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1.
The objective of this paper is to review the possibilities for using allelopathy to improve overall crop competitive ability against weeds, using rice, Oryza sativa, as an example. Laboratory, greenhouse and field screenings for allelopathy and overall weed suppression in rice have been made and allelopathic rice germplasm has been identified in laboratory and greenhouse screening. Field experiments revealed that allelopathy accounted for 34% of overall competitive ability in rice. For strongly allelopathic cultivars, allelopathy was the dominant factor determining competitive ability. Based on the results of the screenings, recombinant inbred line populations were developed for identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling allelopathy. Populations of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were derived through single‐seed descent from crosses between varieties with contrasting behaviour and QTL controlling allelopathy were identified. For rice and most probably also for other cereal crops, the findings presented can explain the limited success in previous breeding programmes for weed competition, as allelopathy has never before been acknowledged as an important factor. The findings in allelopathy indicate that it is possible to improve allelopathy in rice using marker‐assisted selection. Optimizing allelopathy in combination with breeding for competitive plant types could result in crop cultivars with superior weed‐suppressive ability. 相似文献
2.
T. D. Khanh N. H. Hong D. Q. Nhan S. L. Kim I. M. Chung T. D. Xuan 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2006,192(6):427-433
Stylosanthes guianensis is a popular pasture legume and cover crop. The legume possessed strong allelopathic potential and suppressed spontaneous growth of paddy weeds. In a bioassay, aqueous extract of S. guianensis remarkably inhibited germination and growth of barnyardgrass and monochoria. Application of 1 ton ha?1 upland parts of S. guianensis significantly reduced paddy weed biomass by 80 % and increased rice yield by 40 % when compared with the control. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis reveals the presence of several allelochemicals in S. guianensis including phenolic acids, coumarin and long‐chain fatty acids. Stylosanthes guianensis may be used as a source of natural herbicide for reducing the dependency on synthetic herbicides in agricultural production. 相似文献
3.
Lakhpat Singh Rawat R. K. Maikhuri Yateesh M. Bahuguna N. K. Jha P. C. Phondani 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2017,20(1):45-60
Recent developments in weed science and allied aspects have involved several interdisciplinary approaches. In this context, indiscriminate use of herbicides for weed control has become a questionable subject, which besides controlling the weeds, the chemical herbicides are harmful in many ways to soil, crops, other plants and the environment as a whole. Taking into consideration ecologically sound weed management, in modern days the reliance on chemical herbicides has decreased and a shift towards naturally occurring biological herbicides has received great attention throughout the world. Sunflower is an annual dicotyledonous plant, herbaceous, erect, and a native of North America. It is thermo and photo-insensitive, hence it can be grown year round in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Only two spp. Helianthus annuus L. and Helianthus tuberosum are cultivated for food, the remaining spp., are ornamentals weeds and wild plants. However, H. annuus is allelopathic and inhibits the growth and development of other plants thus reducing their productivity. Sunflower is a major oil-yielding crop in India and its cultivation in northwest India started 25 to 30 years ago in areas located in the plains. In this region, rice-wheat rotation became very popular owing to its high yields; however, these crops are highly infested by weeds, thus farmers use herbicides for their control. Hence, this rotation consumes a maximum quantity of herbicides in this region, which has resulted in several problems viz., environmental pollution, human health hazards, and development of herbicide resistance in weeds. Thus, serious ecological questions about the reliance on herbicides for weed control in this rotation have been raised. One of the alternatives to overcome these problems is with the use of allelopathic strategies, including the use of weed-smothering crops for weed management and for the sustainability of agriculture. The field, pot culture, and laboratory studies have shown that inclusion of sunflower crops in rotation and intercropping considerably reduced the weed population in the current and succeeding crops. Rhizosphere soil of sunflower drastically smothered the weed germination, population, and biomass. The residual suppression effect of sunflower also persisted in the next crop up to 75 days. Thus, it is conceptualized that the inclusion of such oilseed crops before the rice crop in the rice-wheat rotation may provide satisfactory weed control in the succeeding rice crops and may minimize the use of herbicides. Likewise, the replacement of sorghum by summer sunflower oilseed crops may also help in the control of summer as well as winter weeds. More studies in this direction may provide avenues for satisfactory weed management in agro-ecosystems and may help to minimize the use of herbicides and thereby pave the way to develop sustainable agricultural practices for biodiversity conservation and enhancing biological integrity. 相似文献
4.
