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1.
在电力市场环境下,由于来水不确定性,水电厂在制定年发电量合同时存在交割风险,水电厂进行优化调度时面临最大化发电收益和最小化交割风险的问题。利用效用函数和风险态度参数,均衡发电收益最大化和交割风险最小化两个不同的目标,建立风险调度决策模型,得到不同风险容许度下的优化调度方案。算例表明,该风险决策模型有助于水电公司制定计及交割风险约束下的发电调度计划。  相似文献   

2.
多元能源互补优化有利于充分发挥并组合利用不同电源的出力优势。为应对风电、光伏装机容量不断增长所带来的新能源消纳与电网调峰问题,构建一种风光水火储多能互补双层优化调度模型。首先考虑多能互补优化调度问题涉及众多决策变量与约束条件,为降低模型求解的复杂度,选择以多种能源的出力特性与互补关系为切入点进行合理化分层;然后综合考虑源荷协调、清洁能源消纳、发电经济性等应用需求,将模型划分为以净负荷方差最小与清洁能源发电量最大为目标的风光水储联合优化调度上层模型,和以火电机组运行成本最小为目标的火电机组优化调度下层模型,并将上层联合优化调度得到的净负荷曲线作为下层火电机组优化调度的约束条件;最后以IEEE30节点系统为例,设置3种典型的调度场景进行仿真对比,采用MATLAB平台CPLEX求解器进行求解,结果表明：风光出力的反调峰性会扩大净负荷的峰谷差和方差,增加火电调峰备用的压力,造成发电成本和机组损耗的增加;水电参与多能互补对系统净负荷波动有明显的抑制作用,能有效缓解电力系统调峰压力;储能可以在一定程度上缓解平抑净负荷波动与提高清洁能源发电量的矛盾,所提优化调度模型可以有效平抑源荷波动,促进清洁能源...  相似文献   

3.
为了更好地解决非线性、非凸、多约束、复杂时空耦合等导致的梯级水电站调度问题,降低耗水率,提高整个梯级水电站群的经济效益和运行水平,以金溪流域为研究对象,充分考虑了电网需求、机组安全等约束条件,融合逐步优化动态规划算法与智能算法,实现日发电计划的精细化编制,并与实际运行情况进行对比.分析结果可以看出,采用优化算法(POA)进行优化调度后,水电站发电量有了一定幅度的提高,电量增加幅度在2.7%~3.4%.研究了梯级电站的厂内负荷分配与机组组合的问题.基于系统工程理论与优化算法,建立了满足水电网电力输电安全约束、设备安全管理等多目标的机组开停机和负荷调节优化模型,以耗水率最小为目标将负荷分解到电站各机组,计算各时段机组出力过程.在实际运行中,电站超出日发电计划出力,在偏差考核范围内尽量满发,通过算例验证了模型的可行性和合理性.  相似文献   

4.
为了节约水资源,充分利用水能发电,在原有水电调度的基础上提出了将机组分类处理的梯级水电站联合优化调度的短期经济运行模型。为适应调度要求, “以电定水”模式的梯级水电站的短期经济运行,兼顾了上下游电站利益、水量平衡、生态平衡,做到梯级电站群水能利用率最大,且经济性最优。整个过程分为上下游电站负荷分配和站内机组优化分步进行的策略,在优化中首先对同一电站的机组进行分类,根据机组能量特性曲线的异同将同一能量特性的机组归为一个等效机组。另外在进行负荷分配时采用有效约束区间,有效避免了水电机组出力在汽蚀震动区内,带来机组损坏的问题。该方法的实现使得梯级电站之间的出力分配有了理论依据,便于调度人员根据优化结果下达发电任务。机组分类和模型分步优化的方法避免了整体优化时约束条件过多无可行解或进入死循环的问题。  相似文献   

5.
水电站中长期优化调度对于提高水资源利用效率具有重要作用,但采用定出力系数造成优化模型的计算结果不够精细。针对这一问题,通过出力系数的影响因素分析,选取水库水位和发电流量(或出力)为主要影响因子,再应用厂内负荷优化分配模型推求出力~水库水位~综合出力系数关系,并应用于水电站中长期发电优化调度数学模型。经棉花滩水电站长系列计算表明:该方法与定出力系数法的多年平均发电量相差4.34%;出力系数变化规律更符合生产实际。因此,该方法对于开展水电站中长期精细化管理具有较好的参考作用。  相似文献   

