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1.
The cost of participatory barley breeding 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Farmer participation in agricultural research is increasingly seen as a powerful methodology to increase the relevance of technologies developed to benefit farmers' communities. In plant breeding, farmer participation is considered as a way to increase the probability of adoption of new varieties. However, the higher expected cost of participatory plant breeding (PPB) is seen as one of the main obstacles to its wider adoption.This paper addresses the issue of the different costs to an Institution of running a PPB program or a non-participatory program and uses the barley-breeding program at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) as a case study.Observations and data collection were carried out during one full cropping season on the cost of the three main components of the breeding program, i.e. the management of the field trials (land and seedbed preparation, planting, fertilizer application, weed control, harvesting, and seed threshing, cleaning, treating and packaging), the travel to farmers' fields or to the research sites, and the human resources (scientists, technical staff, local workers and farmers) involved in breeding activities.We compared two options for the centralized–non-participatory breeding program, differing in the number of sites (8 and 16) used for the on-farm trials, with 160 options for the decentralized-participatory breeding program, differing in the combination of number of sites (from 4 to 16) and number of trials per site (from 1 to 10).The results show that in both decentralized-participatory and centralized–non-participatory plant breeding the cost of managing the field trials is the highest followed by the cost of human resources and that of travel: the contribution of each component to the total cost varies with the various options and the various combinations of the number of sites and of farmers.The comparison of the aggregated costs indicates that in the case of the ICARDA' barley-breeding program there are no relevant differences between the participatory and the non-participatory plant breeding programs. This is largely associated with the fact that the decentralized-participatory breeding program reaches the same level of development of the breeding material 3 years earlier than the centralized–non-participatory breeding program. Depending on the type of centralized-breeding program and on the combination of number of sites and number of farmers per site in the participatory program, the aggregated costs of the participatory program are lower than those of the centralized-breeding program by between 5 and 28%. At the same level of cost of the centralized program, the model of participatory program used in this study generates more information due to the use of more trials at each site. This improves selection efficiency and provides an analytical tool to optimize the number of sites and of farmers per site. 相似文献
2.
This paper describes how plant breeders and farmers worked together to produce improved varieties of maize for the low-resource
farmers of the Panchmahals district of Gujarat, India. Initially, farmers tested a range of maize varieties in a participatory
varietal selection (PVS) programme. However, none of these proved to be very popular with farmers, although farmers who had
more fertile fields adopted the variety Shweta from Uttar Pradesh. Hence, in 1994 a participatory plant breeding (PPB)programme
was begun to generate new, more appropriate varieties. Yellow- and white-endospermed maize varieties were crossed that had
been either adopted to some extent following PVS or had attributes, such as very early maturity,that farmers had said were
desirable. In subsequent generations, the population was improved by mass selection for traits identified by farmers. In some
generations,farmers did this in populations which were grown by breeders on land rented from a farmer. Soil fertility management
was lower than that normally used on the research-station. The breeding programme produced several varieties that have performed
well in research-station and on-farm trials. One of them, GDRM-187, has been officially released as GM-6 for cultivation in
hill areas of Gujarat state,India. It yielded 18% more than the local control in research-station trials, while being seven
days earlier to silk. In farmers' fields, where average yields were lower, the yield advantage was 28% and farmers perceived
GDRM-187 to have better grain quality than local landraces. PPB produced a variety that was earlier to mature than any of
those produced by conventional maize breeding, and took fewer years to do so. The returns from PPB,compared to conventional
breeding, are higher because it is cheaper and benefits to farmers are realised earlier.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
B. Courtois B. Bartholome D. Chaudhary G. McLaren C.H. Misra N.P. Mandal S. Pandey T. Paris C. Piggin K. Prasad A.T. Roy R.K. Sahu V.N. Sahu S. Sarkarung S.K. Sharma A. Singh H.N. Singh O.N. Singh N.K. Singh R.K. Singh R.K. Singh S. Singh P.K. Sinha B.V.S. Sisodia R. Takhur 《Euphytica》2001,122(3):537-550
A number of breeding institutions developed a project to assess importance of participatory plant breeding approaches for
rainfed rice improvement in eastern India. The results of the first two years of participatory varietal selection are reported
here. The objective was to evaluate the respective effects of participation of farmers in varietal evaluation and decentralization
of varietal testing from breeding stations to farmers' fields on varietal ranking. Fields representing various hydrological
situations were chosen in two to three villages at four rainfed lowland sites and one upland site. Sets of 15 to 25 varieties
were tested both in farmers' fields and on-station in 1997 and 1998 and ranked by both farmers and breeders. The effect of
participation was judged by comparing the rankings attributed by farmers and breeders to a given set of material in a given
trial. The effect of decentralization was determined through comparisons between individual breeders' rankings across trials.