N. H. Hong T. D. Xuan E. Tsuzuki H. Terao M. Matsuo T. D. Khanh 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2004,190(1):59-64
Four higher plants, namely glory bowers (Clerodendrum trichotomum L.), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum L.) and Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.), with the strong allelopathic potential among 19 allelopathic species from Southeast Asia, were tested for their effects on weed emergence in paddy soil and field. In a greenhouse experiment, D. stramonium, D. triflorumand M. azedarach exhibited similar inhibitory magnitude at 1 t ha?1 achieving more than 90 % weed control. C. trichotomum achieved about 70 % weed reduction at 2 t ha?1. In paddy fields, D. triflorum was the most promising material for weed control and attained the highest rice yield among treatments, at the concentration of 2 t ha?1, whereas the inhibition of D. stramonium and M. azedarach was weakened in the greenhouse. No injury of rice plants was observed. These plants might be used as natural herbicides to reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicides. 相似文献
5.
C.M. Morvillo E.B. de la Fuente A. Gil M.A. Martínez-Ghersa J.L. González-Andújar 《European Journal of Agronomy》2011,34(4):211-221
Annual wormwood interference on soybean crop growth and yield may result from competition and allelopathy, which are modulated by crop management. Allelochemicals released by annual wormwood (e.g. artemisinin) may affect the crop directly or indirectly through the effect on the nitrogen fixing symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The objectives were (i) to quantify the crop response (i.e. biomass production, nodulation and yield) to weed interference and (ii) to determinate the relative change of competition and allelopathy interferences, when a sublethal dose of herbicide is applied. Two split plot field experiments with three replications were used. The experiment involved a factorial combination of five weed–crop density (soybean/annual wormwood, plants m?2) levels: D1, pure soybean, 40/0 plants m?2; D2, 40/2 plants m?2; D3, 40/4 plants m?2 and D4, 40/8 plants m?2, and D5, pure annual wormwood, 0/8 plants m?2, two activated carbon (allelopathy) levels: C?, with activated carbon (reduced allelopathy) and C+, non activated carbon applied (with allelopathy) and two herbicide levels: H?, untreated and H+, treated with a sub-lethal dose of glyphosate. Activated carbon to adsorb allelochemicals (with and without activated carbon) and glyphosate application (with and no herbicide) were assigned to sub-plots. Increasing weed density did not affect crop biomass at flowering, but changed nodule number and soybean yield with a different pattern depending on carbon and herbicide treatment. Relative crop yield decreased with increasing relative weed biomass. This decrease was particularly drastic when allelopathy was reduced by activated carbon and without herbicide application. The maximum yield losses of 33% in 2006 and 17% in 2007 were observed with the highest weed density (8 plants m?2). In contrast, without carbon (high allelopathy level), soybean yield remained stable within the explored range of annual wormwood biomass, despite the fact that weed biomass at high densities (D4) was high enough to generate competition. The lack of response to increasing weed density could be related to the indirect effect of allelochemicals interacting with soil microorganisms (i.e. B. japonicum) that positively affected the nodulation (e.g. larger nodules in 2006 and increased nodules biomass due to higher number of roots in 2007 at high densities). With herbicide application, soybean yield of both carbon treatments remained stable when biomass of annual wormwood increased. This research provided strong evidence in support of the existence of positive effect of allelopathic and competitive interactions between annual wormwood and soybean crop under field conditions that may be overridden under herbicide application. 相似文献
6.