6.
市场环境下水电站发电风险调度模型研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
市场环境下,由于水电站来水及上网电价的不确定性,研究水电风险调度问题,综合考虑效益最大化和风险控制,是很有必要的。探讨了电力市场环境下水电风险调度问题,首次提出了同时考虑效益和风险的风险调度数学模型。该模型能很好的反映发电企业风险控制的意愿,并应用粒子群算法对此模型进行解算,可以得到该水电站更加经济合理的市场调度模式,还能得到效益与风险的定量关系。实例研究表明该模型及其解算方法是可行与有效的。  相似文献   

7.
计及电价风险的水电站短期优化调   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
提出同时考虑发电收益和电价风险的水电厂短期优化调度问题。利用效用函数和风险态度参数，均衡发电收益最大化和风险最小化两个不同的目标。建立风险调度决策模型，得到不同风险容许度下的优化调度方案。算例表明，该模型有助于水电厂制定计及风险约束下的发电调度计划。  相似文献   

8.
通过构建梯级水库跨流域预报优化调度模型对跨流域调水实时调度过程中的供水水库的跨流域可调水量进行研究。梯级水库跨流域预报优化调度模型以最大供水能力和最大发电量为主要目标,选择逐步优化算法对跨流域调水调度系统进行优化调度。实例研究结果表明,采用预报优化调度模型进行跨流域供水和梯级水库发电调度,能够明显地提高跨流域可调水量,有效地提高水资源的利用效率。  相似文献   

9.
电力调度旨在对电网进行组织、指挥、指导和协调,保证电能质量,保持电力平衡,降低损耗,使电网安全经济运行。据此,在农网运行中调度应根据电力供应情况和用电负荷的变化,及时、灵活、准确地进行电力调度,合理地分配负荷,从而达到用电负荷的均衡,实现农电企业经济效益和社会效益的提高。所以优化电力调度,强化用电负荷管理,是农网降损节能的重要环节。1　合理调度使线路处于经济负荷区域内运行放射状的开式配电网,以35ｋＶ变压所为中心,用10ｋＶ多回馈线向用户供电。每回馈线一旦构成,线路的线构与参数相对固定不变。其线路在输送电力的运行…  相似文献   

10.
吴红斌  蔡亮 《农业工程》2010,(12):287-292
对可再生能源分布式发电系统进行经济调度研究,可以在保证能量需求的前提下,使得系统的运行成本和环境污染降到最小,从而更加高效地利用可再生能源。针对由光伏发电、风力发电、燃料电池（FC）、柴油机（DE）、蓄电池等多种分布式电源和储能单元组成的分布式发电系统,在详细分析各单元数学模型的基础上,建立了可再生能源发电系统经济调度的目标函数和调度策略,并采用优先顺序法对目标函数进行求解,算例系统验证了模型和算法的正确性。结果表明,该文提出的方法为可再生能源发电系统中各发电单元的优化调度及经济组合提供了参考。  相似文献   

11.
To investigate the relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of different organs and water use efficiency (WUE) under different water deficit levels, severe, moderate and low water deficit levels were treated at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages of field grown pear-jujube tree, and leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (ΔL) at different growth stages and fruit stable carbon isotope discrimination (ΔF) at fruit maturation stage were measured. The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on ΔL at different growth stages and ΔF at fruit maturation stage. As compared with full irrigation, the average ΔL at different growth stages and ΔF at fruit maturation stage were decreased by 1.23% and 2.67% for different water deficit levels, respectively. ΔL and ΔF among different water deficit treatments had significant difference at the same growth stage (P < 0.05). Under different water deficit conditions, significant relationships between the ΔL and WUEi (photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate, Pn/Tr), WUEn (photosynthesis rate/stomatal conductance of CO2, Pn/gs), WUEy (yield/crop water consumption, Y/ETc) and yield, or between the ΔF and WUEy and yield were found, respectively. There were significantly negative correlations of ΔL with WUEi, WUEn, WUEy and yield (P < 0.01) at the fruit maturation stage, or ΔL with WUEi and WUEn (P < 0.01) over whole growth stage, respectively. ΔF was negatively correlated with WUEy, WUEn and yield (P < 0.05), but positively correlated with ETc (P < 0.01) over the whole growth stage. Thus ΔL or ΔF can compare WUEn and WUEy, so the stable carbon isotope discrimination method can be applied to evaluate the water use efficiency of pear-jujube tree under the regulated deficit irrigation.  相似文献   

