共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Baker JL Sudarsan N Weinberg Z Roth A Stockbridge RB Breaker RR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6065):233-235
Most riboswitches are metabolite-binding RNA structures located in bacterial messenger RNAs where they control gene expression. We have discovered a riboswitch class in many bacterial and archaeal species whose members are selectively triggered by fluoride but reject other small anions, including chloride. These fluoride riboswitches activate expression of genes that encode putative fluoride transporters, enzymes that are known to be inhibited by fluoride, and additional proteins of unknown function. Our findings indicate that most organisms are naturally exposed to toxic levels of fluoride and that many species use fluoride-sensing RNAs to control the expression of proteins that alleviate the deleterious effects of this anion. 相似文献
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Pouchkina-Stantcheva NN McGee BM Boschetti C Tolleter D Chakrabortee S Popova AV Meersman F Macherel D Hincha DK Tunnacliffe A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5848):268-271
Theory suggests it should be difficult for asexual organisms to adapt to a changing environment because genetic diversity can only arise from mutations accumulating within direct antecedents and not through sexual exchange. In an asexual microinvertebrate, the bdelloid rotifer, we have observed a mechanism by which such organisms could acquire the diversity needed for adaptation. Gene copies most likely representing former alleles have diverged in function so that the proteins they encode play complementary roles in survival of dry conditions. One protein prevents desiccation-sensitive enzymes from aggregating during drying, whereas its counterpart does not have this activity, but is able to associate with phospholipid bilayers and is potentially involved in maintenance of membrane integrity. The functional divergence of former alleles observed here suggests that adoption of asexual reproduction could itself be an evolutionary mechanism for the generation of diversity. 相似文献
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G蛋白信号调控因子（RGS）作为G蛋白信号途径中发挥重要的负调控作用的蛋白，其功能主要表现影响真菌菌丝生长、产孢等发育阶段，以及次生代谢产物、色素合成等致病性方面。近些年，随着学术界对于植物病原丝状真菌RGS蛋白研究的不断深入，产生了大量的学术报道，然而，尚缺乏对模式真菌与植物病原丝状真菌中RGS蛋白系统性对比分析的研究报道。该文对模式真菌与植物病原丝状真菌RGS蛋白的结构、分类进行综述，并通过SMART保守结构域、二级结构组成情况以及遗传关系分析，明确了植物病原丝状真菌与模式真菌中的RGS蛋白均具有保守的RGS结构域以及相似的二级结构组成情况，以及根据RGS蛋白的序列同源性，明确真菌中RGS蛋白可分为6大类，具有不同结构域的RGS蛋白分别聚类。同时，对不同真菌中RGS蛋白功能进行综述，明确植物病原丝状真菌中RGS的数量和类型均多于模式真菌，RGS蛋白功能具有保守性和独特性特征。为今后学术界进一步开展植物病原丝状真菌中RGS蛋白的作用机制解析，以及植物病原丝状真菌与其他模式真菌中RGS蛋白之间的关系解析提供理论基础。 相似文献
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非编码RNA是一类能够被转录但不编码蛋白质的RNA分子,在生命活动中具有多方面的重要作用。文中介绍了非编码RNA在植物生长发育、非生物环境胁迫适应性的调控作用以及调节途径的研究进展。 相似文献
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Kanzok SM Fechner A Bauer H Ulschmid JK Müller HM Botella-Munoz J Schneuwly S Schirmer R Becker K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,291(5504):643-646
The disulfide reducing enzymes glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase are highly conserved among bacteria, fungi, worms, and mammals. These proteins maintain intracellular redox homeostasis to protect the organism from oxidative damage. Here we demonstrate the absence of glutathione reductase in Drosophila melanogaster, identify a new type of thioredoxin reductase, and provide evidence that a thioredoxin system supports GSSG reduction. Our data suggest that antioxidant defense in Drosophila, and probably in related insects, differs fundamentally from that in other organisms. 相似文献
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Service RF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5477):232-235
Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute are attempting to find out what life would look like if DNA contained more than four nucleotide bases and proteins more than 20 amino acids. By reengineering DNA, RNA, and the proteins that interact with them, they hope to create synthetic organisms with a chemical makeup fundamentally different from all life that has existed on Earth for the last 3.8 billion years. If they succeed, their biochemical reengineering could have a profound effect on everything from basic molecular biology to industrial chemistry. 相似文献
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VAN Slyke DD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1942,95(2463):259-263
