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1.
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2.
The paper assess the variability of fat content and fatty acids profiles in seeds of a white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) domestic collection. The initial material comprised 371 accessions originated from 30 countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, North- and South America and Australia. According to data given by accession donors the material is divided into four classes of origin: wild lines, landraces, lines created by man and cultivars. Variability of fat content and fatty acids composition were estimated in seeds of each accession. The average fat content for analyzed collection is 9.81%. The broadest range of fat content was noticed for landraces and cultivars as compared to narrowest represented by lines created by man. Fat content ranged from 6.9% (induced mutant Wt 95497) to 14.1% (Polish cultivar Wt 95420 and the landrace Wt 95212 from Jordan). From a dietetic point of view, oil quality is more important than oil quantity in lupin seeds. On average the fatty acid (FA) in examined accessions ranked in following order of abundance: oleic acid (C18:1) > linoleic acid (C18:2) > linolenic acid (C18:3) > palmitic acid (C16:0) > eicosenoic acid (C20:1) > stearic acid (C18:0) ≈ erucic acid (C22:1). In respect to unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), monounsaturated oleic acid in each of estimated classes of accessions was predominant and most abundant (55.7%) in broad range of minimum–maximum values from 41.2 to 66.2%. The second examined monounsaturated fatty acid was erucic acid (1.74%) found in seeds of almost all studied accessions. An exception were four accessions defined similarly to rapeseeds as “zero erucic” forms. In seeds of few accessions a content of erucic acid exceeded 3%. Among polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic FA (ω?6) dominated followed by linolenic FA (ω?3). Both FA were in the range 13.7–33.2% and 5.6–12.8% with mean values on the level 19.6 and 10.1%, respectively. As a consequence, the examined white lupin seeds showed a very favourable ω?3/ω?6 FA ratio (0.51), ranging from 0.21 to 0.87, much higher than that of most vegetable oils. Fat content was positively correlated with stearic and oleic fatty acids and negatively with palmitic, linoleic, linolenic and erucic acid.  相似文献   

3.
Among 371 oat accessions from the world collection of the Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) mostly represented by the landraces from Asia (Maritime Territory of Russian Federation, Mongolia, China, Japan, North Korea, India, Iran, Afghanistan, and Bhutan) ninety five were heterogeneous for resistance to the North Caucasus populations of the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani). Damage ratings of resistance in 47 accessions were high, low level of resistance was identified in 48 genotypes. Higher frequency of greenbug resistant accessions (60.5%) was found among landraces from Mongolia. Lines with high expression of the resistance were selected from seven landraces with wide range of damage ratings. North Caucasus populations of S. graminum from Krasnodar area and Dagestan significantly differ by the frequencies of virulence to host plant. Seven virulence phenotypes differentially interacting with oat genotypes were found in the Krasnodar population and 10 phenotypes were revealed in the Dagestan population. Results of the experiments with the greenbug test clones revealed that all the lines selected from the accessions VIR-2490, VIR-2539, VIR-4074, VIR-12213, VIR-12214 (Mongolia), VIR-6688 (India) and VIR-13624 (North Korea) are protected by diverse alleles of resistance genes which differ from the earlier identified gene Grb3. These lines are supposed to have aphid resistance genes nonidentical to the Grb1 and Grb2. The accessions VIR-6688, VIR-4074 and VIR-12214 possess high resistance to Krasnodar and Dagestan greenbug populations and the accession VIR-13624 is protected by the most effective gene (genes) of resistance to the both populations from North Caucasus.  相似文献   

4.
Genetic diversity in 50 snake melon accessions collected from Palestine (West Bank) was assessed by examining variation in 17 phenotypic characters. These accessions belonged to four important landraces of Cucumis melo var. flexuosus: Green “Baladi” (GB), white Baladi (WB), green Sahouri (GS), and white Sahouri (WS). Principal component analysis (PCA) and a dendrogram were performed to determine relationships among populations and to obtain information on the usefulness of those characters for the definition of cultivars. PCA revealed that secondary fruit skin color, flesh color, primary fruit skin color, and secondary skin color pattern were the principal characters to discriminate melon accessions examined in the present study. According to the scatter diagram and dendrogram, landraces of C. melo var. flexuosus: GB, WB, GS, and WS formed different clusters. However, based on Euclidean genetic coefficient distances, GB and WB had the least degree of relatedness with GS and WS, indicating distantly related landraces (Baladi and Sahouri). On the other hand, the highest degree of relatedness was detected between WS on one hand, and both GS and WB on the other indicating closely related cultivars. Fruit traits variability among the different snake melon landraces was evaluated and discussed in this study. This evaluation of fruit trait variability can assist geneticists and breeders to identify populations with desirable characteristics for inclusion in cultivars breeding programs.  相似文献   

