共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
草地载畜量研究进展：中国草畜平衡研究困境与展望 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
草畜平衡问题是中国草地畜牧业的核心问题,草畜平衡的理论依据、计算参数存在着争议和分歧。本文主要依据中国载畜量和草畜平衡研究成果,总结了中国草畜平衡研究和实践上的困境。指出以平衡理论为基础的草畜平衡,对主要由降水驱动的干旱、半干旱草地并不具有指导意义。草地生产力时空变异大,根据平均生产力和家畜平均采食量核算的草畜平衡无法做到动态平衡;“季节畜牧业”、“关键场”等理论在解决草畜时空相悖上也充满挑战。家畜单位、存栏数量、合适放牧率等主要估算参数的争议,还不能为草畜平衡实践提供切实可行的决策依据。探索草畜适应性动态管理,协调草地生产的生态、社会和经济功能,应是中国草畜平衡未来的研究重点。 相似文献
2.
我国温带草地草畜平衡动态监测系统的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文讨论了我国温带草地放牧系统草畜平衡动态监测的原理与方法，设计了动态监测的数据库与技术系统以及遥感测产和动态监测的有关模型，以期建立可运行的大范围草地资源动态监测系统，为草地管理决策提供依据。 相似文献
3.
努尔地别克·白山巴依 《新疆畜牧业》2012,(6):35-37
阐述了伊吾县畜牧业的特点，指出该地区畜牧业的基本特点是草原放牧畜牧业，生产活动随季节放牧、经营，具有很强的规律性和对自然的依赖性；同时指出牧区草畜平衡状况与草畜平衡的计算方法；最后提出了草场资源合理利用、改良的意见。 相似文献
4.
5.
内蒙古冷蒿小禾草放牧草原退化与恢复对策研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
对不同围栏年限放牧草原的研究结果表明,冷蒿重要性随着围栏时间的增加呈先增后降的趋势;地上部总干物重、植被总覆盖度、植物平均高度与围栏时间呈负相关变化.在全年性放牧草地中,以上指标均低于围栏放牧草地.植物多样性指数与均匀性指数与围栏时间呈正相关关系.由此提出了遵循生态学原理恢复退化草地的几种措施. 相似文献
6.
<正> 征集以下内容的论文: 1.草原生态系统的动态 2.放牧畜牧业 3.草原资源的监测和管理 4.草原植物的生态生理学 5.矿产和草原 6.草原保护与野生动物 7.干旱与半干旱地带火的作用 8.干旱草原的技术改良 9.放牧系统中家畜生产的管理 10.发展中国家的难题和需要 相似文献
7.
干旱、半干旱地区天然草原灌木及其肥岛效应研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
灌丛可以改变局部的生态小环境,使其周围植物生物量、植物组成、植物化学成分、土壤中大量营养元素和微量营养元素产生变异,将养分集中于灌木灌丛下,改变其周围的局部小环境,影响灌丛下的植被和土壤养分,称作灌丛肥岛效应。灌丛因截留水分、养分及遮阴等作用使其周围局部土壤和植被环境发生变化,导致其树冠下养分和水分聚集,土壤养分相对周围空地更肥沃。探讨干旱和半干旱地区天然草原的灌丛化过程及其生态学效应,了解其对荒漠草地恢复过程的作用,减缓土壤侵蚀和草地生产力下降,对植被的演替和恢复重建等都有重要的生态学意义,并为防治干旱半干旱荒漠生态地区土地退化提供理论依据。 相似文献
8.
松嫩草地家畜放牧生态学的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
放牧生态学是目前国际最活跃的研究领域之一,其研究意义在于：放牧生态学所涉及的主要实验与理论研究,是草地放牧系统中动物、植物界面上的关键问题,放牧作为动物与植物生产的一个关键因素,通过采食影响草地植被结构,决定草地资源转化效率,并且达到动物与植物之间的协同进化;它是实际草地放牧管理技术的理论基础,例如,以家畜采食行为研究制定放牧策略与制度。 相似文献
9.
反刍家畜营养物质的平衡与调控 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
结合我国国情,根据反刍动物营养调控的理论,对日粮中营养素平衡的重要性深入浅出地加以讨论.并据此,对内蒙古放牧畜牧业中存在的若干实际问题进行了评述. 相似文献
10.