12.
A 3-year study was carried out to assess the root biomass production, crop growth rate, yield attributes, canopy temperature and water-yield relationships in Indian mustard grown under combinations of irrigation and nutrient application for revealing the dynamic relationship of crop yield (Y) and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET). Three post-sowing irrigation treatments viz. no irrigation (I 1), one irrigation at flowering (I 2) and two irrigations one each at rosette and flowering stage (I 3), three nutrient treatments viz. no fertilizer or manure (F 1), 100% recommended NPK i.e., 60 kg N, 13.1 kg P and 16.6 kg K ha−1 (F 2) and 100% recommended NPK plus farmyard manure @ 10 Mg ha−1 (F 3) were tested in a split-plot design. Root biomass was significantly greater in I 3 than I 2 and I 1, and in F 3 than F 2 and F 1. The I 3 × F 3, I 2 × F 3 and I 3 × F 2 combinations maintained significantly greater crop growth rate, plant height, yield components, ET and crop yield and better plant water status in terms of canopy temperature, canopy-air temperature difference (CATD) and relative leaf water content (RLWC). Number of siliqua plant−1 and seeds siliqua−1 were the major contributors to the seed yield. Marginal analysis of water production function was used to establish Y–ET relationship. The elasticity of water production (E wp) provides a means to assess relative changes in Y and ET, and gives an indication of improvement of Y due to nutrient application. The ET–Y relationships were linear with marginal water use efficiency (WUEm) of 3.09, 4.23 and 3.95 kg ha−1 mm−1 in F 1, F 2 and F 3, respectively, and the corresponding E wp were 0.63, 0.71 and 0.61. This implies that the scope for improving yield and WUE with 100% NPK was little compared with 100% NPK + farmyard manure. The crop yield was highest in I 3 × F 3 combination, and the similar yield was obtained in I 2 × F 3 and I 3 × F 2 combinations. Application of organic manure along with 100% NPK fertilizers maintained greater crop growth rate, better water relation in plants, yield attributes and saved one post-sowing irrigation.  相似文献   

13.
A study was conducted to determine the relationship between midday measurements of vine water status and daily water use of grapevines measured with a weighing lysimeter. Water applications to the vines were terminated on August 24th for 9 days and again on September 14th for 22 days. Daily water use of the vines in the lysimeter (ETLYS) was approximately 40 L vine−1 (5.3 mm) prior to turning the pump off, and it decreased to 22.3 L vine−1 by September 2nd. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (ΨPD) and midday Ψl on August 24th were −0.075 and −0.76 MPa, respectively, with midday Ψl decreasing to −1.28 MPa on September 2nd. Leaf g s decreased from ~500 to ~200 mmol m−2 s−1 during the two dry-down periods. Midday measurements of g s and Ψl were significantly correlated with one another (r = 0.96) and both with ETLYS/ETo (r = ~0.9). The decreases in Ψl, g s, and ETLYS/ETo in this study were also a linear function of the decrease in volumetric soil water content. The results indicate that even modest water stress can greatly reduce grapevine water use and that short-term measures of vine water status taken at midday are a reflection of daily grapevine water use.  相似文献   

14.
This study examined hydrological characteristics of low-grade weirs, an alternative controlled drainage strategy in surface drainage ditches. Chemographs of vegetated and clear scraped (control) replicates of weir vs. non-weir treatments were compared to determine differences in time to peak (Tp) and time to base (Tb). Drainage ditches Tp and Tb were affected by both vegetation and weir presence. The order of treatment efficiency for Tp was observed to be: non-vegetated non-weir < vegetated non-weir < non-vegetated weir < vegetated weir. Furthermore, Tb for each ditch was the reverse relationship from Tp where vegetated weir > non-vegetated weir > vegetated non-weir > non-vegetated non-weir. Low-grade weirs increase chemical retention time (vegetated and clear scraped), the average time a molecule of contaminant remains in the system. Future research in water quality improvement and weir management will yield useful information for non-point source pollutant reduction.  相似文献   