5.
The Genebank at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) harbours three different potato collections comprising 2846 wild potato accessions, 2757 accessions of cultivars, landraces and breeding material of Solanum tuberosum L. and 579 Solanum clones originating mainly from South and Central America (as of July 2016). The three collections are maintained via seeds, in vitro culture, cryopreservation or in the field. All four processes are labour and cost intensive. Therefore, methods facilitating the efficient management and maintenance of the collections are needed. We describe the experimental application of the retrotransposon-based Inter-SINE amplified polymorphism (ISAP) marker system for supporting the management of potato collections. Three ISAP primer combinations were evaluated on a set of 259 cultivated and 89 wild potato accessions focussing on three different aspects: diversity analysis, duplicate identification and phylogenetic studies. Compared to up to 29 microsatellites, ISAPs were similarly efficient in monitoring genetic diversity and detecting duplicated accessions. In addition, the three ISAP primer combinations could be applied to wild potato species, although their use in phylogenetic studies is limited due to their highly polymorphic nature. Generally, ISAPs are a very valuable tool in the maintenance of clonally maintained potato collections and for the verification of the identity of accessions.  相似文献   

6.
Molecular characterization of germplasm is important for sustainable exploitation of crops. DNA diversity was measured using inter-retrotransposon-amplified-polymorphism and inter-simple-sequence-repeat markers in 203 Ethiopian landraces and reference varieties of linseed (flax, Linum usitatissimum) and wild Linum species. Molecular diversity was high (PIC, 0.16; GD, 0.19) compared to other reports from the species. Genotyping separated reference from landrace accessions, and clustered landrace accessions from different altitudes and geographical regions. Collections showed evidence for recent introduction of varieties in some regions. The phylogeny supported L. bienne Mill. as the progenitor of domesticated L. usitatissimum. Markers developed here will be useful for genetic mapping and selection of breeding lines. The results show the range of characters that can be exploited in breeding lines appropriate for smallholder and commercial farmers in Ethiopia, producing a sustainable, secure, high-value crop meeting agricultural, economic and cultural needs.  相似文献   

7.
Soil salinity presents a serious threat to crop production. The relatively poor tolerance to this stress agent exhibited by conventional crops incentivizes the search for alternative producers of food and forage in salinity-affected environments. Halophytes belonging to the genus Salicornia L. have been suggested as being able to provide both forage and edible seed oil. Here, a set of 14 Salicornia europaea L. accessions was investigated for their ability to produce seed oil and forage in response to a range of salt concentrations (100, 300 and 600 mM NaCl) in the water used for irrigation. Seed of the accessions was collected from diverse sites close to saline rivers and the sea in Iran. Salinity was shown to have a major effect on biomass yield, and on seed oil yield and composition. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the seed oil was remarkably high. Forage yield was highest when irrigated with 300 mM NaCl for most of the accessions, while a level of 600 mM NaCl suited the production of seed oil.  相似文献   

8.
Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.) is an indigenous fruit crop with high nutritional and ornamental value. It is widely cultivated in China, and many landraces have accumulated in large distribution regions. Genetic diversity analysis of Chinese cherry landraces is useful for breeding programs, as it helps to select genetic material to be used for further crossing. In this study, 110 Chinese cherry accessions from nine populations were assessed using fifteen morphological traits and seventeen ISSR markers. High average coefficient of variation (CV?=?17.43%) was detected based on morphological analysis. For molecular characterization, the global gene diversity (h?=?0.2816) and Shannon information index (I?=?0.4253) suggested a moderate high level of genetic diversity. Model-based STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis revealed three and two major gene pools based on morphologic and molecular data, respectively. Distinct distribution patterns of genetic variation between samples from southwest China and north China indicated two potential original domestication locations. We inferred that botanical features such as predominantly selfing characteristics, long lifespan, and insects-pollinated trait lead to the survival of abundant genetic variation and special genetic structure. This study provided morphological and molecular evidences for understanding genetic diversity and new insights into genetic consequence of populations for Chinese cherry landraces. Important implications for breeding programs and resources conservation were also provided.  相似文献   