We have followed the amino acids from their entrance into the alimentary tract in the form of food proteins through the successive steps of digestion, absorption into the blood stream and passage from the blood stream into the tissues, where they are concentrated by some unknown mechanism to many times their concentration in the blood plasma. We have seen something of the way in which certain of the amino acids can be transformed into one another in the body or synthesized from ammonia and keto acids. However, we have had to admit that our bodies can form in such ways only about half of the different amino acids that are required, and that the other half must be made for us by plants, bacteria or other organisms which have greater synthetic powers than we. And finally we have seen something of the manifold fates of the amino acids after they have entered our tissues; how they may be destroyed and their nitrogenous parts turned into urea in the liver before it is possible to put them to their more specialized uses, how their carbon fractions can be used to form glucose, how they may sacrifice themselves to protect us from toxic products, how they can serve as source material for certain vitamins, hormones and other compounds with physiological functions still to be identified, and how finally those amino acids which are not deflected to these various fates may enter into the proteins of the tissues and become for a time parts of our living structures. 相似文献
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WANG Xi-cheng WU Wei-min ZHOU Bei-bei WANG Zhuang-wei QIAN Ya-ming WANG Bo YAN Li-chun 《农业科学学报》2021,20(10):2666-2679
Serine carboxypeptidase-like(SCPL) proteins are a group of acyltransferase enzymes that have important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Although SCPL proteins have been studied in many plants, the biological functions of SCPL genes in grape are still unknown. In this study, 59 putative SCPL proteins were identified from the grape genome. A bioinformatics analysis, including chromosomal locations, exon/intron structures, phylogeny, ciselements, and conserved motifs, was performed for the gene family. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that VvSCPL proteins could be classified into three groups, with the gene motifs in each group showing high similarity levels. The number of exons in the VvSCPL genes ranged from 1 to 19, suggesting significant variations among grape SCPL genes. The expression of the VvSCPL genes, as assessed by RNA sequencing(RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR, showed that most VvSCPL genes responded to drought-and waterlogging-stress treatments, which indicated their roles in abiotic stress responses. The results provide useful information for further study of SCPL genes in grape. 相似文献
9.
微小RNA（miRNA）是一种长约22 nt的非编码RNA,通过与mRNA碱基互补配对来靶基因进行转录后调控。在众多多细胞生物中已经鉴别出数百种miRNAs,而且大多数在进化上高度保守。虽然绝大多数miRNAs的生物学功能还不清楚,但是预测结果显示miRNAs对人类30%的基因具有表达调控作用。随着研究的深入,不断知道miRNAs的功能及其作用机制。本文就microRNAs在动物上的作用机制及其功能的研究进展作一综述。 相似文献
10.
微小RNA(miRNA)是一种长约22 nt的非编码RNA,通过与mRNA碱基互补配对来靶基因进行转录后调控。在众多多细胞生物中已经鉴别出数百种miRNAs,而且大多数在进化上高度保守。虽然绝大多数miRNAs的生物学功能还不清楚,但是预测结果显示miRNAs对人类30%的基因具有表达调控作用。随着研究的深入,不断知道miRNAs的功能及其作用机制。本文就microRNAs在动物上的作用机制及其功能的研究进展作一综述。 相似文献
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Tanaka S Kerfeld CA Sawaya MR Cai F Heinhorst S Cannon GC Yeates TO 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5866):1083-1086
The carboxysome is a bacterial microcompartment that functions as a simple organelle by sequestering enzymes involved in carbon fixation. The carboxysome shell is roughly 800 to 1400 angstroms in diameter and is assembled from several thousand protein subunits. Previous studies have revealed the three-dimensional structures of hexameric carboxysome shell proteins, which self-assemble into molecular layers that most likely constitute the facets of the polyhedral shell. Here, we report the three-dimensional structures of two proteins of previously unknown function, CcmL and OrfA (or CsoS4A), from the two known classes of carboxysomes, at resolutions of 2.4 and 2.15 angstroms. Both proteins assemble to form pentameric structures whose size and shape are compatible with formation of vertices in an icosahedral shell. Combining these pentamers with the hexamers previously elucidated gives two plausible, preliminary atomic models for the carboxysome shell. 相似文献
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热休克蛋白(HSPs)是生物细胞在受热、生物应激、理化因素等应激原刺激后所产生的一类在生物进化过程中最保守的蛋白,在原核生物和真核生物中普遍存在。其中HSP70是最受关注、研究最为深入的一种,也是含量最丰富的HSPs家族。HSP70具有高度保守的序列,常作为分子伴侣在协助新生多肽链折叠、蛋白质复合体的装配、调节、修复和降解变性方面起着重要作用。对近年来国内外HSP70的研究概况、生物学特性、生物学功能及在粘孢子虫中的应用研究现状进行了综述,并对HSP70在粘孢子虫中的研究前景进行了讨论。 相似文献
16.
