共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 718 毫秒
1.
沙壤土包膜尿素释放期与小麦适宜施用方式研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
【目的】在保水保肥性差、 氮素淋溶损失严重的姜堰高砂土地区,采用新型水基反应成膜技术的包膜尿素,研究可提高小麦产量以及氮肥利用率的肥料品种和施肥方法。【方法】本研究采用30、 60、 90 d三种控释期包膜尿素(PCU30、 PCU60、 PCU90)并各设置三种施肥方式处理: 播种行下方12 cm处一次基施、 播种行侧方3 cm深5 cm处一次基施、 播种行侧方10 cm深5 cm处一次基施(T1、 T2、 T3)。小麦成熟期测定各小麦秸秆和籽粒产量与干物质分配,测定氮素吸收量。【结果】三种包膜尿素中,施用PCU60增产效果最好,其侧施处理优于种下深施,其中T2处理的小麦产量最高,为8661 kg/hm2,比当地习惯施肥增产6.5%。PCU60 T2处理的氮肥利用率为53.7%,较习惯施肥提高17.3%,差异显著。PCU90各处理较习惯施肥均减产且收获期土壤硝态氮残留量高,不适合当地使用。【结论】在砂土基质下,PCU60在播种行侧方3 cm深5 cm处一次基施可替代尿素分次施用,降低劳动成本。 相似文献
2.
探索不同养分释放期的控释尿素在水稻上的施用效果,为区域作物高产高效专用肥的研制提供理论依据。2017～2018年在长江中游单季稻主产区,开展控释尿素释放期田间试验,共设置7个处理,分别为:不施氮(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、普通尿素一次性施用(U)和4个释放期(30、60、90、120 d)的控释尿素一次性施用处理,基于养分专家系统对5个田块进行推荐施肥,研究水稻产量和氮肥农学效率对控释尿素不同释放期的响应。结果表明:与不施氮相比,农民习惯施肥两年的增产率平均分别为53.2%和41.8%,比普通尿素一次性施用处理高37.9%和31.4%。与普通尿素一次性施用相比,不同释放期控释尿素增产率普遍可以达到10%以上。经济效益分析结果显示,释放期超过60 d时,产投比低于农民习惯施肥处理。随着控释尿素释放期的延长,两年水稻产量均以60～90 d释放期产量水平更高,其主要原因是有效穗数和穗粒数的差异,对应的60～90 d释放期氮肥农学效率同样处于相对较高的水平。根据肥效模型推算得出,控制尿素释放期为70 d时,水稻产量可达到理论最高水平,两年分别为7.11和9.43 t/hm2。因此,在长江中游地区,实现一季中稻高产和氮肥高效的控释尿素适宜释放期为70 d。 相似文献
3.
探究一次性施肥条件下,控释尿素与常规尿素掺混比例对水稻产量及其构成的影响,并评价其经济增长效益。连续两年(2018～2019年)在洞庭湖典型双季稻种植区开展田间试验,设置不施N肥(CK)、优化施肥(CU)、40%释放期90 d聚氨酯包膜尿素+60%常规尿素掺混(0.4PuCU+0.6CU)、60%释放期90 d聚氨酯包膜尿素+40%常规尿素掺混(0.6PuCU+0.4CU)、释放期90 d聚氨酯包膜尿素(PuCU)共5个处理,研究包膜尿素与常规尿素不同掺混比例对双季早稻产量、生长及经济效益的影响。结果表明,不同包膜尿素掺混比例对双季早稻产量、产量构成因素及经济效益存在显著或极显著影响(P0.05或P0.01)。与CU处理相比,0.4PuCU+0.6CU、0.6PuCU+0.4CU和PuCU处理的2018年双季早稻产量和经济效益分别提高4.55%～6.19%和4.69%～6.96%,有效穗数和总实粒数分别提高9.17%～13.17%和16.43%～23.51%;2019年产量和经济效益分别提高19.42%～24.00%和21.29%～26.90%,有效穗数和总实粒数分别提高2.28%～14.61%和16.00%～36.58%。其中,不同比例包膜尿素掺混处理作用效果优于单施包膜尿素处理。0.6PuCU+0.4CU处理控释氮所占比例高于0.4PuCU+0.6CU处理,较优化施肥处理增产增效。相关分析表明,株高、有效穗数、总颖花数和总实粒数分别与双季早稻籽粒产量的相关性达显著水平(P0.05)。一次性施入聚氨酯包膜尿素与普通尿素适宜比例掺混可有效改善双季早稻产量构成,利于形成有效穗,扩充籽粒库容,促进生长,实现增产增收。其中,60%聚氨酯包膜尿素+40%尿素处理养分释放适宜,增产增收效果最佳。 相似文献
4.
