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《林业工程学报》2017,(2)
为改善高底物浓度酶水解过程中产物抑制问题,采用三段酶水解方法,通过在水解过程中及时移除反应产物纤维二糖和葡萄糖,降低产物抑制作用,增加酶反应速率,从而提高酶水解得率、缩短酶反应时间。与原料和经NaOH预处理的桑木比较,NaOH-Fenton预处理后的桑木中木聚糖含量明显降低,纤维素含量相对增加,木质素含量变化较小。无论是一段水解还是三段水解,纤维素酶水解得率均随底物质量浓度的升高而下降。在0.30 g/m L(m/V)底物质量浓度下,当酶用量增加为40 U/g(以纤维素质量计)时,三段(10+10+10)h酶水解得率74.16%,比一段水解72 h得率45.61%增长了62.60%,并且水解时间缩短了42 h。该研究结果对提高纤维素酶水解得率、降低纤维资源制取燃料乙醇成本具有指导意义。 相似文献
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为充分利用杨树资源,以杨木加工废弃物杨木屑为原料,研究碱法提取木聚糖的工艺条件,并采取酶法制备低聚木糖。以质量分数为1%的稀硫酸预处理可以有效提高杨木屑木聚糖的得率,较对照组提高了2倍。对比3种碱液(NaOH、KOH和NaHCO_3)提取杨木屑木聚糖的得率,以NaOH提取的木聚糖得率最大。通过单因素和正交试验优化NaOH提取杨木屑木聚糖的条件,结果显示碱液质量分数10%,固液比1∶10(g∶mL),温度120℃下提取3 h所得的木聚糖得率可达到20.7%,且四因素对提取得率的影响显著程度依次为提取温度碱液质量分数提取时间固液比。碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖酸水解后产物由88.69%D-木糖、4.76%纤维二糖和6.62%葡萄糖组成且不含有阿拉伯糖,说明碱法提取的杨木屑木聚糖支链上主要连有木糖。以碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖为底物,优化了来源于嗜热菌Dictyoglomus thermophilum的重组木聚糖酶Xyn B-DT的酶解适宜条件:在温度70℃,pH 6.0,酶用量3.00 U/m L,反应时间12 h后,杨木屑木聚糖水解产物中以木二糖和木三糖为主,并含有少量木四糖,降解率达86.2%。研究结果为杨木屑木聚糖的高值化利用奠定了基础。 相似文献
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研究了一种AlCl3辅助的低共熔溶剂（DES）预处理毛竹的方法。合成了以氯化胆碱和AlCl3为氢受体，愈创木酚为氢供体的低共熔溶剂，考察了低共熔溶剂中AlCl3用量对毛竹原料的化学组成、物料得率和后续酶水解效率的影响，结果表明：随着AlCl3用量的增加，预处理物料木聚糖和木质素含量逐渐降低，葡聚糖含量升高，葡聚糖酶水解得率显著提高。当AlCl3用量为1.32%（摩尔分数）,氯化胆碱、愈创木酚和AlCl3物质的量比为25∶50∶1)时，预处理效果达到最佳，预处理物料得率为57.16%,葡聚糖和木聚糖回收率分别为95.95%和12.84%,木质素脱除率为74.88%,葡聚糖酶水解得率由未添加AlCl3时的11.16%提高到96.20%,表明AlCl3可以有效促进DES体系对毛竹中木聚糖和木质素的溶解。通过XRD、SEM和FT-IR分析对预处理后物料进行表征。XRD分析结果表明预处理物料的结晶度随着AlCl3... 相似文献
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分别研究了粗木聚糖酶和纯化的木聚糖酶在超滤膜反应器(UMR)和常规反应器(CSBR)中的酶解特性。粗木聚糖酶或纯木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖时,反应进行了525 m in时所得产品中低聚木糖各组分的质量分数(木二糖~木五糖)均在20%左右,木糖质量分数约为9.5%。在UMR中粗木聚糖酶降解木聚糖时的低聚木糖得率、低聚木糖占总糖的比例和低聚木糖生产能力比纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中分别高19.1%、14.8%和13.5%;而木糖的得率却低55.2%。粗木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖时,所得低聚木糖产品中木二糖~木五糖组分含量基本相等;纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中酶解木聚糖时,所得低聚木糖产品中木二糖含量较高。同纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中酶解特性相比,粗木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖可以制得高质量低聚木糖。 相似文献
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木聚糖相对分子质量分布对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶茵,研究了相对分子质量(Mw)分布不同的木聚糖对木聚糖酶合成的影响。通过SephadexG一100凝胶过滤色谱分级分离发现木聚糖A中低Mw组分较多,木聚糖B中低Mw组分较少,木聚糖C中低Mw组分最少。分别以这3种木聚糖为碳源合成木聚糖酶,最高木聚糖酶活力分别为153．64、120．84和110.84IU／mL,产酶时间分别为60、72和96h。用这3种碳源合成的木聚糖酶酶解粗木聚糖,酶解2h时,产物中低聚木糖分别占总糖的80．70％、68．56％和66．92％。这表明低Mw组分较多的木聚糖不仅有利于促进木聚糖酶的诱导合成,而且有利于促进内切-1,4-木聚糖酶的合成。 相似文献
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4种木质纤维素预处理方法的比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用4种方法对玉米秸秆预处理,研究了不同预处理方法对酶水解性能和可发酵性糖得率的影响,分析了预处理物料主要成分,预水解液中糖组成、碳水化合物降解产物及木质素降解产物含量.100 g玉米秸秆经稀酸、稀酸磨浆、中性蒸汽爆破和稀酸蒸汽爆破预处理、洗涤后,物料中纤维素由37.17g分别降为33.96、33.54、32.63和32.88 g,木聚糖由22.84 g分别降为2.77、2.47、3.56和2.05 g,木质素由18.76 g分别降为17.63、17.42、16.90和17.25 g.稀酸蒸汽爆破预处理物料在底物质量浓度100 g/L、纤维素酶用量20 FPIU/g(以纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量3 IU/g下酶水解48 h,纤维素水解得率为75.91％.玉米秸秆经稀酸蒸汽爆破预处理、纤维素酶水解后可发酵性糖得率为44.93％(以玉米秸秆为基准). 相似文献
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研究了绿液预处理对麦秆酶水解的影响.比较了不同绿液预处理条件下麦秆的浆得率、成分组成与纤维素酶解率,结果表明,预处理条件越剧烈,原料损失越大,而木质素脱除率越高,且在相同酶水解条件下,纤维素酶解率却越高,其中适宜的条件是预处理温度150℃,总碱量8％(Na2O计,对绝干原料)和硫化度40％,浆得率62.0％,葡聚糖、木聚糖和木质素质量分数50.0％、18.9％和16.2％,葡萄糖和木糖得率分别为74.2％和73.5％.考察了质量浓度和酶用量对绿液预处理麦秆酶水解的影响,优化了商品纤维素酶酶系结构和Tween-80的添加量,表明绿液预处理麦秆纤维素酶水解的适宜条件为质量浓度100 g/L,纤维素酶用量15 FPU/g(以纤维素计,下同),β-葡萄糖苷酶9 IU/g,木聚糖酶30 IU/g,Tween-800.05 g/g.在以上条件下,酶水解72 h,葡萄糖得率和木糖得率分别达到了82.5％和77.8％,是优化前的2.6和1.6倍. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献