9.
Sequence-Specific Amplified Polymorphism (S-SAP)-analysis of 131 accessions of different species from five sections of the genus Malus was carried out to study genetic diversity, and to clarify phylogenetic and taxonomic issues. S-SAP-markers, based on long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons TRIM2 and dem1, were developed, which identified 679 polymorphic fragments in the studied Malus species. S-SAP technique proved to be effective for taxonomic studies in Malus. The obtained results generally support the existing sectional taxonomy in the genus Malus and allowed to determine the taxonomic status of some Russian landraces. The genetic diversity and taxonomic status of the Russian apple Antonovka landraces, widely used in breeding programs for their increased adaptation to abiotic stress and scab resistance, were clarified. All of them belong to M. domestica, section Malus. However, Antonovka Olginskaya might have a hybrid origin with some contribution from Gymnomeles species according to PCO analysis data. The taxonomic status was resolved for another Russian landrace, Yakutskaya, which exhibits increased winter hardiness and drought resistance; it belongs to section Gymnomeles, with a high resemblance to M. baccata.  相似文献   

10.
Sesame, Sesamum indicum L. is used worldwide for cooking oil and food. The United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (USDA, ARS, PGRCU) conserves 1,226 accessions originating from Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, and South America. Sesame accessions were directly seeded to the field in Griffin, GA between 15 May and 01 June 2003–2007. At 50% maturity, 192 accessions were characterized for morphological, phenological, and reproductive traits during the regeneration cycles. High quality plants regenerated from all accessions produced 131 to more than 80,000 seeds per accession. Sesame can be successfully grown and regenerated in Griffin, GA. Coefficients of variation and principal component analysis revealed considerable variability among accessions for phenological, morphological and reproductive traits. Assuming appropriate levels of heritability, sufficient variation among sesame accessions exists for days to maturity, plant height, and reproductive traits among these sesame accessions to warrant breeding programs for new sesame cultivar development.  相似文献   

11.
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. and its domesticated form, S. italica (L.) P. Beauv., have been developed over the past few years as model systems for C4 photosynthesis and for the analysis of bioenergy traits. S. viridis is native to Eurasia, but is now a ubiquitous weed. An analysis of the population structure of a set of 232 S. viridis lines, mostly from North America but also comprising some accessions from around the world, using 11 SSR markers, showed that S. viridis populations in the US largely separate by latitude and/or climatic zone. S. viridis populations from the Northern US and Canada (north of 44°N) group with accessions from Western Europe, while populations in the Mid and Southern US predominantly group with accessions from Turkey and Iran. We hypothesize that S. viridis in the US was most likely introduced from Europe, and that introductions were competitive only in regions that had climatic conditions that were similar to those in the regions of origins. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that Canadian S. viridis lines were fast cycling and undersized when grown in the Mid-Western and Southern US compared to their morphology in their native environment. A comparison of the population structure obtained with 11 SSR markers and ~40,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a common set of S. viridis germplasm showed that both methods essentially yielded the same groupings, although admixture was identified at a higher frequency in the SNP analysis. Small numbers of SSR markers can thus be used effectively to discern the population structure in this inbreeding species.  相似文献   

12.
Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz.) is an important leguminous crop cultivated mainly in Asia. Its wild relatives are considered useful genetic resources for mungbean breeding. However, the taxonomic history of mungbean and its wild relatives is complicated and some confusion is still present in recent publications. In this study, we examined the rDNA-ITS sequences and morphological characteristics of 83 gene bank accessions closely related to mungbean. As a result, we classified the 83 accessions into five species and one unclassified accession. The proper taxon name for each species was determined (Vigna grandiflora (Prain) Tateishi et Maxted, Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper, V. radiata, Vigna subramaniana (Babu ex Raizada) Raizada, and Vigna trinervia (Heyne ex Wight et Arn.) Tateishi et Maxted) based on a review of their taxonomic history and morphological comparisons between gene bank accessions and type specimens. A new taxonomic treatment is proposed and a morphological key has been prepared. In this treatment, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz. var. setulosa (Dalz.) Ohwi et Ohashi is treated as a synonym of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz. var. sublobata (Roxb.) Verdc., and Vigna hainiana Babu, Gopinathan et Sharma is a synonym of V. subramaniana. Accession ‘NI1135’ was revealed to be most closely related to, but is considerably differentiated from, mungbean (V. radiata) based on its rDNA-ITS sequences. It also has distinguishing morphological characters. Plants with similar morphologies and DNA profiles might be distributed in the Indian Himalaya. However, since only one accession is available at present, the taxonomic classification of ‘NI1135’ needs to be reconsidered in the future.  相似文献   