覆盖作物及其作用的研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在农作物种植系统中,田间杂草、土壤因素对作物的生长发育、产量和品质的影响一直都是农业领域关注的热点。大量使用化肥和除草剂可以达到作物增产、除草的目的,但其对土壤和环境造成的负面影响,严重制约了农业生产的可持续发展。种植覆盖作物是一种实现农业可持续发展的新策略,可以达到控制杂草、减少氮肥施用、改善土壤质量等目的。本文主要从覆盖作物的起源与发展过程、主要种类和作用及其种植制度等方面,总结了目前覆盖作物的研究进展及其在作物种植中的应用,以期为覆盖作物在我国农业生产中的研究与应用提供理论基础。 相似文献
7.
Annual Medicago as a Smother Crop in Soybean 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
C. C. Sheaffer J. L. Gunsolus J. Grimsbo Jewett S. H. Lee 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2002,188(6):408-416
Use of conservation tillage and narrow row spacing in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production has led to increased use of herbicides for weed control. Some producers are seeking alternative weed control methods, such as smother crops, that would reduce dependence on chemical weed control. A successful smother crop must compete strongly with weeds but minimally with the crop. In four environments, we intercropped three annual Medicago spp. (medics) with soybean to test their utility as a smother crop for weed control. Annual medics were intercropped with soybean at rates of 0, 85, 258, or 775 seeds m?2, and the intercrops were grown with and without weed control. Increasing medic seeding rate decreased weed yields but also reduced soybean herbage and grain yields. For the weed‐controlled treatment, average soybean grain yields declined 7 kg ha?1 for every 10 seeds m?2 increase in medic seeding rate. Soybean grain yield was lower when grown with Medicago scutellata L. cv. Sava than when grown with Medicago polymorpha L. cv. Santiago or Medicago lupilina L. cv. George. Soybean grain yield was negatively related (r=?81) to medic herbage production. In the autumn following soybean harvest, medic residue ranged from 200 to 3700 kg ha?1 depending on the location and seeding rate. Medics provided residue for soil protection, suppressed weeds, but also reduced soybean yields. 相似文献
8.
从化感水稻根际土壤中筛选抑草细菌的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
从化感水稻PI312777根际土壤中筛选具有抑草作用的细菌,为开发抑草微生物资源提供科学依据。以稀释涂布平板法筛选菌株,以莴苣、稗草为受体,实验室生物测试和盆栽试验相结合,确定候选菌株的抑草活性。实验室生物测试结果表明,有2个菌株Z1和Z2的发酵液对莴苣具有强抑制作用,且对稗草根长的抑制率为50%~60%,株高的抑制率为40%~50%。盆栽试验结果表明,Z1和Z2的发酵液对稗草根长的抑制率分别为28.1%和27.0%,株高的抑制率分别为8.85%和4.48%。菌株发酵液对3种水稻的根长有促进作用,对株高没有影响或小的抑制作用（抑制率3%）。结果表明水稻化感抑草作用与根际微生物有关,暗示从化感水稻根际土壤中筛选抑草细菌是一个可行的思路。 相似文献
9.
化感水稻抑草作用的根际生物学特性与研究展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
当前水稻化感作用研究主要集中在其遗传生理与分子生态特性和水稻化感物质的分离鉴定及其抑草作用的根际生物学过程与机制两方面。水稻化感作用是个可遗传的数量性状,控制该性状的QTL主要定位在第2、第3、第8、第9、第10染色体上,并存在显著的QTL上位性作用及其与环境的互作效应,但未见控制化感作用性状的QTL遗传信息与何种化感物质的产生紧密相关的研究报道。从现有水稻化感物质的分离鉴定结果看,水稻化感物质可分为三大类,即酚酸类、萜类和黄酮类物质。这三类物质对靶标植物(稗草)均有抑制作用,但酚酸类物质起化感抑草作用的有效浓度较另两类物质的高,且从土壤中检测到的浓度比室内测定的化感抑草作用有效浓度低得多。因此,酚酸类物质是否是一类化感物质经常遭到一些学者的质疑。然而,也有研究结果表明,逆境引起的水稻化感作用潜力增强与其合成酚酸类物质的基因表达增强以及所合成的该类物质分泌释放到根际土壤中的量增多有关。当抑制化感水稻的PAL-2-1基因表达后,其酚酸类物质含量降低,根际微生物数量也随之减少,其中黏细菌属的细菌丰度明显降低,化感抑草效果下降,因而认为在田间条件下化感水稻PAL-2-1基因调控其酚酸类物质合成,经根系分泌进入根际土壤后引起根际特异微生物的趋化性聚集,在这一过程中,释放的根系分泌物可能被土壤中存在的多样性微生物所降解,从而降低其在土壤中的浓度,但正是通过土壤微生物的降解与转化作用,引发了化感物质与根际微生物的藕合效应,并由此产生了水稻化感抑草现象。因此,深入研究这一根际生物学过程对于最终揭示水稻化感作用机理有着极其重要的理论与实际意义。 相似文献
10.