Farmers' rankings were not randomly allocated, but agreement within the farmers' group was not always very strong. Except
at one site, concordance among breeders' ranking was high, but, because of the limited number of breeders involved, it was
seldom significant. In about two-thirds of the trials, there was a good agreement between farmers' and breeders' mean rankings.
The consensus was particularly strong when severe constraints induced contrasting behavior in the genotypes. The decentralization
effect appeared to be moderate, but variations due to a breeder effect were recorded. The part of genotype by environment
interactions for grain yield due to location within one site and year was evaluated through various methods, showing more
effect of G × E interactions at some sites than at others. Crossover interactions inducing changes in ranks represented a
limited part of the yearly G × E interactions at all sites. Both farmer participation and decentralization of varietal testing
in farmers' field would help in best matching the varieties to the needs, although their combined contribution would be more
useful in some sites than in others.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Linking participatory plant breeding to the seed supply system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
There is a strong link between formal plant breeding and seed supply. In developed countries, it was the emergence of systematic plant breeding that generated new named varieties and stimulated organized seed multiplication and marketing by commercial companies. In developing countries likewise, the experience of the ‘Green Revolution’ in the 1960’s led to the establishment in the following decade of national seed projects which could deliver the products of plant breeding more effectively from breeder to farmer. The provision of a secure conduit leading from research to agriculture remains a major justification for formal seed systems. The limitations of formal breeding approaches have been recognized in recent years, especially for crops grown in marginal and diverse environments, where farmers’ requirements are more complex. This has prompted interest in alternative participatory plant breeding strategies in which farmers can play an active role in the selection process. There has been a parallel recognition of the role of the informal seed sector, as the major seed supplier in many crops and areas where the regular sale of seed by formal organizations is difficult. The question which arise therefore is—“How do participatory breeding approaches relate to both formal and informal seed systems?” The purpose of this paper is to examine the technical, regulatory and policy aspects of this question, with emphasis on the following issues: The synthesis of this discussion is that PPB initiatives must be linked to a secure diffusion strategy within and beyond the participating communities if the technical and social benefits of this approach are to be fully realized. National policies relating to seeds and regulatory frameworks must also take account of this approach to avoid downstream constraints. 相似文献
- The nature and definition of participatory plant breeding (PPB) outputs,
- Maintaining the identity and integrity of PPB outputs
- The relevance of official variety evaluation and registration procedures
- Maximizing the diffusion and impact of PPB outputs
- Innovative seed supply systems linked to PPB activities
- The role of policy in facilitating alternative seed delivery systems
5.