《农业环境与发展》2020,(5)
为探索一次性施肥(包膜尿素和普通尿素混施)对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、施肥经济效益和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,以夏玉米品种‘富友9’为材料进行了大田试验,试验设不施氮、常规施氮、减氮10%(30%包膜尿素)、减氮10%(50%包膜尿素)、减氮20%(30%包膜尿素)和减氮20%(50%包膜尿素)共6个处理,分析调查了夏玉米产量、氮素吸收和土壤无机氮动态变化。结果表明,包膜尿素在田间的释放曲线为抛物线形,释放期为81 d(氮素累积释放80%)。与常规分次施氮相比,采用包膜尿素和普通尿素混施处理的夏玉米产量增加2.85%～20.87%,氮肥利用率提高19.1～25.3个百分点。包膜尿素和普通尿素混施的情况下,夏玉米每公顷净收益(扣除肥料投入)比常规施氮增加1 000～4 484元。夏玉米收获后,在100～200 cm土体内残留硝态氮较常规施氮降低35.1%～56.6%,减少了硝态氮淋失风险。研究表明,减氮10%～20%的一次性基施混施肥在夏玉米上实现了增产增收,减少了硝态氮在深层土壤的残留量,降低了环境污染风险,综合夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、施肥经济效益和土壤硝酸氮残留等因素来看,减氮10%(30%包膜尿素)施氮配方的效果最好。研究结果可为为夏玉米轻简化生产和氮肥减施增效提供技术支撑。 相似文献
5.
以环境友好的植物油脂为包膜材料制得2种包膜尿素,连续溶出试验以商品包膜尿素(CCU)为对照,测定POU1、POU2的氮素释放状况,盆栽试验设不施肥处理(CK)、不施氮处理(PK)、普通尿素处理(NU)、商品包膜尿素处理(CCU)、自制包膜尿素处理(POU1、POU2),研究新型包膜尿素对多年生黑麦草养分吸收及氮素利用状况的影响。溶出试验结果表明,POU1、POU2的氮素累积溶出量显著低于CCU(P<0.05),且POU2显著低于POU1(P<0.05);在等氮处理条件下,施用POU2处理的黑麦草地上部含氮量明显高于NU处理,甚至达到显著水平(P<0.05),3次刈割后,POU1、POU2处理的黑麦草地上部总干物量和氮、磷、钾总积累量显著高于NU处理(P<0.05)。另外,POU1、POU2处理的黑麦草氮肥表观利用率明显高于NU处理(P<0.05)或CCU处理。植物油脂包膜尿素,尤其是POU2,能改善黑麦草氮素营养状况,增加黑麦草地上部氮、磷、钾的吸收,促进黑麦草生长。说明植物油脂可以作为包膜材料,植物油脂包膜尿素可视为新型缓释尿素。 相似文献
6.