Herbicidal Potential and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Four Grass Crop Extracts 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Unknown compounds in crop plants are inhibitory to seed germination and early seedling growth of weed plants. A Petri dish assay showed that barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) extracts significantly reduced root growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus‐galli, Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi.) and eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.). As the concentration of crop extracts increased, root growth of the test plants were significantly reduced. A high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis with nine standard phenolic compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depend on the extracted plant extracts. Caffeic acid, hydro‐cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, m‐coumaric acid, p‐coumaric acid and coumarin were present in all the crop plant species, and hydro‐cinnamic acid were detected as the highest amount. Coumarin at 10?3 m significantly inhibited root growth of alfalfa and barnyard grass more than that of eclipta. The research suggests that extracts of barley, oats, rice and wheat have an allelopathic effect on alfalfa, barnyard grass and eclipta and that the findings of bioassay were considerably correlated with the type and amount of causative allelochemicals, indicating that the allelopathic effects on three test plants were ranked in order of wheat (highest), barley, rice and oats (lowest). The results may have value in enabling weed control based on natural plant extracts or crop residues in the fields. 相似文献
11.
Decomposition of Allelopathic Plants in Soil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
T. D. Xuan S. Tawata T. D. Khanh I. M. Chung 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2005,191(3):162-171
Higher plants with strong allelopathic properties are commonly incorporated into soil for weed-control purposes. To understand the phytotoxic variation in the soil, which can be utilized for weed control through the use of allelopathic plants, the decomposition of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Rasen) and kava (Piper methysticum L.) after soil amendment were evaluated. Both alfalfa and kava strongly inhibited barnyardgrass and monochoria growth for up to 10 days (80–100 % weed control). After 20–25 days, the magnitude of inhibition was drastically reduced, but was still effective (50 % weed control). A number of phenolic acids were detected in the soil even 50 days after incorporation in low concentration, but their concentrations reached a maximum after 10–15 days and were efficacious until 20–25 days. Phenolic acids varied between alfalfa and kava. The variations in electrical conductivity (EC) and osmotic pressure (OP) were strongly related to chemicals and toxic compounds exuded into the soil during decomposition and were proportional to the magnitude of inhibition observed, whereas pH did not appear to be correlated with inhibition. The decomposition of several unknown inhibitors present in kava was also analysed and assessed. Our findings indicate that these growth inhibitors were almost disintegrated in soil after 10 days, but strong inhibition was detected until 25 days after amendment. Results from this study demonstrate that chemicals released from allelopathic plants incorporated into soil are toxic and cause inhibition of certain species and could be exploited as a biological tool for weed management. 相似文献
12.
为了探讨除草剂对云南秋播苦荞田的防除效果、苦荞的安全性和产量的影响,以‘云荞1号’为材料,对云南秋播苦荞田进行不除草、人工除草、化学除草(金都尔、乙草胺)苗前土壤喷雾4个处理。试验结果表明,金都尔和乙草胺除草剂对秋播荞麦田的杂草有较好的防除效果,并且金都尔除草剂对阔叶杂草的防除效果大于禾本科杂草的防除效果,而乙草胺除草剂对禾本科杂草的防除效果大于阔叶杂草的防除效果；但两种除草剂对苦荞的出苗和幼苗生长都有一定的抑制作用,并且严重影响苦荞产量。因此在生产中,以阔叶杂草为主的苦荞田建议使用金都尔除草剂、以禾本科杂草为主的苦荞田建议使用乙草胺除草剂,但尚需进一步研究防除效果好又不影响产量的适合苦荞田除草剂浓度的筛选。 相似文献
13.