Acceptable rice varieties for high-altitude areas of Nepal were bred by participatory plant breeding (PPB). One of the most
adopted varieties, Machhapuchhre-3 (M-3), performed much better in the formal trials system than the products from centralised
breeding and was released in 1996. From 1996 to 1999, the spread of M-3 was monitored in high-altitude villages along with
unreleased variety Machhapuchhre-9 (M-9), derived from the same cross. The study was done by interviewing individual households,
groups, and field verification. Both M-3 and M-9 spread from farmer-to-farmer and through interventions by Non-Government
Organisations (NGOs) and Government Organisations (GOs). Their adoption had steadily increased and their spread commenced
five to six years earlier than would have been the case in a conventional system. The PPB programme was decentralised – all
selection was in only two villages in the same valley – but this did not result in specific adaptation. The varieties were
adopted in distant villages situated at much lower altitudes to the original PPB sites and the greatest yield advantage of
the varieties over the local landraces was also at these lower altitudes.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.]R.Br.) is the staple food and fodder crop of farmers in the semi-arid areas of north-west India. The majority of farmer
sin western Rajasthan depend on their own seed production and employ different seed production strategies that involve different
levels of modern-variety introgression into landraces as well as different selection methods. This study quantifies the effects
of three seed management strategies on environmental adaptation and trait performance. Forty-eight entries representing farmers’
grain stocks — pure landraces or landraces with introgressed germ plasm from modern varieties — as well as 33 modern varieties,
multiplied by breeders or farmers, were evaluated in field trials at three different locations over two years under varying
drought-stress conditions. Results indicate that the plant characteristics employed by farmers in describing adaptive value
and productivity is an effective approach in discriminating the type of millet adapted to stress and non-stress conditions.
It was also found that introgression of modern varieties(MVs) leads to populations with a broader adaptation ability in comparison
to pure landraces or MVs alone – but only if MV introgression is practised regularly and is combined with mass panicle selection.
Under high-rainfall conditions, farmer grain stocks with MV introgression show similar productivity levels as modern varieties.
Under lessening rainfall, pure landraces show, in tendency, higher grain yields. In conclusion, farmers’ seed management could
form an integral part of participatory breeding programs.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
8.
Véronique Chable Mathieu Conseil Estelle Serpolay François Le Lagadec 《Euphytica》2008,164(2):521-529
Plant breeding for organic agriculture (OA) was stimulated when it came under the European Organic Agriculture Regulation
(2092/91) in 2004. In Brittany, the need for specific varieties for organic farming arose early for the Brassica species because of the unsuitability of most of the modern varieties to the principles of OA. Moreover, the private sector
of plant breeding finds it economically difficult to satisfy the demands of OA. The aim of the present study is to provide
varieties and seed for organic farmers for two vegetable Brassica crops, and to show how genetic resources can contribute to this purpose in the framework of a Participatory Plant Breeding
(PPB) programme. The emergence of PPB in Brittany is the result of several concomitant and favourable circumstances: the will
of the professionals (represented by IBB, Inter Bio Bretagne), their organization (an experimental station, the PAIS, Plateforme
Agrobiologique d’IBB à Suscinio), the research initiative in INRA and the availability of genetic resources. From genetic
resource observations, our experience showed several breeding situations: reviving a traditional activity (Roscoff cauliflower
and local cabbages), extending tradition (autumn cauliflower), diversifying production by new introductions (coloured cauliflowers),
and creating new forms of population varieties (broccoli and coloured cauliflowers). Farmers have taken charge of population
breeding by mass selection and the PAIS, with INRA scientific support, has taken up innovative selection and the improvement
of varieties completing the farmers’ initiatives. The PAIS remained the central point for information and for providing the
seed for trials. Seed production will be managed in a collective way. Until now, the exchange of seed remained an experimental
dimension of PPB. French seed legislation represents a limitation on the development of seed exchange by PPB. 相似文献
9.
It is widely recognized that conventional plant breeding has been more beneficial to farmers in high-potential environments
or those who can profitably modify their environment to suit new cultivars, than to the poorest farmers who cannot afford
to modify their environment through the application of additional inputs and cannot risk the replacement of their traditional,
well known and reliable varieties. As a consequence, low yields, crop failures, malnutrition, famine, and eventually poverty
still affect a large proportion of humanity. Participatory plant breeding (PPB) is seen by several scientists as a way to
overcome the limitations of conventional breeding by offering farmers the possibility to choose, in their own environment,
which varieties suit better their needs and conditions. PPB exploits the potential gains of breeding for specific adaptation
through decentralized selection, defined as selection in the target environment, and is the ultimate conceptual consequence
of a positive interpretation of genotype × environment interactions. The paper describes a model of PPB developed by The International
Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas and used successfully in several countries in West Asia and North Africa.