15.
Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m−1; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L−1; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m−1, SAR 10.3 mmol L−1; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m−1, SAR 15.1 mmol L−1; RSC 9.6 meq. L−1). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha−1, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha−1 and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha−1 with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha−1 and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha−1 for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)2 − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10−2(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R2 = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)2 − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10−4(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R2 = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.  相似文献   

16.
Based on successive observation, fifteen-day evapotranspiration (ETc) of Populus euphratica Oliv forest, in the extreme arid region northwest China, was estimated by application of Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB) during the growing season in 2005. During the growing season in 2005, total ETc was 446.96 mm. From the beginning of growing season, the ETc increased gradually, and reached its maximum value of 6.724 mm d−1 in the last fifteen days of June. Hereafter the ETc dropped rapidly, and reached its minimum value of 1.215 mm d−1 at the end of growing season. The variation pattern of crop coefficient (Kc) was similar to that of ETc. From the beginning of growing season, the Kc value increased rapidly, and reached its maximum value of 0.623 in the last fifteen days of June. Afterward, with slowing growth of P. euphratica, the value dropped rapidly to the end of growing season. According to this study, the ETc of P. euphratica forest is affected not only by meteorological factors, but by water content in soil.  相似文献   

17.
Physically, evaporative demand is driven by net radiation (Rn), vapour pressure (ea), wind speed (u2), and air temperature (Ta), each of which changes over time. By analyzing temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET0), improved understanding of the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes can be obtained. In this study, variations in ET0 over 58 years (1950-2007) at 34 stations in the Haihe river basin of China were analyzed. ET0 was calculated by the FAO Penman-Monteith formula. Calculation of Kendall rank coefficient was done by analyzing the annual and seasonal trends in ET0 derived from its dependent climate variables. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used to analyze the spatial variation in annual and seasonal ET0, and in each climate variable. An attribution analysis was performed to quantify the contribution of each input variable to ET0 variation. The results showed that ET0 gradually decreased in the whole basin over the 58 years at a rate of −1.0 mm yr−2, at the same time, Rn, u2 and precipitation also decreased. Changes in ET0 were attributed to the variations in net radiation (−0.9 mm yr−2), vapour pressure (−0.5 mm yr−2), wind speed (−1.3 mm yr−2) and air temperature (1.7 mm yr−2). Looking at all data on a month by month basis, we found that Ta had a positive effect on dET0/dt (the derivative of reference evapotranspiration to time) and Rn and u2 had negative effects on dET0/dt. While changes in air temperature were found to produce a large increase in dET0/dt, changes in other key variables each reduced rates, resulting in an overall negative trend in dET0/dt.  相似文献   

18.
Borkhar district is located in an arid to semi-arid region in Iran and regularly faces widespread drought. Given current water scarcity, the limited available water should be used as efficient and productive as possible. To explore on-farm strategies which result in higher economic gains and water productivity (WP), a physically based agrohydrological model, Soil Water Atmosphere Plant (SWAP), was calibrated and validated using intensive measured data at eight selected farmer fields (wheat, fodder maize, sunflower and sugar beet) in the Borkhar district, Iran during the agricultural year 2004-2005. The WP values for the main crops were computed using the SWAP simulated water balance components, i.e. transpiration T, evapotranspiration ET, irrigation I, and the marketable yield YM in terms in terms of YMT−1, YM ET−1 and YM I−1.The average WP, expressed as $ T−1 (US $ m−3) was 0.19 for wheat, 0.5 for fodder maize, 0.06 for sunflower and 0.38 for sugar beet. This indicated that fodder maize provides the highest economic benefit in the Borkhar irrigation district. Soil evaporation caused the average WP values, expressed as YM ET−1 (kg m−3), to be significantly lower than the average WP, expressed as YMT−1, i.e. about 27% for wheat, 11% for fodder maize, 12% for sunflower and 0.18 for sugar beet. Furthermore, due to percolation from root zone and stored moisture content in the root zone, the average WP values, expressed as YMI−1 (kg m−3), had a 24-42% reduction as compared with WP, expressed as YM ET−1.The results indicated that during the limited water supply period, on-farm strategies like deficit irrigation scheduling and reduction of the cultivated area can result in higher economic gains. Improved irrigation practices in terms of irrigation timing and amount, increased WP in terms of YMI−1 (kg m−3) by a factor of 1.5 for wheat and maize, 1.3 for sunflower and 1.1 for sugar beet. Under water shortage conditions, reduction of the cultivated area yielded higher water productivity values as compared to deficit irrigation.  相似文献   