基于四子王旗荒漠草原家庭牧场的调研数据和植被监测数据,通过植物群落数量特征计算植物多样性指数,构建草畜平衡模型和多元线性回归模型,比较第一轮、第二轮草畜平衡奖励在草地植被、草畜能量平衡和经济收入层面的实施效果。结果表明：四子王旗草畜平衡区载畜率显著下降,植被高度、盖度、物种数、生物量和Margalef丰富度指数显著增加;草畜能量呈夏季能量充足,冬季能量不足的不均衡态,但全年草畜能量趋于平衡;影响牧民收入的主要因素由成本类逐渐转变为牧业规模类和收入类,补贴收入开始显著影响牧民收入。草畜平衡奖励有利于当地植被的生长与恢复,缓解了草畜能量供需不平衡的矛盾,并改变了牧民收入的经济结构,促进牧民增收和收入结构多元化,补贴收入成为一项重要的收入来源。整体而言,草畜平衡奖励在当地已有一定成效。未来草畜平衡奖励政策的制定与实施应加强对草畜能量季节不平衡等问题的研究,精细化补助方案,以促进家庭牧场的可持续发展。 相似文献
11.
《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(3-4):289-302
Because vegetation change in arid ecosystems is slow, long-term data are essential to gain an understanding of how the vegetation responds to short-term, inter-annual variation in rainfall; long-term cyclic rainfall patterns; and grazing pressure. The point intercept method was conducted annually over a period of more than 20 years at five transects in the plains habitat on the Goegap Nature Reserve in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Vegetation change was assessed in terms of vegetation cover, species composition, species abundance, growth form composition, range condition and plant diversity. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to illustrate the trajectories in floristic data and to determine the strength of the correlations with rainfall and grazing variables. The effects of the high grazing pressure on the plains were apparent in the overall decrease in total plant cover and reductions in the cover of grazing-sensitive species over the monitored period. Diversity parameters, of especially the annual component, were strongly related to rainfall. A directional change, which supports the equilibrium concept, was evident in changes in perennial species composition over time. The annual component, however, showed no directional change, but displayed eventdriven, non-equilibrium dynamics by fluctuating in reaction to the timing and quantity of rainfall. 相似文献
12.
T. Wiegand F. Jeltsch S. Bauer K. Kellner 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(1-2):48-60
Abstract In semi‐arid regions, the effects of grazing or sparing management on natural communities of long‐lived plants generally take decades to become evident. Event‐driven dynamic behaviour, unpredictable and low rainfall, and complicated interactions between species make it difficult to gather sufficient understanding of vegetation dynamics to be able to develop guidelines for sustainable management. Simulation models that consider the essential processes that determine vegetation dynamics offer scope for quantitatively exploring long‐term vegetation dynamics of arid and semi‐arid rangelands. In this paper we review three models that were aimed to provide an understanding of the vegetation dynamics and management of different typical vegetation types in South Africa, including the Karoo shrubland, the shrub‐grassland of the southern Kalahari, and pure semi‐arid grasslands. 相似文献
13.
开垦草原、过度农垦和撂荒、过度利用水资源、超采地下水,导致干旱区土地沙化、沙尘源面积扩大;草原持续超载过牧,滥采滥挖草原的植物资源,无序开发草原矿产资源,人为破坏草原植被,造成草原沙化;超越水土资源承载力,追求高产出的不当农业经营方式,违反自然规律的生态建设,造就了新的沙尘源,助长了沙尘暴的暴发。通过采用资源可持续利用技术、降低草原和土地利用强度、恢复干旱草原以牧为主的经营方式等措施,可以提高植被覆盖度,减少裸露旱作农田、撂荒地等沙尘源面积,从而减少沙尘暴的暴发次数,减轻其危害程度。 相似文献
14.