Genetic variability is generated by breeders, selection is conducted jointly by breeders, farmers, and extension specialists
in a number of target environments, and the best selections are used in further cycles of recombination and selection. Technically,
the process is similar to conventional breeding, with three main differences. Testing and selection take place on-farm rather
than on-station, key decisions are taken jointly by farmers and the breeder, and the process can be independently implemented
at a large number of locations. The model also incorporates seed production. Farmers handle the initial phases, multiplying
promising breeding material in village-based seed production systems. The PPB model is flexible; it can generate populations,
pure lines, and eventually mixtures of pure lines in self-pollinated crops; as well as hybrids, populations, and synthetics
in cross-pollinated crops. PPB has several advantages. New varieties reach the release phase much faster than in conventional
breeding, and are better suited to farmers’ needs and willingness to invest in inputs and management. Release and seed multiplication
activities concentrate on varieties known to be farmer-acceptable. These advantages are particularly relevant to developing
countries where large investments in plant breeding have not yielded returns, and many “improved” varieties developed through
conventional breeding are not adopted by farmers. PPB also ensures that biodiversity is maintained or increased because different
varieties are selected at different locations. In addition to the economical benefits, participatory research has a number
of psychological, moral, and ethical benefits, which are the consequence of a progressive empowerment of the farmers’ communities;
these benefits affect sectors of their life beyond the agricultural aspects. In conclusion, PPB, as a case of demand driven
research, gives voice to farmers, including those who have been traditionally the most marginalized such as the women, and
elevates local knowledge to the role of science. 相似文献
10.
Participatory plant breeding with maize in Mexico and Honduras 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Maize is a staple food crop in many developing countries. However, if seven major maize producing countries are excluded from
this group, data indicate that only 34% of the maize area is planted with improved seed despite considerable effort invested
in maize breeding. This has led researchers to investigate other options, such as farmer-participatory plant breeding, for
delivering the benefits of plant breeding knowledge and technology to farmers in developing countries. This paper describes
short-term results from participatory maize breeding studies in Mexico and Honduras. Results from three selection cycles in
Mexico suggest that stratified mass selection without pollination control, with selections carried out by researchers in farmers'
fields, may be effective at improving yield in farmers' local varieties. In Honduras, mass selection with pollination control,
where selections were done by collaborating farmers in their own fields on their own varieties, showed trends (non-significant)
towards yield improvement. Farmer selection seemed to offer the greatest yield benefit over experiment station selection on
the farm with the lowest yield potential, suggesting that farmer-participatory approaches may be most advantageous in marginal
environments where experiment station conditions differ most dramatically from farmers' conditions. These studies highlighted
the importance of seed systems knowledge in designing participatory plant breeding programs. For cross-pollinated crops, they
also highlighted the need to balance progress from selection and demands on farmers' time and labor in choosing breeding methods.
Further work is needed to investigate farmer-participatory breeding approaches that can address post-harvest traits.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
J. A. Manu-Aduening R. I. Lamboll G. Ampong Mensah J. N. Lamptey E. Moses A. A. Dankyi R W. Gibson 《Euphytica》2006,150(1-2):47-61
Summary A participatory breeding programme involving farmers in two Ghanaian communities and scientists from CRI (Ghana) and NRI (UK) to develop superior cassava cultivars is described. Initial situation analyses of the communities indicated that cassava is increasing in importance both as a food and a cash crop. Most farmers utilised landraces of cassava; modern varieties were scarcely mentioned. Seeds of 16 half-sib families obtained from a crossing block in Nigeria at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were planted in a field in each community. During seedling and subsequent clonal generations, accessions selected either by farmers or scientists were retained to the next generation. This selection process has identified 29 superior accessions from amongst 1350 original seedlings. Farmers were relatively consistent in their selection from year to year and their selections corresponded with their stated criteria. Official variety release requires additional multilocational and inspection trials and postharvest assays but otherwise seems harmonious with a participatory breeding approach; our early involvement of farmers may facilitate early release, an important factor in cost-effectiveness. A stakeholder workshop confirmed the need for improved markets for cassava; surveys of current and potential markets have led to field trials with cassava processors. Adoption of a participatory approach, with farmers and scientists taking on new roles and decentralisation of activities, implies a concomitant transfer of influence and resources. 相似文献
12.
