly different from the synthetic
organic IBDU fertilizer treatment.
Received: 4 April 1997 相似文献
16.
We investigated the root growth of native Schizachyrium scoparium, little bluestem grass, and the seasonal abundance of rhizoplane and root zone soil microorganisms on burned and unburned sand prairies. Root growth and abundances of rhizoplane and root zone microorganisms were greater in burned than unburned sites. Microbe populations were nearly always higher on the rhizoplane than in the root zone soils, although they were not always significantly different. The seasonal dynamics of total bacteria, total fungi, fluorescent pseudomonads, and microorganisms that decompose chitin, cellulose, and protein varied between burned and unburned sites. Some microbial populations showed significant, though weak, relationships with root growth. Populations of most microorganisms were usually highest from June through August, when roots were being shed following the peak standing crop of root mass in May. The production of fine roots on burned sites early in the growing season and the consequent shedding of fine roots probably have an important effect on microbe population dynamics. 相似文献
17.
覆盖模式及小麦根系对土壤微生物区系的影响 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
采用平皿分离培养法研究了5种栽培模式和小麦根系对土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌数量的影响。连续2年的定位测定结果表明:覆膜有利于土壤微生物数量增加。5种栽培模式中,小麦根区、根外土壤细菌数量均以覆膜模式下最高,分别为116.8×106cfu·g-1和86.7×106cfu·g-1;土壤真菌和放线菌数量均以垄沟覆膜(垄上覆膜、垄沟播种)模式下最高,分别为3.0×103cfu·g-1、1.4×103cfu·g-1和18.9×105cfu·g-1、19.7×105cfu·g-1。不同模式下小麦根系对土壤细菌和真菌数量影响较大,表现为根区高于根外;而根系对放线菌影响较小,只有补灌和覆膜2种模式为根区高于根外。多重比较结果显示,覆膜与其他模式之间细菌数量差异极显著,根区土壤细菌和真菌数量与根外存在显著差异。覆盖和根系能大幅度增加根区细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,强化小麦根区根外细菌和真菌的数量差异。 相似文献
18.
研究高产与中产麦田小麦产量、光能和氮素利用效率的差异,为缩小产量和资源利用率差,实现小麦高产高效生产提供理论依据。选取高产田和中产田2块麦田,常年小麦产量水平分别为9 000,7 500 kg/hm2。以小麦品种"烟农1212"为供试材料,分析不同产量水平麦田光能利用和氮素利用的差异。结果表明,高产田植株拔节期、开花期和成熟期氮素积累量较中产田提高6.65%~11.25%,开花前氮素向籽粒中的转运量较中产田提高11.60 kg/hm2,开花后氮素同化量较中产田提高21.99 kg/hm2。开花后14~28天旗叶氮代谢酶活性均表现为高产田显著高于中产田。高产田土壤氮素表观盈亏量较中产田减少48.61%。高产田开花期和开花后7~28天叶面积指数和旗叶SPAD值较中产田分别提高6.89%~34.56%和8.45%~27.32%;开花期和开花后7~28天高产田冠层光能有效辐射截获率和截获量较中产田提高3.92%~7.70%和3.97%~7.85%。高产田籽粒产量较中产田提高26.71%,光能利用率和氮素利用率分别提高17.39%和19.50%。综上所述,高产田小麦开花后冠层光能有效辐射截获率和营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒的转运量高,提高小麦成熟期籽粒中氮素的积累量,进而提高产量、光能利用率和氮素利用率,同时减少土壤氮素表观盈亏量,减少氮素损失。 相似文献
19.
Pseudomonads were isolated from the roots of winter wheat plants. Plants produced from direct-drilling of seeds into plots where crop residues had been burnt were larger and appeared healthier than those from plots where crop residues remained. Tests showed that roots from the plants direct-drilled into the plots where crop residues had been burnt were colonized by fewer pseudomonads which could inhibit plant growth than those from plants produced from plots where crop residues remained. The tests were performed by inoculating wheat seedlings with individual bacterial isolates and measuring root growth. When several wheat cultivars were bioassayed against each of two of the inhibitory pseudomonads, they differed greatly in susceptibility to the adverse effects of the bacteria. 相似文献
20.
根修剪对黄土旱塬冬小麦群体结构、土壤水分及产量形成的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过田间试验研究了返青期不同程度根修剪处理对冬小麦群体结构、土壤水分及产量形成的影响.结果表明,不同程度根修剪处理均减少了小麦的群体数量,改善了群体结构,从而使得根修剪处理花期时的透光率显著大于对照.根修剪处理还使小麦对土壤水分的消耗显著减少,花期时根修剪处理小区的土壤含水量均显著高于对照.土壤水分的改善促进了小麦的生理活性,使根修剪处理小麦的花期光合速率均显著大于对照.成熟期时小剪根处理对籽粒产量没有显著影响,但由于显著减少了水分消耗,因此,提高了小麦的水分利用效率,大剪根处理虽然提高了小麦水分利用效率,但由于严重影响了成穗数,从而造成产量显著下降.研究表明,在旱地农业生产实践中,如果能采用适当农艺措施以减少冬小麦前期旺长对土壤水分的过度消耗,使更多水分留在花后利用,将对作物产量及水分利用效率的提高非常有利. 相似文献