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1.
《杂交水稻》2021,(3)
为探索四川中东部丘陵稻区油麦后水稻直播适宜播期,以川优6203等5个杂交水稻品种为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,研究分期直播对杂交水稻生育进程和产量的影响。结果表明,随着播期推迟,生育进程呈现播种—抽穗期和全生育期缩短,而抽穗—成熟期延长的趋势,且播期间变化幅度随播期后移逐渐增大;播种—抽穗期缩短的天数大于抽穗—成熟期延长的天数,致使全生育期缩短;播种—抽穗期、抽穗—成熟期、全生育期的有效积温均呈现递减的趋势;产量呈现先增后减的趋势,5月2—13日播种,各杂交水稻品种的产量均较高,其产量范围为8.76～10.24 t/hm2;有效穗数、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重均呈现与产量一样的变化趋势;各产量性状对杂交水稻产量影响大小为:结实率每穗总粒数有效穗数千粒重。 相似文献
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北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种的演变规律 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了给北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种提供参考,利用1986-2015年国家北部冬麦区旱地小麦长治区试点参试品种的试验资料,研究其演变规律,并对产量和主要农艺性状进行相关和通径分析。结果表明,28年间北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种产量呈逐年递增趋势,年平均遗传进展分别为68.163kg·hm~(-2)或1.57%。主要农艺性状演变的总趋势是,有效穗数和千粒重增加,穗粒数略有减少,株高降低,抽穗期和成熟期提前,灌浆期延长,其年平均遗传进展分别为0.18%、0.26%、-0.03%、-0.26%、-0.12%、-0.05%、0.17%。从产量及主要农艺性状变化趋势和变异情况及区域布局、气候条件和育种现状分析,选育抗旱节水性好、高产稳产适应性广的品种是北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种面临的挑战和最终目标。为了适应当前耕作制度、生产条件和气候变化的影响,北部冬麦区旱地品种选育应在加强品种抗旱节水性选择的基础上,通过适当降低株高增强抗倒性来进一步增加穗数,通过选育穗子较大、小穗数适中、结实性好的品种来提高穗粒数,通过选择灌浆期长且灌浆速率高的品种来提高品种的千粒重。 相似文献
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水稻高产群体产量与产量构成因素的关系 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
试验结果表明，限制产量进一步提高的主要因素是成粒率和每穗成粒数。每亩穗数与产量及每穗颖花数呈极显著负相关。低温年抽穗期与千粒重呈极显著的二次曲线，且存在最适抽穗期；高温年抽穗期与产量、每穗颖花数及每穗成粒数分别呈极显著正相关。穗粒结合型品种有利于高产。 相似文献
5.
1986-2014年临汾降水变化及对旱地小麦农艺性状的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了解过去近30年山西省临汾降水变化对旱地小麦品种农艺性状的影响,利用1986-2014年国家黄淮旱地冬小麦区域试验临汾点的降水和对照品种农艺性状资料,研究其降水和对照品种农艺性状变化规律,并对降水要素和农艺性状进行了相关、多元回归和通径分析.结果表明,该区年降水量有略微的上升趋势,但小麦生育期降水量有略微的下降趋势;播种至越冬期的降水量有增加趋势,但起身至拔节期和抽穗至成熟期的降水量有减少趋势.黄淮旱地区域试验对照品种千粒重和穗粒数逐年缓慢上升,但有效穗数、产量及株高缓慢下降.起身至拔节期降水与株高呈显著正相关,生育期降水量和年降水量与株高、穗粒数呈显著正相关,年降水量与产量呈显著正相关;株高、有效穗和千粒重与产量均呈极显著正相关.千粒重、穗粒数、株高和年降水量是决定产量的四个主要因子,共同决定了产量72％的变异.降水变化对黄淮旱地冬小麦农艺性状变化趋势有较强的影响,选育株高适中、有效穗数较多、千粒重较大的高产抗旱新品种,是黄淮旱地小麦适应未来气候变化进行育种改良的重要方向. 相似文献
6.
2006-2018年北京市审定冬小麦品种的综合性状分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为进一步了解北京市冬小麦产量及主要农艺性状的演变规律,为北京市冬小麦育种和生产提供借鉴,对2006-2018年北京市审定的49个小麦品种进行了产量、品质与抗病性分析。结果表明,北京市审定的小麦品种平均产量呈逐年递增趋势,平均每年增长63.11 kg·hm-2;穗粒数呈逐年增长趋势,其他农艺性状均呈下降趋势。主要农艺性状与产量的相关程度为：穗粒数>穗数>千粒重>株高;各农艺性状对产量的偏相关均为正值,偏相关程度表现为：穗粒数>穗数>千粒重>株高,3个产量构成因素对产量的偏相关达到极显著水平;产量构成因素对产量的直接通径系数均为正值,大小顺序为：穗粒数>穗数>千粒重;审定品种的容重、蛋白质和湿面筋含量均高于中筋小麦品质分类标准,有7个小麦品种达到强筋标准,有 51.02%小麦品种的面团稳定时间低于中筋小麦品质分类标准,故下一步应把提高面团稳定性作为提高小麦品质育种的主攻方向。在审定的小麦品种中,只有中麦12兼抗条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病3种病害,京冬17等9个品种兼抗条锈病和叶锈病,农大413兼抗条锈病和白粉病,中麦1197兼抗叶锈病和白粉病。由此可见,北京市小麦品种产量的提高应在保持适宜单位面积穗数的基础上,增加穗粒数,提高千粒重,同时进一步引进新的抗病、优质种质资源,以培育高产、优质、多抗的小麦新品种。 相似文献
7.