不同控释氮肥减量施用对双季水稻产量和氮素利用的影响 总被引：18，自引：5，他引：18
研究不同控释氮肥在减氮量施用条件下早、晚稻产量效应、氮素吸收利用、土壤氮素养分特性和养分释放规律的差异,为南方双季稻区控释氮肥在水稻高产节肥栽培上的应用提供参考。采用静水溶解试验和田间小区试验研究了2种控释氮肥(树脂包膜尿素和硫包膜尿素)的养分释放特性和在常规尿素施氮量基础上节氮15%和30%对早、晚稻产量、产量构成因素、氮素养分吸收利用及土壤氮养分含量的影响。结果表明,2种控释氮肥的氮素累积释放曲线均为"S"形,但在培养期间硫包膜尿素氮素累积释放率均高于树脂包膜尿素。在田间条件下,与常规尿素处理相比,早稻减氮15%和30%施用硫包膜尿素和树脂包膜尿素均表现为增产,而晚稻施硫包膜尿素增产,施树脂包膜尿素减产。株高、每穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重的增加是早、晚稻增产的主要原因。施用2种控释氮肥均能促进早、晚稻水稻植株氮素养分的吸收积累,施用相同种类控释氮肥早晚稻稻谷、稻草和植株氮养分积累量随施氮量提高而提高。减氮15%和30%施用2种控释氮肥有利于氮肥回收利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率的提高,在同一施氮水平下,硫包膜尿素的提高效果优于树脂包膜尿素。常规尿素处理、减15%氮的2种控释氮肥处理均能保持较高的土壤氮素水平,减30%氮的控释氮肥处理土壤氮素肥力较试验前有所降低。适当降低氮用量施用控释氮肥,能促进双季水稻增产、增加氮素利用效率、维持或提高土壤氮素肥力和可持续生产力,控释氮肥养分释放规律的差异是导致其作用效应不同的主要原因。 相似文献
7.
8.
60天释放期缓释尿素可实现早稻和晚稻的一次性基施 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
9.
几种包膜控释肥氮素释放特性的评价 总被引：24，自引：6，他引：24
采用水浸泡法和土培法,按照欧洲标准化委员会(CEN)推荐的控释肥料评价标准,对国内外8种包膜肥料的氮素释放特性进行了评价。水浸泡法测试结果表明,Compo-1、Compo-2的初期溶出率(t1)超出该标准,其它6种包膜肥的t1在标准规定的范围内;8种包膜肥的微分溶出率(△t)均符合标准,氮素释放期(T)均达到缓/控释要求。8种包膜肥中除了Compo-1、Compo-2的t1以外,其它均符合CEN推荐的控释肥料标准,但因包膜材料和工艺的差异,表现出了各自不同的氮素释放特征。土培条件下Compo系列、Cau系列、Osmocote和Au的释放期分别是水浸泡条件下的2～4、1.5、0.7和1.3倍,不同的包膜肥料有各自不同的估算系数,需要采用具体的校验试验确定。从盆栽试验中油菜、玉米第六周生物量来看,Compo-3、Cau-C17显著低于速效肥处理,Osmocote、Au油菜处理显著高于速效肥油菜处理,其它施肥处理与速效肥处理差异不显著。 相似文献
10.
氮肥追施时期及包膜控释氮肥对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收的影响 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
采用盆栽试验,研究了氮肥追施时期和包膜控释尿素对冬小麦产量、产量构成、氮肥利用率和土壤氮素表观损失等方面的影响。结果显示:冬小麦氮肥最佳追肥时期为拔节期;与40%普通尿素底施+60%普通尿素拔节期追施(F2)相比,30%普通尿素+35%控释期90d包膜尿素+35%控释期120d包膜尿素配合(F4、F6)一次性底施的氮素释放与冬小麦对氮素需求吻合较好,F4小麦植株总氮吸收量增加6.11%,减氮25%条件下(F6)增加8.48%;与F2相比,F4使冬小麦增产5.02%,经济系数提高6.43%,氮肥利用率提高10.22%,同时土壤氮素表观损失降低。F4通过提高千粒重和单穗重来提高产量,而F6通过维持穗粒数保证产量。 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(1-2):101-114
Abstract The object of this work was to study the influence of humic extracts prepared from peat, sheep manure, and compost from municipal solid waste on germination and growth of ryegrass. Germination tests, using different concentrations of humic extracts, showed that doses higher than 20% (v/v) inhibited seed germination. Therefore, doses of 20 and 10% were used in a first growth experiment, using a control consisting of a complete nutrient solution. A 20% dose caused adverse effects on plant growth. Hence, doses of 10 and 5% were used in the next growth experiments. Also, plants were watered with the extracts or with the nutrient solution (control) and with distilled water alternately in the next experiments. After the first cut of the ryegrass, sixteen days after the sowing, the watering was implemented only with distilled water in order to assess the residual effects of the different fertilizers. A second cut was performed thirty six days after the sowing. The harvested ryegrass was analyzed for: a) fresh weight; b) dry matter; c) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents; d) chlorophylls; and e) carotenoids. The data show that the best effects were achieved with sheep manure extracts, followed by compost and peat. Differences among the three kinds of fertilizers were more remarkable than those between the two doses of the same fertilizer. 相似文献
12.