13.
Twenty genic- and genomic SSR markers were used to study genetic diversity and geographical differentiation of barley from 29 countries through analysis of a worldwide collection of 304 ICARDA’s barley landraces. Of these, 19 loci were highly polymorphic in the material studied. Based on Nei-distance matrix, Principal Component Analysis (PCoA) and cluster analysis using UPGMA associated with AMOVA the data revealed countries’ grouping within regions. Three distinct germplasm pools were identified in the landraces. The first of these was from Eastern Africa (Eritrea and Ethiopia) and South America (Ecuador, Peru and Chile) suggesting that barley introduced to South America might have originated specifically from East Africa or that they share a common genetic basis for adaptation. The second was the Caucasus (Armenia and Georgia) and the third included the remaining regions of Central Asia, Near East, Northern Africa and Eastern Asia. Genetic diversity of barley subspecies (Six-rowed barley, Two-rowed barley, H. spontaneum C. Koch and H. agriocrithon Åberg) also discriminates them into three groups: cultivated barleys (Six-rowed barley and Two-rowed barley), wild barley H. spontaneum and subspecies H. agriocrithon. These results associated with parsimony analysis demonstrate that H. agriocrithon and H. spontaneum might be distinct and do not support a hybrid origin for H. agriocrithon suggesting further investigation of the basis of more intense sampling of the two subspecies H. spontaneum and H. agriocrithon.  相似文献   

14.
Unlocking resistance genes in genbank collections are of prime importance for securing sustainable crop production. In this regard, the Serbian GenBank barley collection, comprising 93 local landraces and 36 commercial cultivars and elite barley breeding lines, was screened for novel resistances to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) using a set of 28 isolates with a wide spectrum of virulences/avirulences. No line was resistant to all the isolates, but one and three accessions showed resistance to 27 and 26 isolates, respectively. Twenty landraces (21.51 %) and ten cultivars (27.78 %) exhibited resistance to 50 % of the isolates. Infection type 2 was most frequent among resistant accessions. Nine B. graminis isolates were sufficient for gene postulation in 73 barley lines. In total, thirty-five different resistance spectra were recorded and the following known resistance genes were postulated namely, Mlra,Mlh,Mla12, Mla7(Mlu), Mlg, MlLa, Mla6, Mla7, Mlt, Mla22, Mlat, Mla1, Mlk. The majority of resistance profiles was constituted by only one line. Unidentified genes alone or in combination were proposed for twenty landraces and six cultivars. This report demonstrated that the barley collection held at the Serbian GenBank could be exploited as a new source for powdery mildew resistance.  相似文献   

15.
A comprehensive characterization of crop germplasm is critical to the optimal improvement of the quality and productivity of crops. Genetic relationships and variability were evaluated among 63 durum wheat landraces from the Mediterranean basin using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and microsatellites markers. The genetic diversity indices found were comparable to those of other crop species, with average polymorphism information content (PIC) values of 0.24 and 0.70 for AFLP and microsatellites, respectively. The mean number of alleles observed for the microsatellites loci was 9.15. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling clustered the accessions according to their geographical origin with the landraces from the South shore of the Mediterranean Sea closely related. The results support two dispersal patterns of durum wheat in the Mediterranean basin, one through its north side and a second one through its south side.  相似文献   

16.
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn., is a major pest of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other crops throughout the tropics and subtropics. The objectives of this study were to characterize 255 accessions of S. galapagense, S. cheesmaniae and S. pimpinellifolium for trichome types, and to evaluate selected accessions with high densities of glandular trichomes for resistance to whitefly. Twenty-two accessions classified as either sparse or abundant for type IV trichomes were selected and evaluated for numbers of adults, eggs, nymphs, and puparium of whitefly in choice bioassays, for adult mortality and egg numbers in no-choice bioassays, and for densities of type I, IV, V, and VI trichomes. The highest whitefly resistance was detected in S. galapagense accessions VI063177 and VI037239 based on choice and no-choice bioassays. In addition, we found high levels of whitefly resistance in S. cheesmaniae accession VI037240 based on the choice bioassay and in S. pimpinellifolium accession VI030462 based on the no-choice bioassay. Whitefly resistance in VI037240 and VI030462 is noteworthy because these species are closely related to cultivated tomato and introgression of whitefly resistance should be relatively straightforward. High densities of type IV trichomes and low densities of type V trichomes were associated with reduced numbers of whitefly adults, nymphs, puparium, and eggs in the choice bioassay and with high adult whitefly mortality in the no-choice bioassay. Preliminary trichome analysis followed by choice and no-choice assays facilitated rapid identification of whitefly-resistant accessions from a large pool of candidates of different species.  相似文献   