H Nam NE Lewis JA Lerman DH Lee RL Chang D Kim BO Palsson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6098):1101-1104
Enzymes are thought to have evolved highly specific catalytic activities from promiscuous ancestral proteins. By analyzing a genome-scale model of Escherichia coli metabolism, we found that 37% of its enzymes act on a variety of substrates and catalyze 65% of the known metabolic reactions. However, it is not apparent why these generalist enzymes remain. Here, we show that there are marked differences between generalist enzymes and specialist enzymes, known to catalyze a single chemical reaction on one particular substrate in vivo. Specialist enzymes (i) are frequently essential, (ii) maintain higher metabolic flux, and (iii) require more regulation of enzyme activity to control metabolic flux in dynamic environments than do generalist enzymes. Furthermore, these properties are conserved in Archaea and Eukarya. Thus, the metabolic network context and environmental conditions influence enzyme evolution toward high specificity. 相似文献
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Evolution of structure and function of proteases 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
One of the striking features of the proteolytic enzymes as a group is the immense variety of biological functions served by enzymes employing one of a few basic mechanisms. For example, in the higher animals, enzymes for activation of zymogens (trypsin), for digestion of dietary proteins (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase), for blood clotting (thrombin), for clot lysis (plasmin), and for sensing pain (kallikrein) all appear to use the same mechanism and to have evolved from the same ancestral gene by the process of gene duplication and subsequent divergent evolution. Equally striking is the variety of chemical solutions of the same functional problem, such as the peptide-bond cleavage by sulfhydryl proteases on the one hand and serine proteases on the other. 相似文献
18.
Matteo Lorito 《浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》2004,30(4):387-387
Trichoderma- based biofungicides are a reality in commercial agriculture, with more than 50 formulations registered worldwide as biopesticides or biofertilizers. Several research strategies have been applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved in the complex, three-way interactions between fungal antagonists, plants and microbial pathogens. Proteome and genome analyses have greatly enhanced our ability to conduct targeted and genome-based functional studies. We have obtained repr… 相似文献
19.
Brock TD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,230(4722):132-138
Water environments with temperatures up to and above boiling are commonly found in association with geothermal activity. At temperatures above 60 degrees C, only bacteria are found. Bacteria with temperature optima over the range 65 degrees to 105 degrees C have been obtained in pure culture and are the object of many research projects. The upper temperature limit for life in liquid water has not yet been defined, but is likely to be somewhere between 110 degrees and 200 degrees C, since amino acids and nucleotides are destroyed at temperatures over 200 degrees C. Because bacteria capable of growth at high temperatures are found in many phylogenetic groups, it is likely that the ability to grow at high temperature had a polyphyletic origin. The macromolecules of these organisms are inherently more stable to heat than those of conventional organisms, but only small changes in sequence can lead to increases in thermostability. Because of their unique properties, thermophilic organisms and their enzymes have many potential biotechnological uses, and extensive research on industrial applications is under way. 相似文献
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拟南芥减数分裂重组发生的遗传学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
减数分裂是有性生殖物种世代交替的转折点,而减数分裂过程中发生的遗传重组则是遗传变异的源泉,并为有性生物的进化提供了推动力。现已发现许多基因在重组过程中起重要作用。由于重组蛋白的高度保守性,反向遗传学为研究植物重组蛋白的性质及作用提供了充分的证据。本文就近年来对模式植物拟南芥减数分裂中的DNA双链断裂形成与修复以及同源染色体重组交换等重要事件及其相关基因的功能进行了概述,尤其对ZMM家族蛋白在遗传重组中的作用进行了重点介绍。 相似文献