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1.
A 9-year-old dog with spontaneous ascites was found to have hepatic vein distension and a tortuous vena cava on abdominal ultrasound. In right lateral recumbency, the caudal vena cava crossed the diaphragm and became kinked before entering into the right atrium. Following this observation, we performed an experimental study in a normal dog to determine whether kinking of the caudal vena cava could be the result and not the cause of ascites. Ascites was induced using warm saline injected through a needle inserted into the abdominal cavity. Venograms were collected from different body positions, under four conditions: before and after a total of one, two and 3 liters of saline had been injected. Caudal vena cava kinking was observed in the experimental dog after 2 liters of fluid had been injected. Vena cava obstruction may cause ascites, but we found that sometimes caudal vena cava kinking can be the result and not the cause of the peritoneal effusion.  相似文献   

2.
Objective: To describe a dog with Budd–Chiari‐like syndrome secondary to caudal vena cava compression from a thoracic wall chondrosarcoma. Case summary: A 9‐year‐old spayed female Shetland Sheepdog cross with a recent history of non‐productive cough developed severe abdominal distension and dyspnea. Marked ascites and enlarged hepatic veins were identified with ultrasonography. At surgery, a right thoracic wall mass was found to be compressing the caudal vena cava. Fluid analysis of the ascites revealed a modified transudate with elevated protein concentration, consistent with Budd–Chiari‐like syndrome. Clinical signs resolved following thoracotomy and complete resection of the mass. New or unique information provided: Obstruction of venous blood flow can result from compression exerted by a space‐occupying thoracic wall mass on the caudal vena cava. Clinical resolution can be achieved with return of adequate venous circulation by removal of the mass and alleviation of the external pressure.  相似文献   

3.
A 10-year-old, neutered male Cairn terrier was examined after experiencing intermittent vomiting of several months' duration and sudden onset of acute depression. Abdominal ultrasound examination revealed an adrenal mass invading the suprarenal part of the caudal vena cava. The vascular invasion could not be corrected so en bloc ligation/excision of the adrenal neoplasm and the suprarenal part of the vena cava was performed. Microscopic examination identified an adrenal phaeochromocytoma. The dog recovered well and had no significant vascular or renal dysfunction at follow-up 20 months after surgery. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a dog surviving long term after resection of the suprarenal caudal vena cava.  相似文献   

4.
A large caudodorsal mediastinal mass was identified in a dog which had been presented for vomiting and anorexia. A few weeks later, the dog developed ascites and hindlimb oedema. Radiography showed that the caudodorsal mediastinal mass was compressing the caudal vena cava, probably inducing passive congestion of the liver. At postmortem examination, the mass was diagnosed as a large oesophageal leiomyoma. To the authors' knowledge, an oesophageal tumour leading to compression of the caudal vena cava associated with passive congestion of the liver has not been described previously in dogs. Secondary signs relating to the oesophageal mass appeared to be more prominent than the digestive signs. Causes of passive congestion of the liver and the differential diagnoses for a caudodorsal mediastinal mass are discussed.  相似文献   

5.
A three-year old, female Boxer Dog was treated initially with thoracocentesis for a right-sided pneumothorax. The dog was re-evaluated after three weeks because of an enlargement of the abdomen. A positive venogram revealed a ventral displacement of the caudal vena cava between the diaphragm and the heart, with a severe reduction of the diameter of the vein. An exploratory thoracotomy showed a displaced accessory lung lobe with an adhesion to the parietal pleura. Inflation of this lung lobe created a dynamic obstruction of the caudal vena cava, which resulted in ascites. Surgery offered successful treatment.  相似文献   

6.
A two-year-old labrador retriever was examined after a year's history of persistent ascites and exercise intolerance that began shortly after the dog was struck by an automobile. Contrast venography showed tortuosity of the intrathoracic caudal vena cava with partial obstruction caused by kinking of the vessel. Surgical resection of a fibrous connective band that was found to be tethering the intrathoracic vena cava ventrally, creating a partial obstruction, was performed. A hypothesis of the aetiology of this phenomenon is presented.  相似文献   

7.
This case report describes a three-year-old Swiss Braunvieh cow with ascites due to thrombosis of the caudal vena cava. Ultrasonography verified the ascites and revealed dilatation of the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava (4.8 cm). It was presumed that the caudal vena cava was occluded by a thrombus or by perivenous compression cranial to the dilatation. Post mortem findings included: a massive accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a 15 cm long thrombus in the subphrenic region of the caudal vena cava; multiple pulmonary abscesses; severe thrombosis of the pulmonary vasculature; hepatic congestion; oedematous abomasal folds; and severe thrombophlebitis of the left jugular vein and both udder veins, due to poor intravenous injection technique. Ascites caused by thrombosis of the caudal vena cava is rare because collateral routes of venous return, including the udder veins, are usually established. It was therefore concluded that the ascites was attributable to bilateral thrombosis of the udder veins.  相似文献   

8.
A dog with visceral leishmaniasis developed rear limb edema, and distension of the caudal epigastric veins. Glomerular disease with nephrotic syndrome and hypercoagulable state was diagnosed. Sonographically there was massive thrombosis of the caudal vena cava.  相似文献   