控制水稻RIL群体化感作用的QTL定位研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
此研究以“莱蒙”（弱化感）和“多拉”（强化感）水稻杂交产生的重组自交系（recombinant inbred lines,RILs）及其亲本为供体植物,并以稻田主要杂草稗草为受体植物,采用迟播共培法测定与各家系及亲本共培稗草的根长,并转化成抑制率来表征化感作用。结果表明群体及亲本根长抑制率基本呈正态分布,且用它来表征化感作用是适合的。运用分子标记技术构建了该群体的遗传图谱,共97个分子标记,覆盖水稻12条连锁群。QTL定位检测到控制水稻化感作用的5个QTL,分别位于1、1、5、9、9号连锁群,解释了23.97%、15.21%、13.89%、18.63%、6.64%的遗传变异。进一步证实水稻化感作用存在主效QTL,同时为分子育种提供依据。 相似文献
14.
马铃薯连作障碍研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
马铃薯是世界上四大粮食作物之一。在中国由于马铃薯大面积连年种植,造成连作障碍,导致块茎产量和品质下降等问题。连作障碍是土壤与作物相互作用的结果。本文综述了引起马铃薯连作障碍的主要原因,以及防治马铃薯连作障碍的主要方法。主要从连作马铃薯土壤理化性质劣变、化感自毒作用、土壤微生物群落结构变化等方面介绍了马铃薯连作障碍机制的研究进展;并从合理轮作、间套作,施用生物有机肥等农艺措施,化学熏蒸、物理消毒等土壤消毒措施方面介绍了马铃薯连作障碍防控的研究进展,旨在为研究马铃薯连作障碍机理和建立克服连作障碍的技术奠定基础。 相似文献
15.
This study documented the effects of barley companion crop seeding rate and cutting stage on alfalfa establishment in a highland area. Alfalfa was established with barley at seeding rates of 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha?1 and cut at the milk‐dough and ripe grain stages. In most cases, hay yield and composition of herbage were affected by companion crop seeding rate and cutting stage. Total hay yield increased from 3294 to 5131 kg ha?1 when the companion crop seeding rate was increased from 0 to 180 kg ha?1 at the milk‐dough stage. Legume and weed growth was suppressed by the companion crop during establishment, but using a barley companion crop decreased alfalfa plant losses in the seeding year. Few residual effects of barley were seen on hay yield in the subsequent year, but residual effects of companion crop treatments on weed suppression continued in all clippings of the second year. The results suggest that alfalfa should be sown with a barley companion crop in highland areas with adequate moisture. The seeding rate for barley is about the same as that for barley grown alone, and the companion crop could be harvested for hay or grain in the establishment year. 相似文献
16.
秸秆还田对豆-稻-菜循环耕作模式下作物产量和土壤肥力的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
豆-稻-菜循环耕作模式是中国南方地区最重要的轮作模式之一,但秸秆还田对该耕作制度下作物产量和土壤肥力的影响尚不明确。通过连续7年的田间定位试验（2009—2015年）,研究秸秆还田对豆-稻-菜循环耕作模式下作物产量和土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田对浙江省豆-稻-菜轮作模式下作物产量的影响显著：与单施化肥相比,秸秆还田有效提高了水稻和小萝卜的产量,且水稻和小萝卜年均增产10%以上;此外,秸秆还田对豆-稻-菜循环种植区域土壤肥力也有较大影响：提高了土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤pH值,此外,秸秆还田区域土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量呈逐年增加趋势。由此可见,多熟制耕作制度下秸秆还田仍具有作物增产和土壤培肥作用,可作为耕地质量提升的有效手段长期实施。 相似文献
17.