Two participatory approaches to varietal selection were compared in February-sown (Chaite) rice and main-season rice in high potential production systems in Nepal. One method, called farmer managed participatory
research (FAMPAR), was researcher intensive, while the other, called informal research and development (IRD), demanded fewer
resources. The trials were conducted in 18 villages in high potential production systems in Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts
of Nepal. Six new varieties of Chaite rice and 16 of main-season rice were tested in over 300 trials of Chaite rice and nearly 1100 trials of main-season rice over two years in 1997 and 1998. Surveys were done in 1997, 1998 and 1999
to record the extent of adoption and spread of the new rice varieties in the study villages. In many cases, farmers tested
varieties for two years before deciding whether to adopt or drop them. Varieties were quite
widely accepted, adopted for niches in a few villages, or rejected. The two participatory approaches identified the same varieties,
but FAMPAR, which used formal survey methods, was more useful for diagnosing reasons for adoption or rejection. However, IRD
used much cheaper anecdotal methods of evaluation, so it was more cost-effective. Moreover,farmer-to-farmer seed dissemination
was higher in IRD villages, probably because farmers in FAMPAR villages felt that the project would re-supply seed if needed.
The benefits from both approaches are considerable, but to adopt them substantial policy changes in varietal testing, release
and extension systems will be required.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Participatory plant breeding (PPB) methods were used to develop two farmer-accepted, cold-tolerant rice varieties in Nepal
— Machhapuchhre-3 (M-3) and Machhapuchhre-9 (M-9). Both were derived from the cross Fuji 102/Chhomrong Dhan. Following the
introduction of these varieties, the changes in the rice landraces and varieties that farmers grew were studied in ten villages.
In seven of them for which data were analysed for both 1996 and 1999, adopting farmers grew 18 landraces and four modern varieties
of which three, M-3, M-9 and Lumle-2, were the products of PPB. These three varieties covered 10% of the total rice area and
33% of the rice area of the adopting farmers in the seven study villages in the 1999 survey. The adoption of the PPB varieties
impacted most on the more commonly grown landraces. With the exception of two villages, the varietal richness among adopting
farmers was either static or increased, and there was an overall increase in allelic diversity. However, in future, the
increasing adoption of M-3 and M-9 could result in significant reductions in varietal richness, although, allelic diversity
may not be greatly reduced.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Can cultivars from participatory plant breeding improve seed provision to small-scale farmers? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Seed provision for small-scale farmers deals with multiple constraints. These include, on the supply side, high seed production
costs and poor adaptedness of the cultivars, and on the demand side, anticyclical demand and low and variable sales. Approaches
to improve seed provision to this sector of farmers have so far not been very successful. This paper discusses how well-adapted
cultivars developed through participatory plant breeding (PPB) initiatives create new opportunities for production and distribution
of quality seed. It reviews supply and demand-side issues, based on research and experiences with seed production. Given better
adaptation of PPB-cultivars, the diffusion of seed of PPB initiatives should not be a major bottleneck. But constraints in
the provision of quality seed from cultivars that are commonly used remain and need to be addressed. Major points of attention
are cost-effective seed production and distribution, high information linked transaction costs, and appropriate seed production
technology. Research on these issues is needed to understand farmers’ seed demand. At the same time, these issues need to
be taken into account in new seed production initiatives that apply integrated approaches. Long term commitment by farmers
to produce, distribute and use seeds is a condition. Even if seed production is not economically sustainable at household
or organization level, farmer-based seed systems generate benefits to society as a whole that justify long term public investment
to maintain them. 相似文献
15.