粳稻碾磨品质与植株农艺性状相关性研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用对粳稻直立穗品种丙8979与弯曲穗品种C堡杂交衍生的349个重组自交系,对粳稻碾磨品质与植株农艺性状之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明,糙米率与每穗实粒数、着粒密度呈显著负相关,与每穗总粒数呈极显著负相关;精米率与着粒密度呈极显著负相关,而与株高、千粒重呈极显著正相关;整精米率与穗长、株高、全生育期呈极显著正相关。与糙米率、精米率和整精米率关联度较大的性状主要是结实率、全生育期、千粒重和穗长。 相似文献
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为给湖北省高产优质小麦新品种的选育提供理论参考,以该省2001-2020年审定的57个小麦品种为材料,对其重要产量、品质性状和抗病性进行了分析。结果表明,品种产量逐年增加,年平均增产 39.29 kg·hm-2,产量构成因素中有效穗数呈升高趋势,穗粒数和千粒重随年份呈缓慢下降趋势。相关分析显示,产量与有效穗数和千粒重呈极显著正相关,与产量相关程度表现为有效穗数（0.549 1）>千粒重 （0.392 7）>株高（-0.333 2）>穗粒数（0.110 4）。偏相关分析结果表明,产量构成各因素与产量间均呈极显著正相关,与主要性状相关程度表现为有效穗数（0.821 0）>千粒重（0.811 8）>穗粒数（0.783 6）>株高（-0.162 6）,且产量构成因素间均呈极显著负相关,表明今后要在适当降低株高基础上,提高有效穗数和千粒重,兼顾穗粒数,协调三因素间关系。品质性状分析显示,供试小麦品种主要以中筋为主,弱筋小麦所占比例呈增加趋势。"十三五"期间共审定了6了弱筋品种,占比全部弱筋小麦的66.67%。此外,楚襄1号和华麦1168达到国家强筋标准,强筋小麦有了突破,小麦品质也更多样化。抗病性状分析表明,供试小麦品种缺少高抗赤霉病、白粉病和纹枯病品种,抗性亟需加强。直接亲本统计分析,发现利用4个高使用频率直接亲本育成品种主要集中于"十三五"期间,占全部审定品种24.56%,表明20年湖北省审定品种遗传基础较狭窄。建议加强不同来源种质资源收集、利用和创新,以选育出高产、优质和多抗小麦新品种。 相似文献
9.
莆大麦系列品种主要性状的遗传差异及其演变规律的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对福建省20年来大麦代表性品种—莆大麦系列品种主要性状的遗传差异及演变规律进行了分析。结果表明;(1)莆大麦系列品种的籽粒产量、有效穗、穗粒重、千粒重、穗实粒数、生物产量和收获指数等7个性状,品种间均存在极显著差异,也反映出品种类型的多样性;(2)主要性状演变规律:籽粒产量呈直线上升趋势,有效穗、千粒重等6个性状呈不同形状波浪式变化;(3)通径分析结果表明,产量结构3个主要因素对产量直接作用均达极显著水平,其大小顺序为:千粒重>穗实粒数>有效穗,其余3个因素顺序为:生物产量>穗粒重>收获指数。 相似文献
10.
为研究近20年来山西省审定小麦品种的农艺性状和品质性状的演变情况,以1997－2018年山西省审定的175个小麦品种为研究对象,总结分析其农艺性状和品质指标的演化规律。结果表明,山西省近20年来审定品种产量水平呈显著上升趋势;株高呈下降趋势,但中部冬麦区水地审定品种株高过高,有倒伏风险;产量三因素中,穗粒数稳步提升,南部中熟冬麦区品种的穗粒数均高于中部晚熟冬麦区品种,千粒重变化不明显,但“十三五”时期审定的旱地品种千粒重下降明显,单位面积穗数呈显著上升趋势。山西省近年来审定品种品质性状没有显著变化,籽粒蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和稳定时间均没有显著提高。山西省今后一段时间的育种目标仍然是品质与产量的协同提高,水地品种应在保证穗数和粒重的基础上加强穗粒数的选择,旱地品种应注重穗粒数和粒重的选择。 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
19.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
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Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献