Nazl&#x; Pelin Kocatürk-Schumacher Kor Zwart Sander Bruun Lars Stoumann Jensen Helle Srensen Lijbert Brussaard 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(2):187-195
The liquid fraction after liquid/solid separation of biogas digestate has a high potential as a fertilizer due to its high nutrient concentration. However, the direct application of digestate in agricultural fields results in practical problems due to its voluminous nature. One solution to this could be to concentrate nutrients onto sorbents such as biochar or zeolites, which can subsequently be used as a fertilizer. This study investigated the ability of biochar and zeolite ‘clinoptilolite' enriched with digestate nutrients to supply nitrogen (N) when used as a fertilizer. A pot experiment with ryegrass was conducted to test the effect of a nutrient‐enriched biochar and clinoptilolite by determining plant biomass growth and N uptake. This included untreated biochar and clinoptilolite as controls and two levels of N application (15 and 45 mg N per pot) each at two initial loading ratios (low and high). Nutrient‐enriched biochar and clinoptilolite increased plant biomass yield (up to 1.02 and 2.39 g per pot) and N uptake (up to 11.23 and 39.94 mg N per pot) compared to the untreated sorbents treatments. Initial loading ratio had a significant effect on plant biomass response and apparent N recovery (ANR) for enriched clinoptilolite, and lower initial loading ratio improved plant growth. In contrast to clinoptilolite, higher initial loading ratio resulted in higher ANR. In conclusion, our results reveal that N released from enriched clinoptilolite and biochar could be taken up by the plants, clinoptilolite performed more effectively than biochar, and initial loading ratio affected the performance of the sorbents when used as a fertilizer. 相似文献
13.
Mohd Hadi Akbar Basri Md. Rezaul Karim Nasima Junejo Hazandy Abdul Hamid Noor Syahirah Norrashid 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2016,66(6):534-543
In tropical climate, huge amount of fertilizer need to be used for the cultivation of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) soil, however this approach is not cost effective and environmental friendly. Therefore, the optimizing of fertilizer rate for BRIS soils and selection of suitable soil amendments are crucial to get a higher yield. In this study, the effects of different combinations of urea, chicken manure and biochar on soil properties, growth performance and physiological characteristics of kenaf cultivated on the BRIS soil were investigated. Eight treatments were conducted namely: control (T1), biochar (T2), chicken manure (T3), urea (T4), chicken manure + urea (T5), biochar + chicken manure (T6), urea + biochar (T7) and biochar + chicken manure + urea (T8). The biomass and physiological characteristics of kenaf were recorded every month, while the soil was analyzed following a standard laboratory procedure. The application of organic and inorganic fertilizer (urea) significantly increased the nutrient content of the soil compared to the T1, whereas T3 showed the highest pH, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable bases (Na, Mg, Ca). However, the mixing of biochar with organic and inorganic fertilizers showed the highest plant height, diameter of stem and number of leaves as well as dry biomass compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductivity. The results suggest that the mixing of biochar with organic and inorganic fertilizers represents an effective approach for the cultivation of kenaf in tropical climate. 相似文献
14.