17.
AFLP markers were used to characterize diversity and asses the genetic structure among 17 accessions of kale landraces, cultivars and wild populations from Europe. The range of average gene diversity in accessions was 0.11–0.27. Several landraces showed higher levels of diversity than the wild populations and one cultivar had the lowest diversity measures. The landraces that were most genetically diverse were from areas where kales are known to be extensively grown, suggesting in situ conservation in these areas as a supplement to storage of seeds in gene banks. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 62% of the total variation was found within accessions. For most accessions, genetic distance was not related to geographic distance. Similarities among accessions were probably not caused by recent gene flow since they were widely separated geographically; more likely the relationship among them is due to seed dispersal through human interactions. Our results indicate that a kale population found in a natural habitat in Denmark was probably not truly wild but most likely an escape from a cultivated Danish kale that had subsequently become naturalized.  相似文献   

18.
Tomato wild relatives are important sources of resistance to many pests of cultivated tomato [Solanum lycopersicum L. (syn. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)]. Eleven wild tomato accessions previously identified at AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center as resistant to Bemisia tabaci were evaluated for resistance to the two-spotted spider mite [Tetranychus urticae (Koch.)] based on egg numbers using the leaf disc and Tanglefoot no-choice bioassays, and damage scores in choice bioassays. Highest resistance based on choice and no-choice bioassays was identified in AVRDC S. galapagense accessions VI057400, VI045262, VI037869 and VI037239, and S. cheesmaniae accession VI037240, all of which are new sources of T. urticae resistance. In addition, S. pimpinellifolium accession VI030462 exhibited resistance only in the no-choice bioassay based on egg numbers. Resistance to T. urticae based on the number of eggs from the no-choice bioassays was positively correlated with density of type IV glandular trichomes and negatively correlated with densities of type V trichomes. All resistant accessions accumulated high levels of total acylsugars, which were positively associated with type IV trichomes. There was a significant negative relationship between acylsugar content and T. urticae egg numbers from the no-choice bioassays. There was high correlation between the results from the leaf disc test and the Tanglefoot no-choice bioassay. These findings support the possible presence of broad-based insect and mite resistance in accessions closely related to cultivated tomato.  相似文献   

19.
Wild species representatives from Northwestern, Central and Southern Florida, and neighboring U.S. states were collected in multiple United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) exploration expeditions and are being preserved at the USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, Oregon. Germplasm from these southeastern regions of North America is particularly vulnerable to loss in the wild due to encroachment of human development in key habitats and biotic and abiotic stresses from climate change. Fourteen simple sequence repeats (SSRs), previously developed from the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivar ‘Bluecrop’, were used to estimate genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of 67 diploid individuals from three species, including 19 V. elliottii, 12 V. fuscatum, and 35 V. darrowii accessions collected throughout the species’ ranges. Results from our analyses indicated that the samples from each species could be reliably resolved using genetic distance measures with ordination and neighbor joining approaches. In addition, we estimated admixture among these species by using Bayesian assignment tests, and were able to identify a mis-labeled accession of V. darrowii ‘Johnblue’, two mis-classified accessions (CVAC 735.001 and CVAC 1223.001), and four accessions of previously undescribed hybrid origin (CVAC 734.001, CVAC 1721.001, CVAC 1741.001, and Florida 4B CVAC 1790). Allele composition at the 14 SSRs confirmed that Florida 4B CVAC 1790, the donor of low chilling for the southern highbush blueberry, was the critical parent of US 74. Genetic diversity assessment and identification of these wild accessions are crucial for optimal germplasm management and expand opportunities to utilize natural variation in breeding programs.  相似文献   

20.
Genetic erosion in cultivated wheat provides a good reason for studying genetic diversity in crop wild relatives. In the present study, genetic diversity of 32 accessions belonging to T. boeoticum species collected from different parts of Iran were evaluated using 13 morphological traits as well as ten inter-simple sequence repeat primers. Statistical analysis for morphological traits showed significant differences among accessions (except number of fertile tillers and total tillers per plant). In principal component analysis, the first three PCA showed 82.65 % of the total morphological variation. Based on the morphological traits, accessions were separated into two main groups by cluster analysis. In molecular analysis, polymerase chain reactions amplified 105 DNA fragments, out of which, 95 (90.47 %) were polymorphic. From geographic perspective, the accessions sampled from western and southwestern of Iran showed the highest and lowest polymorphism, respectively. However, the maximum values of effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (He) and Shannon’s information index (I) was related to accessions collected from NW regions. Also, according to cluster analysis and PCoA plot genetic diversity was not related to geographical distribution. Overall, our results revealed a remarkable level of genetic diversity among studied Iranian T. boeoticum accessions; especially accessions collected from Kermanshah and Lorestan provinces, which can be of interest for future breeding programs. So, conservation of germplasm of these areas is recommended.  相似文献   

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