Elaine McElhinny Eduardo Peralta Nelson Mazón Daniel L. Danial Graham Thiele Pim Lindhout 《Euphytica》2007,153(3):373-384
Summary Field trials were carried out in Ecuador with two indigenous communities, Ninín Cachipata and La Esperanza, to determine farmers’
preferences for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars and to improve PPB processes. More women than men participated, reflecting that quinoa, a primarily subsistence
crop, is mainly managed by women. Farmers’ field selection criteria for quinoa in the field were mostly based on yield, earliness
and plant colour; however only breeders’ measurements of yield and panicle height significantly correlated to farmer selection
scores. Older women gave higher scores than younger women or men, apparently due to a concept of no cultivar being without
value. Working in same gender pairs improved evaluation richness. INIAP technicians were more discriminating in their evaluations
than farmers. They also used additional selection criteria of disease resistance and uniformity. At seed selection, farmers
from Ninín Cachipata, where food security is not assured, chose lines based on yield, while farmers from La Esperanza, where
resources are less limiting, also considered seed size, colour, saponin content and marketability. Field characteristics were
not taken into consideration at seed selection, signifying that farmers are less interested in those characteristics, or that
it was difficult for them to correlate field data when presented in tabular form with seed characteristics. Future trials
with small farmers should have fewer lines or replications to avoid farmer fatigue during evaluation. Farmers who grow primarily
for subsistence in semi-arid environments have more interest in growing quinoa, and more to gain from having improved cultivars;
therefore future participatory efforts should focus on them. 相似文献
16.
Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB) involves scientists, farmers, and others, such as consumers, extensionists, vendors, industry,
and rural cooperatives in plant breeding research. It is termed `participatory' because many actors, and especially the users,
can have a research role in all major stages of the breeding and selection process. While some have argued that commercial,
private sector plant breeding has long been client-driven, or `participatory' under another name, the application of `PPB'
to reach poor client groups, to breed for high-stress, heterogeneous environments and to incorporate diverse traits to meet
specific client preferences is resulting in fundamental changes in the way plant genetic resources are being managed. PPB
merits analysis as a separate approach. The notion of `PPB' is a relatively recent one: detailed inventories show that most
of the 65 `longer-term' cases have begun within the last 10 years, whether they were located in public sector or non-governmental
crop improvement programs. With such `newness'comes a wealth of terminology and divergent technical, social and organizational
strategies under the general rubric of `PPB'. This article aims to set up a framework for differentiating among PPB approaches.
Only by discriminating among cases can one understand how each PPB approach can lead to a different outcome, and so be able
to make informed choices about which approach to pursue. The key variables explored for discriminating among PPB approaches
include: the institutional context, the bio-social environment, the goals set, and the kind of `participation' achieved, (including
the stage and degree of participation and the roles different actors undertake). It is only when these variables are clearly
described that current and potential practitioners can start to link the `type of PPB' employed (method and organizational
forms) with the type of impacts achieved. An ending illustration of ongoing PPB programs suggests the practical utility of
this `PPB framework'.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
A. Efisue P. Tongoona J. Derera A. Langyintuo M. Laing B. Ubi 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2008,194(5):393-400
Rice is an important staple food and cash crop. Although many varieties of rice have been developed to date, few are adopted possibly because researchers did not take into account farmers’ preferences and perceptions on varieties during the development process. Because farmers increasingly rely on low-yielding landraces, production fails to meet demand. To provide an understanding of farmers’ preferences for rice cultivars and perceptions on drought stress and management practices as inputs to rice breeding research, this study was conducted in the Sikasso region of Mali in September 2005 using participatory rural appraisal approach. A total number of 125 farmers were randomly selected from 10 villages in three ecologies and interviewed individually and in groups. Results showed that farmers’ preferences, crop management practices and ranking of production constraints differed significantly across ecologies. Whereas farmers in the irrigated ecologies preferred high-yielding, long duration rice varieties, those in the upland and lowland ecologies preferred tall plants of short duration. While upland and lowland farmers preferred red and white long grains, respectively, irrigated ecologies were indifferent about grain colour. Farmers appeared willing to trade-off yield for grain quality and plant height, inconsistent with traditional breeders’ selection criteria. The high preference for tall varieties among farmers in the upland and lowland ecologies also contrasted sharply with the model of dwarf rice varieties responsible for the green revolution in Asia. The implication of these findings for rice breeders is that different plant idiotypes complemented by effective drought management practices should target different ecologies to increase impact. 相似文献
18.