Yan Liang Guodong Han He Zhou Mengli Zhao Hennie A. Snyman Dan Shan Kris M. Havstad 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2009,62(4):328-336
Vegetation features radiating from residential areas in response to livestock grazing were quantified for an arid steppe rangeland in the Keshiketeng Banner, Chifeng Prefecture, in northeastern Inner Mongolia in 2004 and 2006. The aim of this study was to estimate grazing impacts on the vegetation dynamics of these historical grazed ecosystems. Grazing intensities were classified as reference area (RA), light (LG), moderate (MG), and heavy (HG) according to the vegetation utilization across the study area. Rangelands were studied along a grazing gradient, where characteristics of plant communities, heights of dominant species, aboveground vertical structures, and belowground biomass were investigated. Along this grazing gradient, vegetation changed from the original dominant plant species Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. to a semi-subshrub species Artemisia frigida Willd. when moving from the reference area (RA) to the region around the settlement. Canopy coverage, aboveground productivity, and the number of perennial species declined as one moved toward the residential area. Heights of five dominant species, except for Stipa grandis P. Smirn., declined with increased grazing intensity. Aboveground vertical structure in the RA treatment showed more resilience than the other treatments. There was no difference in root biomass in the top 1 m of soil (P > 0.05) between the RA treatment and the area immediately around settlement (HG treatment). Generally, we found that the intensity of grazing disturbance did not exceed the tolerance of the rangeland ecosystem within LG treatment. However, vegetative conditions in HG treatment became worse with increased grazing pressure. Rangelands in this arid steppe are under tremendous threat due to excessive forage utilization, which cannot be considered a sustainable practice. 相似文献
15.
Lisandro J. Blanco Carlos A. Ferrando Fernando N. Biurrun 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2009,62(5):445-451
One constraint that range scientists must face in grazing studies is the lack of accurate and repeatable techniques for discriminating grazing effects from both temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. Both forms of variability contribute to inconsistent grazing system effects on vegetation response and forage production in semiarid ecosystems. Remote sensing may be an efficient tool for detecting differences in spatial and temporal patterns of grazing impact on vegetation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spectral data derived from satellite images as a tool for comparing grazing system impacts on spatial and temporal vegetation patterns. We evaluated the effect of two grazing systems, “Continuous” (C) and “Two-Paddocks Rest-Rotation” (TPRR), on vegetation cover from 1996 to 2006 in a semiarid ecosystem of Argentina. We compared grazing effects on vegetation cover using two indices derived from the Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Landsat Thematic Mapper images. We observed a slight advantage in NDVI improvement for the TPRR over the C. Even though, in both grazing systems, an upward vegetation trend occurred only in areas located far from the watering points, TPRR showed higher relative vegetation cover near the watering point than C. We consider this methodology an important step for monitoring vegetation changes and making management decisions in livestock systems of semiarid regions because grazing system impacts may be compared for both spatial and temporal vegetation patterns. However, we think that the key next step is to develop procedures that discriminate between forage and nonforage components. 相似文献
16.
“以畜控草”与新疆草畜平衡管理的探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
长期以来,社会各界及业内都把"以草定畜"视为对天然草地放牧管理与生态保护和建设的终极目标,"以草定畜"似乎已被广泛认同,但是,在草原牧区实现"以草定畜"依然任重道远。在新疆天山北坡,同地带、同一类型的山地草甸草地,在夏季与冬季两种不同放牧利用制度下,植被成分差异显著,在冬季放牧利用制度下,山地草甸草地植被成分中,阔叶杂类草及小灌木明显增多,牧草再生性减弱;而在夏季放牧利用制度下,植被成分中小杂类草与禾本科牧草明显增多,牧草再生性增强;在降水量较丰富的中山带,禁牧封育2～3年后,植被成分中饲用价值低、家畜不宜采食的粗大杂类草明显增多。"以畜控草"应该成为更加积极的草地管理态度和方式。在目前天然草地放牧量难以较大幅度减控的情况下,通过"以畜控草",可以既保持草地植被健康状况又有利于草原畜牧业的发展,这对于实施牧民定居与冷季舍饲的新疆草原牧区,具有极为重要的现实意义。 相似文献
17.
With the development of human understanding of the multi-functionality of grassland, coupled with the increasing demand for grassland ecological services, animal production and pastoral living, it is necessary to update the concept of grassland management, develop higher level livestock grazing and feeding technology based on multidisciplinary theories, and establish a more effective grassland grazing management paradigm. This study considers both the background and characteristics of the grassland resources and modern multi-dimensional social demands, and develops the concept of precise grassland grazing management which encompasses the versatility and stability of the grassland ecosystem and sustainability as the goal and the use of grassland science, animal science, ecology and other multi-disciplinary theories, based on the habitat conditions, especially the vegetation characteristics, livestock classes and their requirements, and livestock-vegetation interactions. Through multi-dimensional, effective and directional regulation of the livestock grazing process, the grassland management and utilization paradigm of synergistic balance between production and ecological functions can be finally realized. Also, the concepts and connotations of precise grazing and its relevant theoretical bases are systematically explained, including the plant compensatory growth mechanism, the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, the theory of diversifying grazing livestock, mechanisms of plant-animal interactions, nutrition regulation principles and versatility synergy. These concepts form a scientific basis for the regulation of grazing pressure and livestock assembly. In conjunction with this coverage, the key points in precision grazing are reviewed, such as dynamic optimal stocking rate(threshold), mixed grazing(species and proportion), remote sensing information options(satellite, unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring, large scale data processing)and other related supporting technologies. Finally, the authors sum up the concept of grassland multifunctionality as a goal of “combining productive function and ecological service in a win-win manner”, so providing a precise grazing management paradigm. This approach provides a principle for the integration of natural grassland grazing, grassland grazing with supplementary feeding, and drylot feeding, reflecting region-wide whole industry regulation of livestock grazing pressure/assembly and provision for animal nutrition, while aiming for grassland grazing systems to achieve an overall “livestock-vegetation balance”. Such a system will generate high quality animal products and sustainable ecological services. Precise grazing management of grassland is advanced, practical and extensive, and therefore is a desirable choice for future grassland management with great potential and prospect. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved. 相似文献
18.