9.
Two dogs, one immature and one adult, were presented with a history of progressive ascites. In a third, immature dog, increasing exercise intolerance had been noted. Echocardiography demonstrated a partition in the right atrium (cor triatriatum dexter) and echocontrast studies documented normal flow from the cranial vena cava into the right atrium and ventricle. A saphenous vein contrast study demonstrated flow from the caudal vena cava into an accessory right atrial chamber (sinus venarum). The sinus venarum communicated with the true right atrium via a small defect in the atrial membrane in one dog, and additionally with the left atrium via a right-to-left shunting foramen ovale in the other dogs. All defects were visualised on angiographic studies by selective catheterisation of the caudal vena cava via the femoral vein. Balloon dilatation of the defect was then performed using a small followed by a larger balloon angioplasty catheter to enlarge the defect in the atrial membrane. Clinical signs improved within days and were sustained in the long-term in all cases.  相似文献   

10.
Five dogs with kinking of the intrathoracic caudal vena cava (CVC) were studied. One dog had neither clinical nor laboratory abnormalities associated with the kinked CVC, and the cause was unknown. The other four dogs had evidence of post-sinusoidal obstruction of venous flow characterized by high protein ascites (modified transudate). Causes of the kinked CVC were automobile trauma (two dogs), cardiomegaly with ascites, and a large neoplastic lung mass. Surgical removal of the kinked caval segment was successful in the two dogs injured by automobiles. Medical therapy with a diuretic was associated with a decrease in ascites, straightening of the CVC, and improvement in clinical condition of the dog with cardiomegaly and ascites. Surgical removal of the neoplastic lung mass in one dog resulted in straightening of the CVC, but it later died of respiratory failure associated with pulmonary neoplasia.  相似文献   

11.
Inferior vena cava obstruction, a rare but serious complication of transvenous pacemaker lead placement in humans, has not been reported in dogs. We describe this complication in a dog that developed ascites 8 months after pacemaker implantation. Radiography disclosed a loop of redundant lead within the caudal vena cava (CVC), and angiography demonstrated obstruction to blood flow. Withdrawal of the loop from the CVC did not restore blood flow. Persistent obstruction was suspected secondary to fibrosis resulting from vascular damage caused by the loop of lead. Angioplasty of the CVC obstruction restored blood flow and resolved the dog's clinical signs.  相似文献   

12.
Thrombosis of the caudal vena cava in a dog secondary to metastatic neoplasia is described. The dog had a palpable abdominal mass and persistent thrombocytopenia due to a thrombosed caudal vena cava that was surgically removed. A few days after its removal, the dog died and neoplastic cells of neural crest origin were identified at the edge of the thrombus. Massive thrombosis can be an unusual cause of platelet consumption, leading to thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Deep vein thrombosis of the vena cava can occur in dogs and may mimic an abdominal mass. Multiple mechanisms may be involved in the development of venous thrombosis, including endothelial damage by neoplastic cells and the presence of a hypercoagulable state secondary to neoplasia. Extensive collateral circulation may allow removal of diseased vena cava.  相似文献   

13.
Chronically sustained systemic hypertension in dogs can damage the kidneys, eye, brain, heart, and vessels. In human medicine, systemic hypertension has been implicated as the most common risk factor for aorta dilation, which can progress to an aneurysm. Abdominal ultrasound has been commonly used to monitor the size of the abdominal aorta in people with systemic hypertension. In this retrospective cross‐sectional abdominal ultrasound study, evaluation of the size of the abdominal aorta relative to the caudal vena cava was performed in 18 control dogs and 128 dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension. Preexisting conditions contributing to systemic hypertension in these dogs were renal disease, hyperadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, adrenal tumors, and previous administration of phenylpropanolamine or palladia. The abdominal aorta and caudal vena cava were assessed from longitudinal images cranial to the trifurcation with measurements made from outer border to outer border of the walls, being careful not to compress the caudal vena cava that would alter its size. Our hypothesis was the ratio of the diameter of the abdominal aorta to caudal vena cava would be higher in dogs with systemic hypertension compared to dogs with normal blood pressure. The mean abdominal aorta‐caudal vena cava ratio was 1.028 in control dogs with a normal blood pressure and 1.515 in dogs with systemic hypertension. In dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension, the abdominal aorta was dilated compared to the caudal vena cava in the caudal abdomen. An increase in the abdominal aorta‐caudal vena cava ratio in a dog should raise suspicion for the presence of systemic hypertension and prompt evaluation of blood pressure.  相似文献   

14.
An eight-year-old, male castrated basset hound presenting with a three-month history of lethargy was examined. Diagnostic tests including radiography and ultrasonography showed a right-sided renal mass. A 99mTc diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid scan demonstrated that this kidney was non-functional. At surgery, invasion of the caudal vena cava was found, and the renal segment of the vena cava and the right kidney were resected. The left renal vein was anastomosed to the more proximal vena cava using a polytetrafluoroethylene graft, and the dog recovered well. Two days postsurgery, the dog suffered an acute episode of aspiration pneumonia and was euthanased. The renal mass was diagnosed as lymphoma on histopathology.  相似文献   