S. Ceccarelli S. Grando M. Singh M. Michael A. Shikho M. Al Issa A. Al Saleh G. Kaleonjy S.M. Al Ghanem A.L. Al Hasan H. Dalla S. Basha T. Basha 《Euphytica》2003,133(2):185-200
Farmer participation is increasingly seen as a key to develop technologies which are more relevant to farmers' communities.
In plant breeding, farmer participation is seen as key to increase the probability of adoption of new varieties. This paper
addresses the issue of selection efficiency in participatory plant breeding by testing the effect of selection environment
and of who did the selection in one cropping season (1997) on the performance of the selected lines in the following cropping
season (1998). Selection environment had a larger effect on response to selection than who did the selection, confirming the
importance of decentralized selection. Selections made by the breeder and the farmers in 1997, differed in 1998 for a number
of traits, but seldom for grain yield. When the difference for grain yield was significant, breeder's selection was more effective
on station, while farmers' selection was more effective in farmers' fields. The results of this study indicate that it is
possible to organize a plant breeding program with the objective of adapting crops to a multitude of both physical and socio-economic
environments: such a breeding program will, at the same time, increase productivity and stability, enhance biodiversity and
produce environmentally friendly cultivars.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Wheat landraces and old varieties could have an important role for food security not only as source of gene readily available for breeders, but also because they perform well in marginal environments and are more resilient as compared to the modern cultivars. The Italian cereal sector suffers from lack of seed companies that breed specifically adapted varieties for organic and biodynamic farms. Participatory and evolutionary plant breeding (PPB and EPB) have been used in this research to (i) evaluate the agronomic characteristics of old, modern and mixture of varieties and landrace of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum spp.) and their adaptability to organic farming in hilly and mountainous areas; (ii) assess the technological, nutritional and functional properties of grains (rheological characteristic, macro and micro elements contents and antioxidants); (iii) explore the consumers’ preferences for breads obtained by old and modern varieties. Between five and seven old (Sieve, Verna, Gentil Rosso, Andriolo, Gambo di ferro, Frassineto and Abbondanza), two mixtures and four modern (Bolero, Blasco, Arabia and Bologna) varieties were tested for two years in between two and three organic farms (FARM1, FARM2 and FARM3) in hilly areas of Piedmont. Agronomic characteristic were strongly affected by locations and years. On average, Bologna, Abbondanza and Arabia, and the two mixtures were the highest yielding varieties. Flour strength (W) varied greatly ranging from 230 in 2011 for Andriolo to 38 in 2012 for Gambo di ferro. Gluten quality, expressed by GI, was found to be almost within the optimal range but was affected by the year. All six bread samples were acceptable to the 233 consumers who scored them, but the bread produced with old wheat varieties, particularly with Andriolo and Gambo di Ferro, was the preferred one. The old varieties and their mixtures yielded less than the modern varieties but with higher stability as shown by the inability of the modern varieties in FARM1 to survive the winter (they were not harvested) while the old varieties reached maturity showing higher robustness, Therefore, the use of old bread wheat varieties and their mixture, assessed with participatory and evolutionary plant breeding, could represent a strategy for local communities to cope with climate change while improving food security and food quality. 相似文献
20.
为了引起植物遗传性的变异,快速地选育高产抗病优质新品种,开展了航天育种新方法研究。福建省农业科学院水稻研究所利用空间诱变与杂交育种技术相结合的方法,育成的杂交水稻恢复系福恢673,它具有恢复力强,恢复谱广,配合力好等特点。并用恢复系福恢673与不育系天丰A配组育成了三系杂交水稻新组合天优673,多年试验结果表明,该品种具有丰产性突出、抗稻瘟病、品质较优、生育期适中、制种产量高等优点。在福建省2年区试中,平均产量7.09 t/hm2,比对照汕优63增产达5.39%,生产试验平均产量7.56 t/hm2,比对照汕优63增产10.29%,福建省区试稻瘟病室内鉴定2年均表现抗（R）,2010年3月通过福建省农作物品种审定。空间诱变与杂交育种技术相结合的方法可成功育成高产抗病杂交水稻新品种。 相似文献