对西藏当雄县3种不同放牧管理模式(冬季放牧、冬春季放牧和全年放牧)下的高寒沼泽的植物群落结构和土壤碳氮进行了调查。调查发现,3种放牧管理模式下的高寒沼泽植物群落总盖度差异不显著,而优势物种藏嵩草的高度和盖度差异显著;放牧管理对沼泽群落结构和物种多样性影响较大,随着放牧强度的增加,物种丰富度增加;放牧利用显著降低了高寒沼泽湿地群落优势物种藏嵩草的高度和盖度,其优势度也显著降低,使得高寒沼泽逐渐退化。冬季放牧、冬春季放牧和全年放牧沼泽地上生物量和地下生物量依次降低。同时,随着放牧强度的增加,高寒沼泽表层土壤有机碳氮的含量也显著降低,且高寒沼泽表层土壤碳氮与地上和地下生物量显著正相关。通过对比分析,冬季放牧是当前西藏高寒沼泽较好的放牧管理模式。 相似文献
19.
Maggi Sliwinski Larkin Powell Walter Schacht 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(1):136-144.e4
Grassland birds are declining faster than any other guild of birds in North America, in part because of degradation of their breeding habitat. Rangeland managers recommend increasing heterogeneity to improve biodiversity; however, on privately owned rangelands, beef production likely decreases heterogeneity on the landscape. One suggestion has been to use multiple grazing systems across a landscape to increase heterogeneity and provide benefits for avian biodiversity, but there is little research to support this recommendation. Thus, our goal was to examine heterogeneity and songbird abundance in relation to grazing systems used by private producers in a large, intact rangeland region. We measured vegetation structure and conducted avian surveys in the Nebraska Sandhills on 11 management units with five different grazing systems, including season-long continuous, deferred rotation, management intensive, dormant season only, and a fixed rotation. On each management unit we assessed the relationship between vegetation structure or songbird abundance and potential management effects, such as grazing system, stocking rate, and management intensity. Season of use and stocking rate were the most common sources of variation in vegetation structure and songbird abundance. Grazing system did not explain variation in vegetation structure or bird abundance, except for heterogeneity in live grass cover, litter cover, shrub cover, and abundance of field sparrows. Vegetation structure varied across the landscape we sampled, but the range of heterogeneity was narrow. Thus, managers should not assume that using a variety of grazing systems across a landscape will inevitably result in heterogeneity of vegetation structure. Rather, managers should focus on creating contrasting vegetation structure in large areas to increase large-scale heterogeneity. This may be achieved through the application of more extreme management practices (e.g., long-term heavy grazing and long-term rest or patch-burn grazing) so that a wider variety of vegetation composition and structure is available to support biodiversity. 相似文献
20.
保护区草原退化的多层面成因分析及对策——以锡林浩特草原自然保护区为例 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
内蒙古锡林郭勒草原保护区是我国唯一列入世界生物圈保护区网络的国家级草原保护区.从均衡与非均衡草原生态系统理论、草地资源利用的经济社会学角度以及自然保护区管理等多层面,深入分析探讨了保护区草原大面积退化的成因,提出调整锡林郭勒草原单一的经济结构、扶植牧民从事生态旅游、改变畜牧业自身结构、推广节约型畜牧业、健全与加强保护区管理机构的协调能力和重新规划保护区功能分区是实现锡林郭勒草原保护区生态保护与经济发展双赢的可行途径. 相似文献