19.
Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semiarid areas of the Mediterranean basin. The objective of this work was to quantify soil salinity through electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and relate it to the physical characteristics and irrigation management of four Mediterranean irrigation districts located in Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey. The volume and salinity of the main water inputs (irrigation and precipitation) and outputs (crop evapotranspiration and drainage) were measured or estimated in each district. Soil salinity (ECe) maps were obtained through electromagnetic induction surveys (ECa readings) and district-specific ECa-ECe calibrations. Gravimetric soil water content (WC) and soil saturation percentage (SP) were also measured in the soil calibration samples. The ECa-ECe calibration equations were highly significant (P < 0.001) in all districts. ECa was not significantly correlated (P > 0.1) with WC, and was only significantly correlated (P < 0.1) with soil texture (estimated by SP) in Spain. Hence, ECa mainly depended upon ECe, so that the maps developed could be used effectively to assess soil salinity and its spatial variability. The surface-weighted average ECe values were low to moderate, and ranked the districts in the order: Tunisia (3.4 dS m−1) > Morocco (2.2 dS m−1) > Spain (1.4 dS m−1) > Turkey (0.45 dS m−1). Soil salinity was mainly affected by irrigation water salinity and irrigation efficiency. Drainage water salinity at the exit of each district was mostly affected by soil salinity and irrigation efficiency, with values very high in Tunisia (9.0 dS m−1), high in Spain (4.6 dS m−1), moderate in Morocco (estimated at 2.6 dS m−1), and low in Turkey (1.4 dS m−1). Salt loads in drainage waters, calculated from their salinity (ECdw) and volume (Q), were highest in Tunisia (very high Q and very high ECdw), intermediate in Turkey (extremely high Q and low ECdw) and lowest in Spain (very low Q and high ECdw) (there were no Q data for Morocco). Reduction of these high drainage volumes through sound irrigation management would be the most efficient way to control the off-site salt-pollution caused by these Mediterranean irrigation districts.  相似文献   

20.
The efficient use of water by modern irrigation systems is becoming increasingly important in arid and semi-arid regions with limited water resources. This study was conducted for 2 years (2005 and 2006) to establish optimal irrigation rates and plant population densities for corn (Zea mays L.) in sandy soils using drip irrigation system. The study aimed at achieving high yield and efficient irrigation water use (IWUE) simultaneously. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block split plot design with three drip irrigation rates (I1: 1.00, I2: 0.80, and I3: 0.60 of the estimated evapotranspiration), and three plant population densities (D1: 48,000, D2: 71,000 and D3: 95,000 plants ha−1) as the main plot and split plot, respectively. Irrigation water applied at I1, I2 and I3 were 5955, 4762 and 3572 m3 ha−1, respectively. A 3-day irrigation interval and three-way cross 310 hybrid corn were used. Results indicated that corn yield, yield components, and IWUE increased with increasing irrigation rates and decreasing plant population densities. Significant interaction effects between irrigation rate and plant population density were detected in both seasons for yield, selected yield components, and IWUE. The highest grain yield, yield components, and IWUE were found for I1D1, I1D2, or I2D1, while the lowest were found for I3D2 or I3D3. Thus, a high irrigation rate with low or medium plant population densities or a medium irrigation rate with a low plant population density are recommended for drip-irrigated corn in sandy soil. Crop production functions with respect to irrigation rates, determined for grain yield and different yield components, enable the results from this study to be extrapolated to similar agro-climatic conditions.  相似文献   

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