L. Kaplan P. Tlustoš J. Szakova J. Najmanova K. Brendova 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(7):993-1000
The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer with different nitrogen forms on N, P, K use, uptake and growth of potted chrysanthemum plants during three vegetation phases was observed in two - years experiment. In the experiment, NPK fertilizer with slow soluble nutrients with different nitrogen forms: ureaform, (IBDU) isobutyledenediurea and melamin, was used. At control treatment the identical fertilizer was applied but the nitrogen was in ammonia and urea forms as usually used in horticulture. The experiment clearly showed the positive effect of NPK fertilizer containing half nitrogen amount in ureaform, on growth and plant nutrient uptake. This effect of nitrogen ureaform was confirmed by both the highest uptake of N, P, K and the highest yield of biomass. The NPK fertilizer with half nitrogen content in ureaform ensured optimal nutrient release according chrysanthemum nutrient requirement. 相似文献
15.
不同配比的控释肥对日光温室袋培番茄基质养分及其生长、产量和品质的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
控释肥料由于可控的释放养分,一次性使用便可以满足作物4个多月生育期间对养分的需求,实现了肥料的高效利用,在大田中得到重视和应用。在课题组前期袋培番茄营养基质研究的基础上,根据日光温室番茄养分吸收规律,在基质中添加不同用量的控释尿素和控释氯化钾,氮钾比例为1∶1.5,呈4倍关系递增,设置4个全生育期营养基质配方处理(A、B、C、D),以不施肥(CK)和常规施肥(CKT)为对照,研究了不同处理的袋培基质养分变化及其对番茄植株生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:随着控释肥用量的增大,番茄植株的长势与产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中,处理C的应用效果最佳,基质EC值稳定,试验末期速效氮磷钾含量略低于初始值;与CK比较,处理C株高提高21.75%、茎粗提高59.46%、生物量提高75.12%、产量提高226.36%,可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量较高,果实品质提高;与CKT相比,处理C的肥料用量少,基质养分残留少,养分损失少,产量提高24.48%,肥料利用率高。结果说明,在生产中,控释肥不仅可以提高日光温室基质袋培番茄养分利用效率,而且增加产量,实现轻简化管理。 相似文献
16.
晚播对紫云英生长、养分积累和根际微生物的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
大田条件下,依据水稻收获时间设置3个晚播播期(10月30日、11月10日和11月20日)。对不同播期处理下紫云英生长状况、鲜草产量、养分积累量以及根际微生物等影响进行研究。结果表明,播期显著影响紫云英的生长及物质养分积累。随着播期的推迟,紫云英的株高、密度、单株复叶数、单株鲜重、单株干重均呈下降趋势。鲜草产量随播期推迟显著降低,10月30日播种的鲜草产量最高,达19 006.35 kg/hm2。不同播期植株地上部C、N、P、K含量差异不显著,积累量则随播期的推迟而显著降低。播期显著影响紫云英根际土壤微生物量,根际土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均随播期的推迟而显著减少。本试验条件下,11月10日以后播种的紫云英鲜草产量、养分积累量等指标均显著低于10月30日播种的处理。晚播紫云英播期控制在11月之前可获得较高的产草量和养分积累,取得较好的还田效果。 相似文献
17.
J. A. Souza S. Buzetti M. C. M. Teixeira Filho 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(19):2200-2207
Quantitatively, nitrogen (N) is the foremost nutrient for maize crops (Zea mays L.), but the N source to increase the grain productivity still needs more investigation. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to study sources, rates and time of N application on the crop yield and agronomic characteristics of the maize under no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons on an Oxisol under the factorial 5 × 3 × 3 scheme with five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha?1) and three sources (ammonium-sulfate-nitrate as inhibitor of the nitrification (ASN+I), ammonium sulfate (AS) and urea); we applied them two times with four replicates: first time at the sowing or later under side dressing when the plants had the six leaves stage. In the first year, the sources of N had no influence on the number of grain line /ear (NGLE), grain number/line (GNL), total number of grain/ear (TNFE), biomass of 100 grain, plant height (PH), height of the first ear insertion (AFEI) and stalk diameter, in contrast with the foliar N content and the crop yield. Early fertilization with N at the sowing time can afford applications as well as the total side dressing. The increase of the rates had positive influence on the N foliar content, plant height and 100 grains biomass. The highest productivities were found with rates above the threshold of 150 kg ha?1, no matter the sources and the fertilization time. 相似文献
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利用小麦秸秆生产木霉分生孢子及其生物有机肥对黄瓜的促生效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2