Deirdre Lemerle Alison Smith Birgitte Verbeek Eric Koetz Peter Lockley Peter Martin 《Euphytica》2006,149(1-2):85-95
Total reliance on herbicides for weed control is unsustainable with the spread of herbicide resistance and the environmental need to reduce pesticide use. Strongly competitive wheat crops that have high tolerance to weed pressure and therefore maintain high yields in the presence of weeds are a low-cost option for reducing dependence on herbicides. We examined the feasibility of selecting for wheat tolerance to weeds by crossing varieties differing for traits associated with competitiveness. Competitive ability and yield potential must be treated as separate traits for selection. Current measures of crop tolerance to weed competition do not separate the two traits so that selection based on these measures is often synonymous with selection for yield potential rather than pure tolerance. We propose a new measure, termed Incremental Crop Tolerance (ICT) that reflects the incremental yield difference between genotypes associated with tolerance, over and above differences in underlying yield potential. 相似文献
18.
2种种植方式下不同化感杂交稻组合和新品系对稗草的抑制作用 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
以美国强化感稻‘PI312777’为对照,比较不同化感杂交稻组合和新品系抑制稗草能力的田间表现,探索利用水稻化感作用的有效方法。采用移栽和直播2种水稻种植方式,对水稻封行前抑草率、竞争抑草率、灌浆期抑草率、伴生稗草平均株高和稗草单株干物重进行调查分析。化感稻移栽条件下对于稗草株高和干物重的抑制效果优于直播条件;直播条件下化感稻的化感抑草率大于移栽条件下,且变异系数较小,可见直播方式更利于化感稻种植;环境条件是化感稻抑草作用发挥的重要影响因子,其中竞争抑草率受环境的影响较大,化感作用表现相对稳定;相关分析表明化感稻的抑草作用并未对存活稗草的地上部分生长量有明显影响,增强化感稻的化感作用,能有效抑制田间稗草的萌发。实验结果显示了化感稻是更适于直播种植的材料,在生产上具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献
19.
Grain legumes, especially peas, could play a key role in organic cropping systems. They could provide nitrogen (N) to the system via N2 fixation and produce grain rich in protein while improving soil N for the succeeding crop. Thus, maximising N2 fixation and optimising grain N production together with N contribution to soil is a challenging issue for organic pea crops. However, pest, disease and weed infestation are less easy to control in organic systems than in conventional systems. Therefore, the effects of weed infestation and pea weevil (Sitona lineatus L.) attacks on N nutrition and N2 fixation of organic pea crops were examined by on-farm monitoring over two years. The magnitude of the net contribution of the crops to the soil N balance in relation to their productivity was also assessed. In many situations, weed infestation together with pea weevil damage severely limited the nitrogen nutrition and grain yield. Percentage of N derived from fixation (%Ndfa) increased with weed biomass because weeds appeared more competitive than peas for soil N. But %Ndfa decreased with pea weevil leaf damage score. The interaction between these two biotic factors affected N yields and the net contribution of the crops to soil N. This latter ranged from −133 kg N ha−1 to 69 kg N ha−1 depending on %Ndfa and nitrogen harvest index (NHI). Optimising both grain N and net balance would require a reduction in root nodule damage by weevil larvae in order to maximise %Ndfa and a reduction in the NHI through the choice of cultivar and/or suitable crop management. 相似文献
20.
Influence of Repeated Application of Herbicides on Weed Succession and Yield of Rice Based Cropping System in India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
O. S. Kandasamy 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1997,179(3):187-190
Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of continuous application of herbicide on weed growth and yield of rice-rice-pulse cropping sequence over nine cropping seasons. The dominant weed species were Marselia quadrifolia, Echinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus difformis and Monochoria vaginalis. In hand weeded plots M. quadrifolia and the annual grass E. crus-galli were dominant in the early crops; E. crus-galli dominated in the later crops, with a shift to M. vaginalis in dicots. Annual application of herbicides caused a population shift from dicots to monocots, particularly grasses. Among grasses, Leptochloa chinensis , a difficult weed to control replaced dicots and reduced E. crus-galli. Combined chemical treatment and manual weeding as well as manual weeding controlled the weed growth and maintained the yield of rice throughout the period of study. 相似文献