15.
A 10-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was referred for evaluation of bilateral hindlimb edema and weakness. Abdominal ultrasonography showed increased echogenicity of the lumen of the caudal vena cava from the level of the urinary bladder to the level of the cranial pole of the right kidney. Bilateral saphenous venograms displayed numerous filling defects in the caudal vena cava, right external iliac vein, right femoral vein, and the right common iliac vein. Extensive venous thrombosis was diagnosed, and the animal was euthanized. Necropsy confirmed the presence of venous thrombosis and revealed a right adrenocortical carcinoma that had invaded the caudal vena cava.  相似文献   

16.
Objective —To describe six dogs with congenital abnormalities involving the portal vein, caudal vena cava, or both.
Animals —Six client-owned dogs with congenital interruption of the portal vein or the caudal vena cava, or both.
Methods —Portal vein and caudal vena cava anatomy was evaluated by contrast radiography and visualization at surgery. Vascular casts or plastinated specimens were obtained in three animals.
Results —Portal blood shunted into the caudal vena cava in four dogs and the left hepatic vein in one. Two of these five dogs also had interruption of the caudal vena cava with continuation as azygous vein, as did an additional dog, in which the portal vein was normally formed. Portal vein interruption was present in 5 of 74 (6.8%) dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts evaluated at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital during the study period.
Conclusions —Serious malformations of the abdominal veins were present in more than 1 in 20 dogs with single congenital portosystemic shunts.
Clinical Relevance —Veterinarians involved in diagnosis and surgery for portosystemic shunts should be aware of these potential malformations, and portal vein continuity should be evaluated in all dogs before attempting shunt attenuation.  相似文献   

17.
O bjective : To describe the computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging features of segmental caudal vena cava aplasia and associated vascular anomalies in dogs.
M ethods : A retrospective study was performed reviewing computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging archives of eight institutions for dogs with segmental caudal vena cava aplasia. Inclusion criteria included a computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging study and supportive diagnostic and follow-up information. Abdominal vessels were reviewed for size, shape, location and course (including tributaries and branches) and classified as normal, abnormal or shunt vessels.
R esults : Ten dogs with segmental caudal vena cava aplasia were identified. In all dogs, postrenal caval blood was shunted to either a right or a left azygos vein, with seven different angiographic patterns. Affected dogs were predominantly female (70 per cent) and young (mean 2·6 years). Additional portocaval and porto-azygos shunt vessels were identified in two cases each. Computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography depicted details of abdominal vessels including thrombus formation in one dog.
C linical S ignificance : Segmental caudal vena cava aplasia is a vascular congenital anomaly in the dog that can be associated with thrombosis and portosystemic shunts. Computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography are excellent tools to demonstrate the complex vascular anatomy and to guide treatment planning for portosystemic shunts and thrombolytic therapy.  相似文献   

18.
Nephrotomography and ultrasonography were used in 11 dogs with hyperadrenocroticism to assess the value of these techniques for the localization of biochemically diagnosed hyperfunctioning adrenocortical tumors. Both techniques enabled accurate localization of a unilateral adrenal mass in each of the dogs. Cross-sectional diameters of the masses ranged from 1 to 4 cm. In 1 dog, expansion of tumor into the caudal vena cava was revealed by caudal venacavography and ultrasonography. Mineralization in the tumor mass in 2 dogs was easily recognized by nephrotomography, but not by ultrasonography. Paracostal laparotomy confirmed the presence of an adrenocortical tumor in each dog, and expansion of tumor into the caudal vena cava in 1 dog. Cross-sectional diameters of the tumors ranged from 1.2 to 4.5 cm and corresponded well with cross-sectional measurements by nephrotomography and ultrasonography. It was concluded that nephrotomography and ultrasonography have similar diagnostic accuracies for the detection and localization of hyperfunctioning adrenocortical tumors.  相似文献   

19.
A 9-year-old Quarter horse was presented for chronic refractory pneumonia. On necropsy, an hepatic abscess, caudal vena cava thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, and embolic pneumonia were identified. Similar lesions have been reported in cattle as caudal vena cava thrombosis syndrome, however this syndrome has not previously been reported in horses.  相似文献   

20.
This paper describes the causes, clinical findings and diagnosis of caudal vena caval thrombosis in cattle. Occlusion of the vein is caused by a 'white' thrombus, and typical clinical signs include chronic weight loss, poor general condition and intermittent fever. Most affected cattle have respiratory signs; in some, pulmonary haemorrhage, ascites and sudden death occur. Haematological analyses, endoscopy of the respiratory tract and ultrasonographic examination of the pleura, liver and abdomen should be carried out in cattle suspected of having thrombosis of the caudal vena cava. The most important diagnostic finding is dilatation of the caudal vena cava seen via ultrasonography. Normally, the caudal vena cava appears triangular in cross section but in cattle with thrombosis it is oval or circular. The prognosis is poor and there is no treatment.  相似文献   

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